Paul Ehrenfest As a Mediator
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Philosophical Rhetoric in Early Quantum Mechanics, 1925-1927
b1043_Chapter-2.4.qxd 1/27/2011 7:30 PM Page 319 b1043 Quantum Mechanics and Weimar Culture FA 319 Philosophical Rhetoric in Early Quantum Mechanics 1925–27: High Principles, Cultural Values and Professional Anxieties Alexei Kojevnikov* ‘I look on most general reasoning in science as [an] opportunistic (success- or unsuccessful) relationship between conceptions more or less defined by other conception[s] and helping us to overlook [danicism for “survey”] things.’ Niels Bohr (1919)1 This paper considers the role played by philosophical conceptions in the process of the development of quantum mechanics, 1925–1927, and analyses stances taken by key participants on four main issues of the controversy (Anschaulichkeit, quantum discontinuity, the wave-particle dilemma and causality). Social and cultural values and anxieties at the time of general crisis, as identified by Paul Forman, strongly affected the language of the debate. At the same time, individual philosophical positions presented as strongly-held principles were in fact flexible and sometimes reversible to almost their opposites. One can understand the dynamics of rhetorical shifts and changing strategies, if one considers interpretational debates as a way * Department of History, University of British Columbia, 1873 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1; [email protected]. The following abbreviations are used: AHQP, Archive for History of Quantum Physics, NBA, Copenhagen; AP, Annalen der Physik; HSPS, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences; NBA, Niels Bohr Archive, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen; NW, Die Naturwissenschaften; PWB, Wolfgang Pauli, Wissenschaftlicher Briefwechsel mit Bohr, Einstein, Heisenberg a.o., Band I: 1919–1929, ed. A. Hermann, K.V. -
Albert Einstein
THE COLLECTED PAPERS OF Albert Einstein VOLUME 15 THE BERLIN YEARS: WRITINGS & CORRESPONDENCE JUNE 1925–MAY 1927 Diana Kormos Buchwald, József Illy, A. J. Kox, Dennis Lehmkuhl, Ze’ev Rosenkranz, and Jennifer Nollar James EDITORS Anthony Duncan, Marco Giovanelli, Michel Janssen, Daniel J. Kennefick, and Issachar Unna ASSOCIATE & CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Emily de Araújo, Rudy Hirschmann, Nurit Lifshitz, and Barbara Wolff ASSISTANT EDITORS Princeton University Press 2018 Copyright © 2018 by The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA (Revised for volume 15) Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955. The collected papers of Albert Einstein. German, English, and French. Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The early years, 1879–1902 / John Stachel, editor — v. 2. The Swiss years, writings, 1900–1909 — — v. 15. The Berlin years, writings and correspondence, June 1925–May 1927 / Diana Kormos Buchwald... [et al.], editors. QC16.E5A2 1987 530 86-43132 ISBN 0-691-08407-6 (v.1) ISBN 978-0-691-17881-3 (v. 15) This book has been composed in Times. The publisher would like to acknowledge the editors of this volume for providing the camera-ready copy from which this book was printed. Princeton University Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed in the United States of America 13579108642 INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME 15 The present volume covers a thrilling two-year period in twentieth-century physics, for during this time matrix mechanics—developed by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan—and wave mechanics, developed by Erwin Schrödinger, supplanted the earlier quantum theory. -
5Th World Congress on Physics July 17-18, 2018 Prague, Czech Republic
Štefan Zajac, J Laser Opt Photonics 2018, Volume:5 DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X-C2-025 5th World Congress on Physics July 17-18, 2018 Prague, Czech Republic Štefan Zajac Czech Technical University, Czech Republic Physics and Prague hysics has been cultivated in Prague since at least 1348, when a University was founded here by Emperor Charles IV. At Pthe beginning the main emphasis was on Astronomy. First astronomers Křišťan from Prachatice (1360 – 1439) and Jan Ondřejov Šindel (1375 – 1456) in co-operation with clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň around 1410 had designed and installed the astronomical clock placed on the Old Town Hall tower in Prague. Astronomer and Chief Physician Tadeuš Hájek of Hájek (1525-1600) had inluenced Emperor Rudolph II to invite Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601) and Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) to come to Prague where the first two of his laws of planetary motion have been formulated. Jan Marcus Marci of Kronland (1595 – 1667), a physicist, physician and rector of Prague University made original research in mechanics (impact of bodies) and optics (diffraction of light, explanation of rainbow). In the middle of the 18th century at the Clementinum, the Jesuit College, physicist Josef Stepling (1716 -1778) and his successors at the Prague Faculty of Philosophy promoted Newtonian Physics . Christian Doppler (1803 – 1853) as professor at Prague Polytechnic in 1842 published important phenomenon of the frequency shift due to the velocity of the source of waves relative to the observer. His younger colleague Bohumil Kučera (1874 – 1921) had started pioneering research in radioactivity and had inspired professor Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890 – 1967) to develop polarography for which he in 1959 earned Nobel Prize for chemistry. -
Marcel Minnaert, Astrofysicus 1893-1970
Marcel Minnaert, astrofysicus 1893-1970 De rok van het universum Leo Molenaar bron Leo Molenaar, Marcel Minnaert, astrofysicus 1893-1970. De rok van het universum. Balans, Amsterdam / Van Halewyck, Leuven 2003 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/mole016marc01_01/colofon.htm © 2007 dbnl / Leo Molenaar 4 In deze tijd heeft wat men altijd noemde Schoonheid, schoonheid haar gezicht verbrand Zij troost niet meer de mensen Zij troost de larven de reptielen de ratten Maar de mens verschrikt zij En treft hem met het besef Een broodkruimel te zijn op de rok van het universum (Uit Lucebert, ik tracht op poëtische wijze, Verzamelde gedichten, Amsterdam 2002, pag. 52) Leo Molenaar, Marcel Minnaert, astrofysicus 1893-1970 7 Proloog Marcel Minnaert (1893-1970): Erflater van de Groot-Nederlandse beschaving Er zijn heel wat mensen voor wie de naam van Minnaert nog een dierbare klank heeft. Dat geldt in ieder geval voor leraren in de natuurwetenschap die houden van waarnemingen in de vrije natuur. Mijn eerste kennismaking met hem had dan ook plaats via de Minnaert: zo heten de drie delen van De Natuurkunde van 't Vrije Veld die ik omstreeks 1970 heb aangeschaft. De eerste druk van dit boek verscheen eind jaren dertig. In de jaren negentig kwamen van het eerste deel van Minnaerts trilogie, Licht en kleur in het landschap, nieuw geïllustreerde uitgaven in het Engels en Duits op de markt naast de herdruk van de Minnaert in het Nederlands. Het is dan ook een uniek boek. Minnaert had vijfentwintig jaar lang natuurverschijnselen geobserveerd, daar aantekeningen van gemaakt en onderzoek gedaan naar de fysische verklaringen. -
Shs-17-2018-14.Pdf
Science beyond borders Nobukata Nagasawa ORCID 0000-0002-9658-7680 Emeritus Professor of University of Tokyo [email protected] On social and psychological aspects of a negligible reception of Natanson’s article of 1911 in the early history of quantum statistics Abstract Possible reasons are studied why Ladislas (Władysław) Natanson’s paper on the statistical theory of radiation, published in 1911 both in English and in the German translation, was not cited properly in the early history of quantum statistics by outstanding scientists, such as Arnold Sommerfeld, Paul Ehrenfest, Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. The social and psychological aspects are discussed as back- ground to many so far discussions on the academic evaluation of his theory. In order to avoid in the future such Natansonian cases of very limited reception of valuable scientific works, it is pro- posed to introduce a digital tag in which all the information of PUBLICATION e-ISSN 2543-702X INFO ISSN 2451-3202 DIAMOND OPEN ACCESS CITATION Nagasawa, Nobukata 2018: On social and psychological aspects of a negligible reception of Natanson’s article of 1911 in the early history of quantum statistics. Studia Historiae Scientiarum 17, pp. 391–419. Available online: https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702XSHS.18.014.9334. ARCHIVE RECEIVED: 13.06.2017 LICENSE POLICY ACCEPTED: 12.09.2018 Green SHERPA / PUBLISHED ONLINE: 12.12.2018 RoMEO Colour WWW http://www.ejournals.eu/sj/index.php/SHS/; http://pau.krakow.pl/Studia-Historiae-Scientiarum/ Nobukata Nagasawa On social and psychological aspects of a negligible reception... relevant papers published so far should be automatically accu- mulated and updated. -
1 WKB Wavefunctions for Simple Harmonics Masatsugu
WKB wavefunctions for simple harmonics Masatsugu Sei Suzuki Department of Physics, SUNY at Binmghamton (Date: November 19, 2011) _________________________________________________________________________ Gregor Wentzel (February 17, 1898, in Düsseldorf, Germany – August 12, 1978, in Ascona, Switzerland) was a German physicist known for development of quantum mechanics. Wentzel, Hendrik Kramers, and Léon Brillouin developed the Wentzel– Kramers–Brillouin approximation in 1926. In his early years, he contributed to X-ray spectroscopy, but then broadened out to make contributions to quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, and meson theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Wentzel _________________________________________________________________________ Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers (Rotterdam, February 2, 1894 – Oegstgeest, April 24, 1952) was a Dutch physicist. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Anthony_Kramers _________________________________________________________________________ Léon Nicolas Brillouin (August 7, 1889 – October 4, 1969) was a French physicist. He made contributions to quantum mechanics, radio wave propagation in the atmosphere, solid state physics, and information theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Brillouin _______________________________________________________________________ 1. Determination of wave functions using the WKB Approximation 1 In order to determine the eave function of the simple harmonics, we use the connection formula of the WKB approximation. V x E III II I x b O a The potential energy is expressed by 1 V (x) m 2 x 2 . 2 0 The x-coordinates a and b (the classical turning points) are obtained as 2 2 a 2 , b 2 , m0 m0 from the equation 1 V (x) m 2 x2 , 2 0 or 1 1 m 2a 2 m 2b2 , 2 0 2 0 where is the constant total energy. Here we apply the connection formula (I, upward) at x = a. -
Wetenschap Van Gene Zijde Geschiedenis Van De Nederlandse Parapsychologie in De Twintigste Eeuw
WETENSCHAP VAN GENE ZIJDE GESCHIEDENIS VAN DE NEDERLANDSE PARAPSYCHOLOGIE IN DE TWINTIGSTE EEUW SCIENCE FROM BEYOND HISTORY OF DUTCH PARAPSYCHOLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (WITH A SUMMARY IN ENGLISH) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR AAN DE UNIVERSITEIT UTRECHT OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS, PROF.DR. G.J. VAN DER ZWAAN, INGEVOLGE HET BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VOOR PROMOTIES IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP DONDERDAG 18 FEBRUARI 2016 DES MIDDAGS TE 4.15 UUR DOOR INGRID ELS KLOOSTERMAN GEBOREN OP 21 OKTOBER 1983 TE FRANEKER PROMOTOREN: PROF. DR. W. KOOPS PROF. DR. J. VIJSELAAR COPROMOTOR: DR. J. BOS INHOUD OVERZICHT INTERVIEWS EN ARCHIEVEN 8 1 INTRODUCTIE 11 2 DE NATUUR GOOCHELT NIET: POGINGEN TOT PSYCHISCH ONDERZOEK 1888-1914 EEN MISLUKTE SEANCE 41 POGINGEN TOT PSYCHISCH ONDERZOEK 45 FREDERIK VAN EEDEN ALS OVERTUIGD SPIRITIST 48 HENRI DE FREMERY ALS KRITISCH SPIRITIST 63 CONCLUSIES 80 3 VERBORGEN KRACHTEN: VERENIGINGEN VOOR PSYCHISCH ONDERZOEK 1915-1925 TELEPATHIE VAN TONEEL NAAR LABORATORIUM 83 VERENIGINGEN VOOR PSYCHISCH ONDERZOEK 86 EEN VERENIGING VOOR TOEGEPAST MAGNETISME 89 DE STUDIEVEREENIGING VOOR PSYCHICAL RESEARCH 101 CONCLUSIES 122 4 DE BOVENNATUUR IN DE PRAKTIJK: ACADEMISCHE VERBINTENISSEN 1928-1940 DE STRIJD OM DE PARAPSYCHOLOGIE 125 ACADEMISCHE VERBINTENISSEN 128 DE EERSTE PRIVAATDOCENTEN 131 WETENSCHAPPELIJK TIJDSCHRIFT EN LABORATORIUM 143 CONCLUSIES 161 5 EEN BIJZONDERE PERSOONLIJKHEID: ACADEMISCHE INBEDDING IN UTRECHT 1940-1959 EEN INTERNATIONALE CONFERENTIE 163 ACADEMISCHE INBEDDING IN UTRECHT 167 -
PAUL SOPHUS EPSTEIN March 20, 1883-February 8, 1966
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES P AUL SOPHUS E PSTEIN 1883—1966 A Biographical Memoir by J E S S E W . M . D UMOND Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1974 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES WASHINGTON D.C. PAUL SOPHUS EPSTEIN March 20, 1883-February 8, 1966 BY JESSE W. M. DuMOND AUL SOPHUS EPSTEIN was one of the group of prominent and P very gifted mathematical physicists whose insight, creative originality, and willingness to abandon accepted classical con- cepts brought about that veritable revolution in our under- standing of nature which may be said to have created "modern physics," i.e., the physics which has been widely accepted during the Twentieth Century. Paul Epstein's name is closely associ- ated with those of that group, such as H. A. Lorentz, Albert Einstein, H. Minkowski, J. J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, A. Sommerfeld, W. C. Rontgen, Max von Laue, Niels Bohr, L. de Broglie, Paul Ehrenfest, and Karl Schwarzschild. Paul Epstein was born in 1883 in Warsaw, which was then a part of Russia. His parents, Siegmund Simon Epstein, a busi- nessman, and Sarah Sophia (Lurie) Epstein, were of a moder- ately well-to-do Jewish family. He himself has told how, when he was but four years old, his mother recognized his potential mathematical gifts and predicted that he was going to be a mathematician. After receiving his secondary education in the Humanistic Hochschule of Minsk (Russia), he entered the school of physics and mathematics of the Imperial University of Moscow in 1901. -
Cesta Ke Hvězdám I Do Nitra Molekul
Matematický ústav Akademie věd Èeské republiky Cesta ke hvězdám i do nitra molekul Osudy Vladim´ıra Vanda, konstruktéra počítačů Alena Solcovˇ ´a, Michal Kˇr´ıˇzek Praha 2011 Recenzenti RNDr. Pavla Pavlíková, Ph. D. RNDr. Václav Vopravil Vydal Matematický ústav AV ÈR, Praha Sazbu programem TEX pøipravil Michal Křížek c Alena ©olcová, Michal Křížek Obálka Pavel Křížek Vydání 1., Praha 2011 ISBN 978-80-85823-56-1 Věnováno prof. Vladimíru Vandovi ke 100. výročí jeho narození. 4 A. ©olcová, M. Křížek: Cesta ke hvězdám i do nitra molekul Obsah Pøedmluva : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 7 1. Úvod : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :9 2. Období dospívání : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 11 2.1. ®ivot na Ukrajině : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 11 2.2. Rodina a dětství : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 11 2.3. Studium na Univerzitě Karlově : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 12 2.4. Vzpomínka Zdeňka Kopala : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 21 3. Vladimír Vand v Říši hvězd : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : -
Nieuwsbrief Universiteitsgeschiedenis
NIEUWSBRIEF UNIVERSITEITSGESCHIEDENIS LETTRE D'INFORMATION SUR L'HISTOIRE DES UNIVERSITÉS Werkgroep Universiteitsgeschiedenis Studium• generale Contactgroep Universiteitsgeschiedenis Groupe de contact pour l'histoire des universités Halfjaarlijks bulletin Deux fois par an Sde jaargang 199911 Se année Colofon Redactie: Marc Wingens en Marc Nelissen (eindredactie) Franck Smit, Brigitte Van Tiggelen Tekstverwerking: Els Scheers Kopij richten aan de redactieadressen in Nederland of België. Werkgroep Universiteitsgeschiedenis Redactieadres: Marc Wingens, Vrije Universiteit, afd. VEB, De Boelelaan 1107, 1081 HV Amsterdam, tel: + 31(0)20.444.56.43, fax: + 31(0)20.444.56.55, e-mail: [email protected] Secretariaat Werkgroep: Franck R.H. Smit, Universiteitsmu seum Groningen, Zwanestraat 33, NL-9712 CK Groningen, tel: +31(0)50.363.55.63, fax: + 31 (0)50.363.49.96, e-mail: [email protected] Het lidmaatschap geeft recht op de Nieuwsbrief, korting op publicaties van de Werkgroep en voor rechten bij de overige activiteiten van de Werkgroep. Contributie binnenland: fl.40 (€ 18,15); studenten fl.20 (€ 9,07) . Betalingen van Nederlandse leden dienen te geschieden op gironummer 6845444 ten name van de Stichting Batavia Academica. Betalingen vanuit het buitenland mogen geen kosten voor de Werkgroep met zich meebrengen. Nederlandse leden die ook wensen te worden uitgenodigd voor de vergaderingen van het Belgische Studium generale, dienen dit kenbaar te maken aan het Belgische secretariaat. Studium generale Contactgroep Universiteitsgeschiedenis Groupe de contact pour l'histoire des universités Redactieadreslsecretariaat Contactgroep - Rédactionlsecrétariat du Groupe: Marc Nelissen, Universiteitsarchief K.U.Leuven, Mgr. Ladeuzeplein 21, B-3000 Leuven, tel: +32(0)16.32.46.32, fax: +32(0)16.32.46.91, e-mail: [email protected] Het lidmaatschap geeft recht op de Nieuwsbrief en uitnodigingen voor de vergaderingen. -
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Memorial Tributes: Volume 12 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Memorial Tributes: Volume 12 H E N D R I C K K R A M E R S 1917–2006 Elected in 1978 “For leadership in Dutch industry, education, and professional societies and research on chemical reactor design, separation processes, and process control.” BY R. BYRON BIRD AND BOUDEWIJN VAN NEDERVEEN HENDRIK KRAMERS (usually called Hans), formerly a member of the Governing Board of Koninklijke Zout Organon, later Akzo, and presently Akzo Nobel, passed away on September 17, 2006, at the age of 89. He became a foreign associate of the National Academy of Engineering in 1980. Hans was born on January 16, 1917, in Constantinople, Turkey, the son of a celebrated scholar of Islamic studies at the Univer- sity of Leiden (Prof. J.H. Kramers, 1891-1951) and nephew of the famous theoretical physicist at the same university (Prof. H.A. Kramers). He pursued the science preparatory curriculum at a Gymnasium (high-level high school) in Leiden from 1928 to 1934. Then, from 1934 to 1941, he was a student in engineering physics at the Technische Hogeschool in Delft (Netherlands), where he got his engineer’s degree (roughly equivalent to or slightly higher than an M.S. in the United States). From 1941 to 1944, Hans was employed as a research physi- cist in the Engineering Physics Section at TNO (Organization for Applied Scientific Research) associated with the Tech- nische Hogeschool in Delft. From 1944 to 1948, he worked at the Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM) (Royal Dutch Shell) in Amsterdam. -
Planck's Quantum Theory of Ideal
Pursuing an Idea: Planck’s Quantum Theory of Ideal Gas ∗ Massimiliano Badino† 1 Prelude: One Hundred Years of ‘Quantitude’ Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Erwin Planck was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover the quantum. It was indeed in a day at the beginning of the last century, during a walk in the Grunewald Forest, that Max Planck in- formed his youngest son that his recent discovery was the greatest since the time of Newton. After that day, physics was never the same again. From the mysterious realm of the interac- tion between matter and radiation, the quantum spread out both in the theory of radiation and in the theory of matter and eventually changed our picture of the physical world. Planck played a foremost role in this revolution till the mid-1920 and especially his work on the ap- plication of quantum hypothesis to the ideal gas was instrumental in setting the stage for quantum mechanics. In this paper I will give a cursory outline of this work and, centering on the argumen- tative structure, I will argue that Planck’s theory of gas was framed according to a theoretical strategy he had already adopted in his previous work on radiation theory. The thrust of this strategy consists in focussing on the general features of the system and leaving aside spe- cific assumptions on the micro-processes. Throughout the years Planck reconfigured and reorganized his arguments and the great flexibility of his theoretical strategy allowed him to maintain a consistent outlook on the problem.