DOCSLIB.ORG

Signature Redacted Signature of Author

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Signature Redacted Signature of Author A SEARCH FOR ASTRONOMICAL GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION WITH AN INTERFEROMETRIC BROAD BAND ANTENNA by DANIEL DEWEY B.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1979) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICS at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February, 1986 @ Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1986 Signature redacted Signature of Author .. .. .. ,w . - ... epartment of Physics Signature redacted January 17, 1986 Certified by . v . ....... ..... Rainer Weiss Thesis Supervisor redacted AcceptedAcce by..........Signature tedby.. g .- n . \. .. /. , -. .x . George Koster Chairman, Department Committee FEB 1 4 198& Archive'1 A SEARCH FOR ASTRONOMICAL GRAVITATIONAL RADIATION WITH AN INTERFEROMETRIC BROAD BAND ANTENNA by DANIEL DEWEY Submitted to the Department of Physics on January 17, 1986 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics ABSTRACT This thesis describes and implements a data analysis scheme designed to detect short, burst-like gravity waves in the output of the interferometric antennas. This represents a first attempt at integrating the astrophysical predictions of expected waveshapes with a data analysis scheme for their detection. An experimental program was carried out involving the construction of a proto- type gravitational radiation antenna, the diagnosis of some of its noise sources, the study of expected astronomical sources of radiation, and the collection and analysis of data from the instrument. Construction included the implementation of a system to damp the motions of the test masses, the design of a servo system to hold the interferometer to a dark fringe and the assembly of a microcomputer-A/D system to record data and instrument parameters. Diagnosis of noise sources identified noise due to scattered light as a problem, and methods to suppress this noise through external phase modulation of the input laser beam were devised and implemented. The results of the analysis are encouraging from an instrument performance perspective; the noise obeys Gaussian statistics to signal-to-noise ratios of 5.5, and the number of events in the non-Gaussian tail is not excessive, ~ 500 per day. As a detector of gravity waves, the sensitivity of the prototype is very low due to its size, remaining noise sources, and low light power. Detected burst events with amplitudes of ho ~ 5 x 10- 4 correspond to the signal expected from an optimisti- cally large source at the distance of Proxima Centauri, the closest star beyond our Sun. Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Rainer Weiss Title: Professor of Physics -2- Scientific Acknowledgments This work is greatly indebted to Prof. Rainer Weiss for both its scientific content and flavor. A project of this size is the work of many people and this work owes much to each of them. In June of 1985, the MIT gravity group consisted of Rai Weiss, Paul Linsay, Peter Saulson, Andrew Jeffries, Jeff Livas and Richard Benford, with past member David Shoemaker. Specifics of the division of labor are given at the end of the Introduction. Thanks to Steve Meyer for introducing noise into my work. Paul Linsay introduced and addicted me to servo systems. It was a pleasure to share the intensive week of data taking with Jeff Livas and the egg timer. Thanks also to Andrew Jeffries for several days and nights of helpful organization during this period-lots of orange juice. Interactions with the MPQ Garching group has been a source of pleasure and scientific advance. The task of putting together this thesis was made infinitely easier and more satisfying through pretty plot programs and TEX, both due to Ed Cheng. Thanks to David Shoemaker for a crash course in TEX. Nearly as essential were the XEROX machine and two wonderful Rapidograph pens. Thanks to Ed Cheng, David Shoemaker and Claude Canizares for proof reading this thesis. All errors, however, are the author's. This work supported through NSF grant PHY 8109581. -3- Personal Acknowledgments Graduate studies and research can be hazardous to both body and mind. To all who have added joy, from the passing smiling stranger to the closest of friends, I acknowledge my debt and offer my thanks. In particular, the early years of graduate study were positively fun thanks to Luz Martinez-Miranda, Steve Evangelides, Mehran Kardar, Bruce McClain, and Mary-Lou Powers. The warm, friendly atmosphere of the Ashdown House Coffee Hours, under the care of Prof. and Mrs. Hulsizer, contributed immensely to the enjoyment of these years. Very special thanks to Chris for many shared years of love. Thanks to all in "the lab" for the sense of community and the knowledge that they're always there. Special thanks to Richard Benford for providing much of this lab spirit and overlooking gross incompetence in the machine shop. Thanks to Kathreen Gimbrere, a.k.a. "the neighborhood pest", for several fun evenings when they were needed most. Lyman Page aided in the writing of this thesis by making periodic visits to the author's office, instilling humor, confidence and determination. The "extended family" provided by Steve Meyer, Sharon Salveter, and Ed Cheng provided essential and appreciated support during the writing of this the- sis. Special thanks to Ed for an altogether not unpleasurable living arrangement, including habitually "yummy" meals and leftovers. Tony Patera provided his hard-boiled egg recipe and many crazy ideas that have pleasantly punctuated the past ten years. Thanks to Mehran for the five thousand six hundred and sixteen sweaty games of squash, and as many locker room conversations, which kept the body in shape and saved the mind from many an abyss. A smiling wink to David Shoemaker, who introduced me to homemade pasta, cloth napkins, dBs and BDs, the fun of working together, carburetors, the "slap" bass, black jeans, the National Audio-Radio Handbook, Italy, the END DO, empty letters, and most recently TEX. Thank you, David. The love and faith of my family has sustained me for the past 28 years. A heartfelt thanks to Dan, Jean, Tim, Bill, John and Kate. -4- TO MY GRANDPARENTS Daniel and Georgia Gray Dewey William and Jean Long Moyles - 5- Table of Contents 1 Introduction 10 2 Theory of Gravity Waves 18 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Propogation and Polarization of Gravity Waves 18 2.3 Generation of Gravity Waves 20 2.4 Detection of Gravity Waves 21 2.4.1 Resonant ("Bar") Antenna Operation 21 2.4.2 Free-mass ("Interferometric") Antenna Operation 22 2.4.3 Comparison of Antenna Sensitivities to Burst Sources 23 3 Astrophysical Sources 24 3.1 Introduction 24 3.2 System of Units 24 3.3 Detectability of Burst Events 25 3.4 Particle-Blackhole Events 26 3.5 Stellar Collapse Events 28 3.6 Chirp Events 29 3.6.1 Chirp Source Waveforms and Detectability 30 4 The Instrument 33 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 Mechanical 33 4.3 A Walk through the Optical Components 36 4.3.1 Laser 36 4.3.2 External Phase Modulator 36 4.3.3 Fiber 37 4.3.4 Central Mass 38 4.3.5 Delay Lines 38 4.3.6 Photodetectors 40 4.4 Electronic Systems 40 4.4.1 Mass Damping System 40 4.4.2 Fringe Servo System 41 4.4.3 Monitoring and Data taking 41 5 Noise Sources and the Prototype Noise Performance 42 5.1 Noise Sources 42 5.2 Prototype Noise Performance 42 5.2.1 Shot Noise 44 5.2.2 Electronic Noise 45 -6- 5.2.3 Laser Amplitude Noise 45 5.2.4 Seismic and Acoustic Noise 46 5.2.5 Scattered Light Noise 47 5.2.6 Laser Frequency Noise 50 5.2.7 Thermal Noise 51 5.2.8 Beam Jitter 53 5.2.9 E/M Fields 54 6 Data Analysis Scheme 55 6.1 Introduction 55 6.2 The Matched Filter 55 6.2.1 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) 56 6.2.2 Pulse Height Distribution (PHD) 57 6.3 Practical Considerations 60 6.3.1 Sample Rate and the White Assumption 60 6.3.2 The Effect of Mismatched Templates 60 6.3.3 Multiple Detections 61 6.4 A Set of Templates 62 6.4.1 The N 1 , No, NHC Templates 62 6.4.2 Choosing a Subset of the Templates 63 6.4.3 Implementation 64 7 The Data Taking Run and its Analysis 66 7.1 The Run 66 7.2 Analyzing the Data 66 7.2.1 Introduction and Overview 66 7.2.2 The HKP and PHD files 68 7.2.3 Data Synthesis 84 7.2.4 Windows and the Final Data Set 84 7.2.5 Final PHDs and a List of Events 87 7.3 Examination of the Events 94 7.3.1 Template "102" Events 94 7.3.2 Other Events 97 8 Discussion of the Results 106 8.1 An Instrument Performance Perspective 106 8.2 An Astrophysical Perspective 106 8.3 Conclusions 108 References 111 -7- Appendices A Quadrupole Radiation from Masses in a Circular Orbit 116 B Thermal Limit for a Bar Antenna 117 C Interferometer Response 118 D Comparison of Bar and Interferometer Response to GW Bursts 120 D.1 The Canonical Form of a Burst of Gravitational Radiation 120 D.2 Interferometer Response 120 D.3 Bar Response 121 D.4 Comparing Bar and Interferometer 122 D.5 Comparison for an Arbitrary Wave Shape 123 D.6 Discussion 123 E Mass Damping System 130 E.1 Overview 130 E.1.1 The Sensing Capacitor Plates 133 E.1.2 The HV Drive Plates 133 E.2 Capacitive Displacement Transducer 136 E.2.1 The Capacitance Bridge 138 E.2.2 The Mixer 140 E.2.3 Transfer Functions from x to VCMO and VCMON 141 E.3 Equations of Motion 144 E.3.1 Exact Damping Equations and the Root-Locus 146 E.4 Damping System Noise 148 E.5 Parameter Trade-offs 151 F The RF Modulation/Demodulation Scheme and its Noise Sources 152 F.1 Overview 152 F.2 The Modulation/Demodulation Scheme 152 F.3 Noise Terms 155 F.3.1 Shot Noise 155 F.3.2 Thermal and Mixer Noise 156 F.3.3 RF Amplitude Noise 157 F.3.4 The Total Noise vs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tm Synchronization and Channel Coding—Summary of Concept and Rationale
    Report Concerning Space Data System Standards TM SYNCHRONIZATION AND CHANNEL CODING— SUMMARY OF CONCEPT AND RATIONALE INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 130.1-G-3 GREEN BOOK June 2020 Report Concerning Space Data System Standards TM SYNCHRONIZATION AND CHANNEL CODING— SUMMARY OF CONCEPT AND RATIONALE INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 130.1-G-3 GREEN BOOK June 2020 TM SYNCHRONIZATION AND CHANNEL CODING—SUMMARY OF CONCEPT AND RATIONALE AUTHORITY Issue: Informational Report, Issue 3 Date: June 2020 Location: Washington, DC, USA This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and reflects the consensus of technical panel experts from CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS Reports is detailed in Organization and Processes for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS A02.1-Y-4). This document is published and maintained by: CCSDS Secretariat National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC, USA Email: [email protected] CCSDS 130.1-G-3 Page i June 2020 TM SYNCHRONIZATION AND CHANNEL CODING—SUMMARY OF CONCEPT AND RATIONALE FOREWORD This document is a CCSDS Report that contains background and explanatory material to support the CCSDS Recommended Standard, TM Synchronization and Channel Coding (reference [3]). Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion, deletion, or modification of this document may occur. This Report is therefore subject to CCSDS document management and change control procedures, which are defined in Organization and Processes for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS A02.1-Y-4). Current versions of CCSDS documents are maintained at the CCSDS Web site: http://www.ccsds.org/ Questions relating to the contents or status of this document should be sent to the CCSDS Secretariat at the email address indicated on page i.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Different? Between Impulse Noise and Electrical Fast Transient Burst】
    【What is different? Between Impulse Noise and Electrical Fast Transient Burst】 The Inquiry about "a distinction between an impulse noise simulator (following and our company model INS series) and a Fast transient Burst simulator (following and our company model FNS series)" is one of the major questions in a lot of quries from customers. Herewith the difference is focused and presented. The phenomenon which are reproduced and backgraound Both INS and FNS reproduce phenomenon of back electromotive energy noise which may be generated in ON/OFF of power supply switching (like a gas insulated braker and/or electromagnetism relay, etc.). INS was introduced by Mr. Manohar L.Tandor (at that time worked in I.B.M) as a simulator of the high frequency noise to data processing apparatus in the 1960s, and the computer maker of those days adopted it in the 1970s, and it spread widely. FNS is indicated as a basic standard of the immunity type test which reproduces the malfunction by the noise phenomenon of switching ON/OFF and adopted not only in Europe but also world-wide. The 1st edition of Standard for this test was issued as IEC801-4 in IEC TC65 (Industrial Process Controls) in 1988. Then, in order to adopt to all the electric devices, IEC1000-4-4 was issued in 1995. Moreover, in order to differenciate the numbering between ISO and IEC, “60000” has been added to the Stadanrd number. Consequently, it has been named as IEC61000-4-4. output waveform Rise time / the pulse width [INS] It is a rectangular wave whose pulse width is 50ns-1μs and rise time is less than 1ns.
    [Show full text]
  • Improved 1/F Noise Measurements for Microwave Transistors Clemente Toro Jr
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 6-25-2004 Improved 1/f Noise Measurements for Microwave Transistors Clemente Toro Jr. University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Toro, Clemente Jr., "Improved 1/f Noise Measurements for Microwave Transistors" (2004). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1271 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Improved 1/f Noise Measurements for Microwave Transistors by Clemente Toro, Jr. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Major Professor: Lawrence P. Dunleavy, Ph.D. Thomas Weller, Ph.D. Horace Gordon, Jr., M.S.E., P.E. Date of Approval: June 25, 2004 Keywords: low, frequency, flicker, model, correlation © Copyright 2004, Clemente Toro, Jr. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father, Clemente, and my mother, Miriam. Thank you for helping me and supporting me throughout my college career! ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to acknowledge Dr. Lawrence P. Dunleavy for proving the opportunity to perform 1/f noise research under his supervision. For providing software solutions for the purposes of data gathering, I give credit to Alberto Rodriguez. In addition, his experience in the area of noise and measurements was useful to me as he generously brought me up to speed with understanding the fundamentals of noise and proper data representation.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhanced-SNR Impulse Radio Transceiver Based on Phasers Babak Nikfal,Studentmember,IEEE, Qingfeng Zhang, Member, IEEE,Andchristophe Caloz, Fellow, IEEE
    778 IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 24, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2014 Enhanced-SNR Impulse Radio Transceiver Based on Phasers Babak Nikfal,StudentMember,IEEE, Qingfeng Zhang, Member, IEEE,andChristophe Caloz, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—The concept of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhance- transmitter. The message data, which are reduced in the figure ment in impulse radio transceivers based on phasers of opposite to a single baseband rectangular pulse representing a bit of in- chirping slopes is introduced. It is shown that SNR enhancements formation, is injected into the pulse shaper to be transformed by factors and are achieved for burst noise and Gaussian into a smooth Gaussian-type pulse, , of duration .This noise, respectively, where is the stretching factor of the phasers. An experimental demonstration is presented, using stripline cas- pulse is mixed with an LO signal of frequency , which yields caded C-section phasers, where SNR enhancements in agreement the modulated pulse , of peak power . with theory are obtained. The proposed radio analog signal pro- This modulated pulse is injected into a linear up-chirp phaser, cessing transceiver system is simple, low-cost and frequency scal- and subsequently transforms into an up-chirped pulse, . able, and may therefore be suitable for broadband impulse radio Assuming energy conservation (lossless system), the duration ranging and communication applications. of this pulse has increased to while its peak power has de- Index Terms—Dispersion engineering, impulse radio, phaser, creased to ,where is the stretching factor of the phaser, radio analog signal processing, signal-to-noise ratio. given by ,where and are the duration of the input and output pulses, respectively, is the slope of the group delay response of the phaser (in I.
    [Show full text]
  • AN-1496 Noise, TDMA Noise, and Suppression Techniques (Rev. D)
    Application Report SNAA033D–May 2006–Revised May 2013 AN-1496 Noise, TDMA Noise, and Suppression Techniques ..................................................................................................................................................... ABSTRACT The term “noise” is often and loosely used to describe unwanted electrical signals that distort the purity of the desired signal. Some forms of noise are unavoidable (e.g., real fluctuations in the quantity being measured), and they can be overcome only with the techniques of signal averaging and bandwidth narrowing. Other forms of noise (for example, radio frequency interference and “ground loops”) can be reduced or eliminated by a variety of techniques, including filtering and careful attention to wiring configuration and parts location. Finally, there is noise that arises in signal amplification and it can be reduced through the techniques of low-noise amplifier design. Although noise reduction techniques can be effective, it is prudent to begin with a system that is free of preventable interference and that possesses the lowest amplifier noise possible1. This application note will specifically address the problem of TDMA Noise customers have encountered while driving mono speakers in their GSM phone designs. Contents 1 Noise and TDMA Noise .................................................................................................... 2 2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 6
    [Show full text]
  • 22Nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016
    Page intentionaly left blank 22nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 PROCEEDINGS Editors: Federico Miyara Ernesto Accolti Vivian Pasch Nilda Vechiatti X Congreso Iberoamericano de Acústica XIV Congreso Argentino de Acústica XXVI Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Acústica 22nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 : Proceedings / Federico Miyara ... [et al.] ; compilado por Federico Miyara ; Ernesto Accolti. - 1a ed . - Gonnet : Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos, 2016. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga y online ISBN 978-987-24713-6-1 1. Acústica. 2. Acústica Arquitectónica. 3. Electroacústica. I. Miyara, Federico II. Miyara, Federico, comp. III. Accolti, Ernesto, comp. CDD 690.22 ISBN 978-987-24713-6-1 © Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos Hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Disclaimer: The material, information, results, opinions, and/or views in this publication, as well as the claim for authorship and originality, are the sole responsibility of the respective author(s) of each paper, not the International Commission for Acoustics, the Federación Iberoamaricana de Acústica, the Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos or any of their employees, members, authorities, or editors. Except for the cases in which it is expressly stated, the papers have not been subject to peer review. The editors have attempted to accomplish a uniform presentation for all papers and the authors have been given the opportunity to correct detected formatting non-compliances Hecho en Argentina Made in Argentina Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos, AdAA Camino Centenario y 5006, Gonnet, Buenos Aires, Argentina http://www.adaa.org.ar Proceedings of the 22th International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 5-9 September 2016 Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina ICA 2016 has been organised by the Ibero-american Federation of Acoustics (FIA) and the Argentinian Acousticians Association (AdAA) on behalf of the International Commission for Acoustics.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Noise Figure
    Understanding Noise Figure Iulian Rosu, YO3DAC / VA3IUL, http://www.qsl.net/va3iul One of the most frequently discussed forms of noise is known as Thermal Noise. Thermal noise is a random fluctuation in voltage caused by the random motion of charge carriers in any conducting medium at a temperature above absolute zero (K=273 + °Celsius). This cannot exist at absolute zero because charge carriers cannot move at absolute zero. As the name implies, the amount of the thermal noise is to imagine a simple resistor at a temperature above absolute zero. If we use a very sensitive oscilloscope probe across the resistor, we can see a very small AC noise being generated by the resistor. • The RMS voltage is proportional to the temperature of the resistor and how resistive it is. Larger resistances and higher temperatures generate more noise. The formula to find the RMS thermal noise voltage Vn of a resistor in a specified bandwidth is given by Nyquist equation: Vn = 4kTRB where: k = Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 10-23 Joules/Kelvin) T = Temperature in Kelvin (K= 273+°Celsius) (Kelvin is not referred to or typeset as a degree) R = Resistance in Ohms B = Bandwidth in Hz in which the noise is observed (RMS voltage measured across the resistor is also function of the bandwidth in which the measurement is made). As an example, a 100 kΩ resistor in 1MHz bandwidth will add noise to the circuit as follows: -23 3 6 ½ Vn = (4*1.38*10 *300*100*10 *1*10 ) = 40.7 μV RMS • Low impedances are desirable in low noise circuits.
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 Registration Document
    2008 REGISTRATION DOCUMENT CONTENTS RENAULT AND THE GROUP 3 RENAULT AND ITS SHAREHOLDERS 165 0 1 1.1 Presentation of Renault and the Group 4 05 5.1 General information 166 1.2 Risk factors 24 5.2 General information about Renault’s share 1.3 The Renault-Nissan Alliance 26 capital 168 5.3 Market for Renault shares 172 5.4 Investor relations policy 176 MANAGEMENT REPORT 43 02 2.1 Earnings report 44 2.2 Research and Development 63 MIXED GENERAL MEETING OF 2.3 Risk management 69 06 MAY 6, 2009 PRESENTATION OF THE RESOLUTIONS 179 The Board first of all proposes the adoption of SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 83 eleven resolutions by the Ordinary General Meeting 180 Next, nine resolutions are within the powers of 3.1 Employee-relations performance 84 03 the Extraordinary General Meeting 182 3.2 Environmental performance 101 3.3 Social performance 116 3.4 Renault, a responsible company 127 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 187 3.5 Table of objectives 129 07 7.1 Statutory auditors’ report on the consolidated financial statements 188 7.2 Consolidated f inancial s tatements 190 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 135 7.3 Statutory Auditors’ reports on the parent 04 4.1 The Board of Directors 136 company only 252 4.2 Management bodies at March 1, 2009 146 7.4 Renault SA parent company 4.3 Audits 149 financial statements 255 4.4 Interests of senior executives 150 4.5 Report of the Chairman of the Board, pursuant to Article L. 225-37 of French ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 273 Company Law (Code de commerce) 156 08 8.1 Person responsible 4.6 Statutory auditors’ report on the report of for the Registration document 274 the Chairman 163 8.2 Information concerning FY 2007 and 2006 275 8.3 Internal regulations of the Board of Directors 276 8.4 Appendices relating to the environment 282 8.5 Cross reference tables 288 REGISTRATION DOCUMENT REGISTRATION 2008 INCLUDING THE MANAGEMENT REPORT APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON FEBRUARY 11, 2009 This Registration document is on line on the Web-site www.renault.com (French and English versions) and on the AMF Web-site www.amf-france.org (F rench version only).
    [Show full text]
  • PROCEEDINGS of the ICA CONGRESS (Onl the ICA PROCEEDINGS OF
    ine) - ISSN 2415-1599 ISSN ine) - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ICA CONGRESS (onl THE ICA PROCEEDINGS OF Page intentionaly left blank 22nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 PROCEEDINGS Editors: Federico Miyara Ernesto Accolti Vivian Pasch Nilda Vechiatti X Congreso Iberoamericano de Acústica XIV Congreso Argentino de Acústica XXVI Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Acústica 22nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 : Proceedings / Federico Miyara ... [et al.] ; compilado por Federico Miyara ; Ernesto Accolti. - 1a ed . - Gonnet : Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos, 2016. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga y online ISBN 978-987-24713-6-1 1. Acústica. 2. Acústica Arquitectónica. 3. Electroacústica. I. Miyara, Federico II. Miyara, Federico, comp. III. Accolti, Ernesto, comp. CDD 690.22 ISSN 2415-1599 ISBN 978-987-24713-6-1 © Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos Hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Disclaimer: The material, information, results, opinions, and/or views in this publication, as well as the claim for authorship and originality, are the sole responsibility of the respective author(s) of each paper, not the International Commission for Acoustics, the Federación Iberoamaricana de Acústica, the Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos or any of their employees, members, authorities, or editors. Except for the cases in which it is expressly stated, the papers have not been subject to peer review. The editors have attempted to accomplish a uniform presentation for all papers and the authors have been given the opportunity
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Image Similarity Measures Under Burst Noise with Incomplete Reference
    International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 23 (2017) pp. 13524-13533 © Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com Performance of Image Similarity Measures under Burst Noise with Incomplete Reference Nisreen R. Hamza1, Hind R. M. Shaaban1, Zahir M. Hussain1,* and Katrina L. Neville2 1 Faculty of Computer Science & Mathematics, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq. 2 School of Engineering, RMIT, Melbourne, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] * Corresponding Author, Orcid: 0000-0002-1707-5485 Abstract by Wang and Bovik [3, 7] and the Feature Similarity Index (FSIM) which was proposed in [8]. In information theory A comprehensive study on the performance of image similarity approaches the similarity can be defined as the variance techniques for face recognition is presented in this work. between information-theoretic characteristics in the two images Adverse conditions on the reference image are considered in [9]. The Sjhcorr2 method is a hybrid measure based on both this work for the practical importance of face recognition under information-theory based features as well as statistical features non-ideal conditions of noise and / or incomplete image used for assessing the similarity among images [10]. information. |This study presents results from experiments on the effect of burst noise has on images and their structural Several factors affect the security and accuracy of data similarity when transmitted through communication channels. transmitted through communications systems over physical Also addressed in this work is the effect incomplete images channels, one major issue which will be specifically examine have on structural similarity including the effect of intensive in this work is burst noise which affects the reliability and rate burst noise on the missing parts of the image.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Noise Reduction
    PHYS 331: Junior Physics Laboratory I Notes on Noise Reduction When setting out to make a measurement one often finds that the signal, the quantity we want to see, is masked by noise, which is anything that interferes with seeing the signal. Maximizing the signal and minimizing the effects of noise then become the goals of the experimenter. To reach these goals we must understand the nature of the signal, the possible sources of noise and the possible strategies for extracting the desired quantity from a noisy environment.. Figure 1 shows a very generalized experimental situation. The system could be electrical, mechanical or biological, and includes all important environmental variables such as temperature, pressure or magnetic field. The excitation is what evokes the response we wish to measure. It might be an applied voltage, a light beam or a mechanical vibration, depending on the situation. The system response to the excitation, along with some noise, is converted to a measurable form by a transducer, which may add further noise. The transducer could be something as simple as a mechanical pointer to register deflection, but in modern practice it almost always converts the system response to an electrical signal for recording and analysis. In some experiments it is essential to recover the full time variation of the response, for example the time-dependent fluorescence due to excitation of a chemical reaction with a short laser pulse. It is then necessary to record the transducer output as a function of time, perhaps repetitively, and process the output to extract the signal of interest while minimizing noise contributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Communication Channel Models
    Communication channel model Goal The goal of this experiment is to become familiar with the definition of channel model and the effect of the channel model on the transmitted signal both in the time and the frequency domain. Theory Communicating data from one location to another requires some form of pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels, use two types of media: cable (twisted-pair wire, cable, and fiber-optic cable) and broadcast (microwave, satellite, radio, and infrared). Cable or wire line media use physical wires of cables to transmit data and information. Twisted-pair wire and coaxial cables are made of copper, and fiber-optic cable is made of glass. The simplified block diagram of any communication system can be presented by Figure 1: Transmitter Channel Receiver Noise Figure 1. Block diagram of communication systems As it is seen in Figure 1, in order to model the whole transmission environment, the transmitted signal first passes through the channel and then, noise is added to the signal. In communication systems, noise is an error or undesired random disturbance of a useful information signal in a communication channel. The noise is a summation of unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and sometimes man-made sources. Noise is, however, typically distinguished from interference, for example in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and signal-to- noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) measures. Noise is also typically distinguished from distortion, which is an unwanted systematic alteration of the signal waveform by the communication equipment, for example in the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD).
    [Show full text]