Managing Noise in the Signal Chain, Part 1
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Tm Synchronization and Channel Coding—Summary of Concept and Rationale
Report Concerning Space Data System Standards TM SYNCHRONIZATION AND CHANNEL CODING— SUMMARY OF CONCEPT AND RATIONALE INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 130.1-G-3 GREEN BOOK June 2020 Report Concerning Space Data System Standards TM SYNCHRONIZATION AND CHANNEL CODING— SUMMARY OF CONCEPT AND RATIONALE INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 130.1-G-3 GREEN BOOK June 2020 TM SYNCHRONIZATION AND CHANNEL CODING—SUMMARY OF CONCEPT AND RATIONALE AUTHORITY Issue: Informational Report, Issue 3 Date: June 2020 Location: Washington, DC, USA This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and reflects the consensus of technical panel experts from CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS Reports is detailed in Organization and Processes for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS A02.1-Y-4). This document is published and maintained by: CCSDS Secretariat National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC, USA Email: [email protected] CCSDS 130.1-G-3 Page i June 2020 TM SYNCHRONIZATION AND CHANNEL CODING—SUMMARY OF CONCEPT AND RATIONALE FOREWORD This document is a CCSDS Report that contains background and explanatory material to support the CCSDS Recommended Standard, TM Synchronization and Channel Coding (reference [3]). Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion, deletion, or modification of this document may occur. This Report is therefore subject to CCSDS document management and change control procedures, which are defined in Organization and Processes for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS A02.1-Y-4). Current versions of CCSDS documents are maintained at the CCSDS Web site: http://www.ccsds.org/ Questions relating to the contents or status of this document should be sent to the CCSDS Secretariat at the email address indicated on page i. -
What Is Different? Between Impulse Noise and Electrical Fast Transient Burst】
【What is different? Between Impulse Noise and Electrical Fast Transient Burst】 The Inquiry about "a distinction between an impulse noise simulator (following and our company model INS series) and a Fast transient Burst simulator (following and our company model FNS series)" is one of the major questions in a lot of quries from customers. Herewith the difference is focused and presented. The phenomenon which are reproduced and backgraound Both INS and FNS reproduce phenomenon of back electromotive energy noise which may be generated in ON/OFF of power supply switching (like a gas insulated braker and/or electromagnetism relay, etc.). INS was introduced by Mr. Manohar L.Tandor (at that time worked in I.B.M) as a simulator of the high frequency noise to data processing apparatus in the 1960s, and the computer maker of those days adopted it in the 1970s, and it spread widely. FNS is indicated as a basic standard of the immunity type test which reproduces the malfunction by the noise phenomenon of switching ON/OFF and adopted not only in Europe but also world-wide. The 1st edition of Standard for this test was issued as IEC801-4 in IEC TC65 (Industrial Process Controls) in 1988. Then, in order to adopt to all the electric devices, IEC1000-4-4 was issued in 1995. Moreover, in order to differenciate the numbering between ISO and IEC, “60000” has been added to the Stadanrd number. Consequently, it has been named as IEC61000-4-4. output waveform Rise time / the pulse width [INS] It is a rectangular wave whose pulse width is 50ns-1μs and rise time is less than 1ns. -
Improved 1/F Noise Measurements for Microwave Transistors Clemente Toro Jr
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 6-25-2004 Improved 1/f Noise Measurements for Microwave Transistors Clemente Toro Jr. University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Toro, Clemente Jr., "Improved 1/f Noise Measurements for Microwave Transistors" (2004). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1271 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Improved 1/f Noise Measurements for Microwave Transistors by Clemente Toro, Jr. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Major Professor: Lawrence P. Dunleavy, Ph.D. Thomas Weller, Ph.D. Horace Gordon, Jr., M.S.E., P.E. Date of Approval: June 25, 2004 Keywords: low, frequency, flicker, model, correlation © Copyright 2004, Clemente Toro, Jr. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father, Clemente, and my mother, Miriam. Thank you for helping me and supporting me throughout my college career! ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to acknowledge Dr. Lawrence P. Dunleavy for proving the opportunity to perform 1/f noise research under his supervision. For providing software solutions for the purposes of data gathering, I give credit to Alberto Rodriguez. In addition, his experience in the area of noise and measurements was useful to me as he generously brought me up to speed with understanding the fundamentals of noise and proper data representation. -
Enhanced-SNR Impulse Radio Transceiver Based on Phasers Babak Nikfal,Studentmember,IEEE, Qingfeng Zhang, Member, IEEE,Andchristophe Caloz, Fellow, IEEE
778 IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 24, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2014 Enhanced-SNR Impulse Radio Transceiver Based on Phasers Babak Nikfal,StudentMember,IEEE, Qingfeng Zhang, Member, IEEE,andChristophe Caloz, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—The concept of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhance- transmitter. The message data, which are reduced in the figure ment in impulse radio transceivers based on phasers of opposite to a single baseband rectangular pulse representing a bit of in- chirping slopes is introduced. It is shown that SNR enhancements formation, is injected into the pulse shaper to be transformed by factors and are achieved for burst noise and Gaussian into a smooth Gaussian-type pulse, , of duration .This noise, respectively, where is the stretching factor of the phasers. An experimental demonstration is presented, using stripline cas- pulse is mixed with an LO signal of frequency , which yields caded C-section phasers, where SNR enhancements in agreement the modulated pulse , of peak power . with theory are obtained. The proposed radio analog signal pro- This modulated pulse is injected into a linear up-chirp phaser, cessing transceiver system is simple, low-cost and frequency scal- and subsequently transforms into an up-chirped pulse, . able, and may therefore be suitable for broadband impulse radio Assuming energy conservation (lossless system), the duration ranging and communication applications. of this pulse has increased to while its peak power has de- Index Terms—Dispersion engineering, impulse radio, phaser, creased to ,where is the stretching factor of the phaser, radio analog signal processing, signal-to-noise ratio. given by ,where and are the duration of the input and output pulses, respectively, is the slope of the group delay response of the phaser (in I. -
Measurement of In-Band Optical Noise Spectral Density 1
Measurement of In-Band Optical Noise Spectral Density 1 Measurement of In-Band Optical Noise Spectral Density Sylvain Almonacil, Matteo Lonardi, Philippe Jennevé and Nicolas Dubreuil We present a method to measure the spectral density of in-band optical transmission impairments without coherent electrical reception and digital signal processing at the receiver. We determine the method’s accuracy by numerical simulations and show experimentally its feasibility, including the measure of in-band nonlinear distortions power densities. I. INTRODUCTION UBIQUITUS and accurate measurement of the noise power, and its spectral characteristics, as well as the determination and quantification of the different noise sources are required to design future dynamic, low-margin, and intelligent optical networks, especially in open cable design, where the optical line must be intrinsically characterized. In optical communications, performance is degraded by a plurality of impairments, such as the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) due to Erbium doped-fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), the transmitter-receiver (TX-RX) imperfection noise, and the power-dependent Kerr-induced nonlinear impairments (NLI) [1]. Optical spectrum-based measurement techniques are routinely used to measure the out-of-band optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) [2]. However, they fail in providing a correct assessment of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and in-band noise statistical properties. Whereas the ASE noise is uniformly distributed in the whole EDFA spectral band, TX-RX noise and NLI mainly occur within the signal band [3]. Once the latter impairments dominate, optical spectrum-based OSNR monitoring fails to predict the system performance [4]. Lately, the scientific community has significantly worked on assessing the noise spectral characteristics and their impact on the SNR, trying to exploit the information in the digital domain by digital signal processing (DSP) or machine learning. -
Receiver Sensitivity and Equivalent Noise Bandwidth Receiver Sensitivity and Equivalent Noise Bandwidth
11/08/2016 Receiver Sensitivity and Equivalent Noise Bandwidth Receiver Sensitivity and Equivalent Noise Bandwidth Parent Category: 2014 HFE By Dennis Layne Introduction Receivers often contain narrow bandpass hardware filters as well as narrow lowpass filters implemented in digital signal processing (DSP). The equivalent noise bandwidth (ENBW) is a way to understand the noise floor that is present in these filters. To predict the sensitivity of a receiver design it is critical to understand noise including ENBW. This paper will cover each of the building block characteristics used to calculate receiver sensitivity and then put them together to make the calculation. Receiver Sensitivity Receiver sensitivity is a measure of the ability of a receiver to demodulate and get information from a weak signal. We quantify sensitivity as the lowest signal power level from which we can get useful information. In an Analog FM system the standard figure of merit for usable information is SINAD, a ratio of demodulated audio signal to noise. In digital systems receive signal quality is measured by calculating the ratio of bits received that are wrong to the total number of bits received. This is called Bit Error Rate (BER). Most Land Mobile radio systems use one of these figures of merit to quantify sensitivity. To measure sensitivity, we apply a desired signal and reduce the signal power until the quality threshold is met. SINAD SINAD is a term used for the Signal to Noise and Distortion ratio and is a type of audio signal to noise ratio. In an analog FM system, demodulated audio signal to noise ratio is an indication of RF signal quality. -
AN-1496 Noise, TDMA Noise, and Suppression Techniques (Rev. D)
Application Report SNAA033D–May 2006–Revised May 2013 AN-1496 Noise, TDMA Noise, and Suppression Techniques ..................................................................................................................................................... ABSTRACT The term “noise” is often and loosely used to describe unwanted electrical signals that distort the purity of the desired signal. Some forms of noise are unavoidable (e.g., real fluctuations in the quantity being measured), and they can be overcome only with the techniques of signal averaging and bandwidth narrowing. Other forms of noise (for example, radio frequency interference and “ground loops”) can be reduced or eliminated by a variety of techniques, including filtering and careful attention to wiring configuration and parts location. Finally, there is noise that arises in signal amplification and it can be reduced through the techniques of low-noise amplifier design. Although noise reduction techniques can be effective, it is prudent to begin with a system that is free of preventable interference and that possesses the lowest amplifier noise possible1. This application note will specifically address the problem of TDMA Noise customers have encountered while driving mono speakers in their GSM phone designs. Contents 1 Noise and TDMA Noise .................................................................................................... 2 2 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 6 -
22Nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016
Page intentionaly left blank 22nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 PROCEEDINGS Editors: Federico Miyara Ernesto Accolti Vivian Pasch Nilda Vechiatti X Congreso Iberoamericano de Acústica XIV Congreso Argentino de Acústica XXVI Encontro da Sociedade Brasileira de Acústica 22nd International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 : Proceedings / Federico Miyara ... [et al.] ; compilado por Federico Miyara ; Ernesto Accolti. - 1a ed . - Gonnet : Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos, 2016. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga y online ISBN 978-987-24713-6-1 1. Acústica. 2. Acústica Arquitectónica. 3. Electroacústica. I. Miyara, Federico II. Miyara, Federico, comp. III. Accolti, Ernesto, comp. CDD 690.22 ISBN 978-987-24713-6-1 © Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos Hecho el depósito que marca la ley 11.723 Disclaimer: The material, information, results, opinions, and/or views in this publication, as well as the claim for authorship and originality, are the sole responsibility of the respective author(s) of each paper, not the International Commission for Acoustics, the Federación Iberoamaricana de Acústica, the Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos or any of their employees, members, authorities, or editors. Except for the cases in which it is expressly stated, the papers have not been subject to peer review. The editors have attempted to accomplish a uniform presentation for all papers and the authors have been given the opportunity to correct detected formatting non-compliances Hecho en Argentina Made in Argentina Asociación de Acústicos Argentinos, AdAA Camino Centenario y 5006, Gonnet, Buenos Aires, Argentina http://www.adaa.org.ar Proceedings of the 22th International Congress on Acoustics ICA 2016 5-9 September 2016 Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina ICA 2016 has been organised by the Ibero-american Federation of Acoustics (FIA) and the Argentinian Acousticians Association (AdAA) on behalf of the International Commission for Acoustics. -
Johnson Noise Thermometry Measurement of the Boltzmann Constant with a 200 Ω Sense Resistor Alessio Pollarolo, Taehee Jeong, Samuel P
1512 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL. 62, NO. 6, JUNE 2013 Johnson Noise Thermometry Measurement of the Boltzmann Constant With a 200 Ω Sense Resistor Alessio Pollarolo, Taehee Jeong, Samuel P. Benz, Senior Member, IEEE, and Horst Rogalla, Member, IEEE Abstract—In 2010, the National Institute of Standards and Technology measured the Boltzmann constant k with an electronic technique that measured the Johnson noise of a 100 Ω resistor at the triple point of water and used a voltage waveform synthesized with a quantized voltage noise source (QVNS) as a reference. In this paper, we present measurements of k using a 200 Ω sense re- sistor and an appropriately modified QVNS circuit and waveform. Preliminary results show agreement with the previous value within the statistical uncertainty. An analysis is presented, where the largest source of uncertainty is identified, which is the frequency dependence in the constant term a0 of the two-parameter fit. Index Terms—Boltzmann equation, Josephson junction, mea- surement units, noise measurement, standards, temperature. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the Johnson-noise two-channel cross-correlator. I. INTRODUCTION HE Johnson–Nyquist equation (1) defines the thermal measurement electronics are calibrated by using a pseudonoise T noise power (Johnson noise) V 2 of a resistor in a voltage waveform synthesized with the quantized voltage noise bandwidth Δf through its resistance R and its thermodynamic source (QVNS) that acts as a spectral-density reference [8], [9]. temperature T [1], [2]: Fig. 1 shows the experimental schematic. The two chan- nels of the cross-correlator simultaneously amplify, filter, and 2 VR =4kTRΔf. -
Quantum Noise and Quantum Measurement
Quantum noise and quantum measurement Aashish A. Clerk Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2T8 1 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Quantum noise spectral densities: some essential features 2 2.1 Classical noise basics 2 2.2 Quantum noise spectral densities 3 2.3 Brief example: current noise of a quantum point contact 9 2.4 Heisenberg inequality on detector quantum noise 10 3 Quantum limit on QND qubit detection 16 3.1 Measurement rate and dephasing rate 16 3.2 Efficiency ratio 18 3.3 Example: QPC detector 20 3.4 Significance of the quantum limit on QND qubit detection 23 3.5 QND quantum limit beyond linear response 23 4 Quantum limit on linear amplification: the op-amp mode 24 4.1 Weak continuous position detection 24 4.2 A possible correlation-based loophole? 26 4.3 Power gain 27 4.4 Simplifications for a detector with ideal quantum noise and large power gain 30 4.5 Derivation of the quantum limit 30 4.6 Noise temperature 33 4.7 Quantum limit on an \op-amp" style voltage amplifier 33 5 Quantum limit on a linear-amplifier: scattering mode 38 5.1 Caves-Haus formulation of the scattering-mode quantum limit 38 5.2 Bosonic Scattering Description of a Two-Port Amplifier 41 References 50 1 Introduction The fact that quantum mechanics can place restrictions on our ability to make measurements is something we all encounter in our first quantum mechanics class. One is typically presented with the example of the Heisenberg microscope (Heisenberg, 1930), where the position of a particle is measured by scattering light off it. -
Audio Cards for High-Resolution and Economical Electronic Transport Studies
Audio Cards for High-Resolution and Economical Electronic Transport Studies D. B. Gopman,1 D. Bedau,1, ∗ and A. D. Kent1 1Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA We report on a technique for determining electronic transport properties using commercially avail- able audio cards. Using a typical 24-bit audio card simultaneously as a sine wave generator and a narrow bandwidth ac voltmeter, we show the spectral purity of the analog-to-digital and digital-to- analog conversion stages, including an effective number of bits greater than 16 and dynamic range better than 110 dB. We present two circuits for transport studies using audio cards: a basic circuit using the analog input to sense the voltage generated across a device due to the signal generated simultaneously by the analog output; and a digitally-compensated bridge to compensate for non- linear behavior of low impedance devices. The basic circuit also functions as a high performance digital lock-in amplifier. We demonstrate the application of an audio card for studying the transport properties of spin-valve nanopillars, a two-terminal device that exhibits Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) and whose nominal impedance can be switched between two levels by applied magnetic fields and by currents applied by the audio card. Studies of the electronic transport properties of devices ing current-voltage characteristics simultaneously. We and materials require specialized instrumentation. Most will present measurements of magnetic nanostructures, transport studies break down into two classes: current- whose current-voltage and differential resistance are used voltage characterization and differential resistance mea- to determine their underlying magnetic and electronic surements. -
CHAPTER 20. NOISE ANALYSIS and LOW NOISE DESIGN
Circuits, Devices, Networks, and Microelectronics CHAPTER 20. NOISE ANALYSIS and LOW NOISE DESIGN 20.1 THE ORIGINS OF NOISE Electrical noise is a background “grass” of unwanted signals, usually due to thermal origins. It has a nearly constant amplitude density across the frequency spectrum that tends to mask and obscure the waveforms and information which we wish for our circuits to process. Noise is an inescapable fact of circuits and signals. It is generated in most part by thermal fluctuations in the motion and flow of charge. It is an important factor in the design and analysis of communication circuits, and therefore most treatments of noise are developed in the context of communications electronics. But electrical noise, and its companion problem, distortion, are an important and necessary consideration of any circuit, in which a signal, whether of linear or logic form, is to be processed. A figure of merit that defines a circuit in terms of its signal transfer properties is the dynamic range (DR) given by The smallest usable signal level is defined by the noise limit. The largest usable signal is defined by the distortion limit, which is usually a consequence of the compliance (±VS) limits of the circuit. In matters of electrical noise, components and devices are defined by thermal kinetics. Thermal statistical fluctuations will produce a random set of signals within an electrical component. Thermal effects manifest themselves as fluctuations in electrical currents. The basic unit of thermal energy (fluctuation) is given by w = kT (defined by the fugacity for electrons), where k = Boltzmann’s constant and T = absolute temperature.