A WEEKLY JOURNAL of L)RACTICAL INFORMATION, Altt, SCIEN£E, MECHANICS, CHEMISTHY. Ann MANUFACTURES

Home , Lapham Memorial

[)!''ntered the POSI Office of New .. Matter. Copyrlgbt,l8(J7, Co.] _. '--' .. ' ------,,1 York.--- N Y as ------econd CI,,",! by MUDD .t ------

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF l)RACTICAL I NFORMATION, AltT, SCIEN£E, MECHANICS, CHEMISTHY. ANn MANUFACTURES. Vol. LXXVII.-No. 12'J 18, 1897. fS3.00• A YEAR. EST ABLl�HED lR40. NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER WEEKLY. ======��======�======�

S WA SOUTH ON 'tREIIONT STREET, SHOWING CROSSING OF TRACKS INTERIOR OF THE PARK STREET STATION LOOKIliG NORT !HE l1lI Y H, SHOWING AT DIFFERENT GRADES. LOOP.

BOYLSTON STREET STATION, LOOKING DOWW TREIIONT STREET, THE SUBWAY BEING UNDER THE IIALL AND COIIIION. THE

TRE NEW BOSTON SUBWAY FOR TROLLEY CARS.-[See page 184.]

OUR BIG WAR SmPS IN FLEET PRACTICE. school of fire extinguishment in the world. At Parilil During three days of last week Assistant Secretary and Berlin the firE-men are given lectures illustrated by 'ritlltifi, �mttiran. dissect.ed model houses, and while this is a step in the � of the .Navy Roosevelt inspected, participated in, and, no doubt, infused with some of his own energy and right direction. it does not go far enough. The neares, ESTABLISHED 1845 decision the operations of the North Atlantic squadron approach to a school of fire extinguishment is the fire MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS._ in some of the most satisfactory fleetpractice that has dl'iIl with lec111res which is given at the Cambridge PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT yet been achieved by our new armorclad vessllls. There Manual Training School for Boys, but this is only a 361 BR.OADW Y, YORK. were seven vessels in the fleet, including the splendid minor part of the school work. In many large cities No. A NEW armored cruisers New York and Brooklyn and the firemen are instructed in the use of the special appara TERMS FOR THE battleships Indiana and Iowa, and it had been ar tus used in that city. No attempt is made to take up the (EstablisSCIENTIFIC .. ed AilIERICAN. ranged that Mr. Roosevelt, on the dispatch boat Dol subject of controlling and extinguishing fire as a sci lS-I!i.) phin, should meet the squadron, anchOl'ed to await ence. In most cities the rules and regulations must be One COPY. one year. for the U. S .• Canada or Mexico...... One copy, six months, for the S .• Canada.or Mexico ...... $3.110 him, about thirty miles east of the Virginia Capes, thoroughly studied by firemen before promotion, and One �.opy.one year.to any foreignU. country. postage prepaid.. . 5d. 1 ...10 when the squadron maneuvers were to be carried on this promotion is only given after examinations at Remit by postal or express money order, or by bank draft£0 or168. check. -1.00 MUNN .. Broadway. comer �'ranklm Street. New York. for two 01' three days out of sight of land. It was at which various questions relating to the saving of life T"e& CO!'I('lentiHc 361 Amel'ic .. n Mr. Roosevelt's own suggestion, it is said, that this and the control of fire are asked. This now obtains in (Establi ....ed !'illpplement fleet practice was arranged for and carried out, and its nearly all cities, but there is no uniform standard. s n r f IS,.6) \".�� :� ;��f: Ii:�':;'r�h��;,bF;,��'i,\��I��?,ta�o�i;:.�Y�:;,�:�E.�z� results cannot fail to be highly satisfactory to all One city may have one set of rules and a city a hun I: r n t}}:l1t��an;t�e:I�� e�� a f��a��J/1·r��l: who understand how highly imporl ant perfect fleet dred miles away may have another. The great fire de tot{� foreign�c;�';.��c countries belonging to the Postal Ullion. Single copies cents. Sold by all newsdealers throughout the country. See prospectus,last page. organization is in modern naval warfare. partments of our large cities have a world-wide reputa Combined Ilates.-The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SlTPPLE.\fENT10 will be sent for one year, to one adslress in U. S., Canada or Mexico. on Immediately upon Mr. Roosevelt's arrival, Admiral tion, and justly so, but even their efficiency, which is receipt of ,ev foreijln countries. flftlJ cents eight Sical'd, from the New York, which was the flagship, conceded, would be increased by the presence of a con uear. or 148.... douars. lId., postage '1'0 prepaid. dollar, and. a £1Building Edition of Scientific Amel'ican. signaled t.he battleship New York to receive the As siderable number of the rank and file who were versed (E.t ....lislled sistant Secretary, and also to "clear for action." so that in the theoretical as well as the practical side of fire THE BUn,DING EnITIO';" THE SCIENTIFICl�S:i.) AMERICAN Is a larjleand n t n in o when he came aboard everything was ready for target extinguishment. The general is always a better soldier :�� e�U�: ��:�� OF �:d�� !�JKit�r!�� ia:g �u�� is nfustrated with beautifulg:��?g� plates ��s, showin¥' desirable dwellings, public practice under such conditions as would obt.ain in an for passing through West Point than the soldier who buildings and architectural work in great variety. To architects, builders, rises from the ranks. and all wao contemplate building this work is invaluable. action with an enemy. When Mr. Roosevelt went on S 25 a i t e a Fire fighting is based very largely upon experience, or ��gg.P�� aC;'!,�':. "}��;'�n ��J.�A�!�'ix>U:: �� ; �q�:.': A� the bridge of the Iowa. with the captain of the latter, Combined rate for BUILDI';"G�r., EDITION with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. to and the alarm gongs were rung, officers and men were and the experience of one man who has grown gray in one address. ","00 a year. To foreign countries. a year. or fighting the demon of fireis lost if he dies or is forced Combined rate for BUIL])ING EDITION, SCIENTIFIC16.50 AMERICAN,£1 68.9<1. and insta!ltly at their several stations, ready for work, the SUPPI.E>IE';"T.$9.W year. 'ro foreign countries, $11.00 a year. or 58. 2d .• from his position, and it would be difficult for him to postage prepaid. l\ £"� boats in places where they would least feel the con Edition of the Scientific Amel'icon cussion of the heavy guns, and everything in order as impart this information to others. It will be seen, from Expo,·t (Establls ..ed it would be in actual war. A target had been placed what has already been said, that there is room for a with whic is incorporated" AMERICAlS'JS) CIENTIFICA E INDUSTRIAL," or Spanishh edition of the SCIE';"TIFIC AMERICAN, published monthly. 2,500 yard;! away, and firing at it was at once com school of fire extinguishment, either as State or a na uniform In size and typographyLA with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Every a number contains about 100 pages, profusely illustrated. It is the finest menced with an 8 inch gun, to be followed with pro tional institution. A course of six months, with a scientiHc industrial export paper published. It clrcnlates throughout Cuba. the West Indies, Mexico, Central and South America. Spain and jectiles from the 12 inch guns and the actual service practical daily drill, would insure the competency of S'panish possessions-wherever the Spanish languBJile 1s spoken. 'l'HE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION has a large guaranteed circula of the entire battery of the vessel. The battleship and the fireman and fit him to take charge of a fire house, tion in all commercial places thronghout the world. a year, or her crew are said to have passed splendidly through while a post-graduate course might be given which 4d .• postpaid to any po.rtof the world. Single copies.�OO cents. £0 1211. MUNN CO., Publishers. Broadway.2D New York. this first trial at actual cannonading practice ; a whale would fit the fireman as a battalion chief or fire h e t & o 361 e y d!5;�r t�� :c't!. �.!':::':�n�e':!lft�:�s ��;�br:�� r�� boat was put out of service an d some skylights broken, chief. CO. M'li'i:f4 but nothing more serious, w:lile the accuracy of the Such a school should be established in a great city & Readers are specially requested to notify the publishers In case of anyPI'"" failure, delay, or irregularity In receipt of papers. .. firingis said to have shown high skill in the gunners. like New York. Here the student of fire extinguish The Brooklyn, the New York and the Indiana sub ment would find a paid fire department, maintained at sequently had similar practice, s.earchlights being used an expense of upward of $2,000,000 per annum, equip NEW YORK, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1897. in the evening to pick up supposed hostile torpedo ped with the latest forms of apparatus. New York Content ... boats, and there was also a searchlight drill by all the would give abundant material for study. It has streets vessels of the squadron. A novelty of the occasion was in which the traffic is very congested; it possesses high (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) the release of carrier pigeons from tQe New York, the buildings, which have added a new problem to the Alaskanpasses...... fighting of fire;it also has an extended river front, 180 :�';,�SBY��.f;"r':,"cJ�ere(i" pigeons carrying dispatches from the squadron to Nor !��:'n�'j,�\'!\!l:fc�:!��irar:::::: Natural history notes...... oii:. . .. lft186 folk, whence they were telegraphed to Washington. giving the embryo fireman a chance for studying fires Balloon expedition. Andree's ... l�l183 Notes and queries ...... 189 . in boats, piers and grain elevators . Bathing and respiration. .... Patents grantedt weekly record. . 1711 . Bicycle. the chainless ...... 183 of ...... A SCHOOL OF FIRE•• ••• EXTINGUISlDIENT. . . 188 182 Great manufacturing plants, railroad stations, all Books, ·new ...... Photographs, luminous ...... 189 181 . e Postal service, the New york. .... I�Tf�t� :;:"'ri'ttni� eli:�t . 181 The State safeguards the individual, hedging him important risks, are provided at the very doors of the iii*: Powder, smokeless, power oP .. Burglar alarm, Knappts•...... : :: 180m Beport. Cramps' annual...... 186 school, while in the suburbs E-xcellent examples are Diamonds. artlflclal...... • .. 183 Rifle,the Savage ...... 181 about by wise laws which protect him from the serv Dust in the air...... 187 Science notes ...... 0 ••••••• . 178 . 183 ices of incompetent persons. Thus disease may only be given of what is technically known as the " village Electric street railways, N. Y ... Screw making, early ...... 183 Explorations. Asiatic and Skater's ankle brace...... 181 cured by men who are possessed of the pro �er medical street," in which the buildings are all massed together, African ...... Sleep, how to "'ain...... 17U L Steamship record, a new...... 182 Jr::e��r;:�f.t�":�t��ciiooy, ...... 183 Street railway Improvements, knowledge to insure that the treatment shall be scien and the open country, where the risks are isolated. The Hair. use of ...... of·.·. \� Bo.ton· ...... 17 tific ; cases in court may be conducted by men only city would also give an abundant chance for the ex .....• 17'i . 186 Subway, Boston. railroads 7 18��':t�l."e��::�:f\!it�a:��:::: • who have assured certain members of the bench selected amination of electrical plants and would enable the Lathe. an improved•...... }�182 r Warships��'!,"��.r�:io�� In fleetpractice ?�� :�::::::...... liS1% for that purpose that they are properly equipped with student to see how immunity is best obtained from fire If':ic� �e��.:'o��:!':��:::::: Weather bureau. origin of the.. 18"l Mental evolution of man. ..••.... l�179 Weeds. distribution of...... 180 the necessary legal knowledge to give their clients the caused by electricity, and the handling of a fire with Metempsychosis• ...... • ..• 187 Writing. antiquity of ...... 186 benefit of proper ad\'ice and counsel. In fact, there are out interference with the trafficof the street and ele no less than forty-three professions and occupations vated cars. which require some license from the State before they The school should possess large grounds, enabling the TABLE OF OF CONTENTS can be conducted ; but in the matter of protection firemen to practice with approved apparatus. Labora from fire the individual has been neglected by the tories and testing furnaces sho�ld be established in Scientific American Supplement State. It is a popular belief that every man who is which samples of combustible material could be studied able bodied is fit to fight fire, but this is erroneous. and tests made of fireproof methods of construction NQ. 1.1.33. Fire extinguishment is accomplished as much by men and of new fire extinguishing apparatus. Lectures on tal as by brute force. chemistry with special reference to combustion should For the Week Ending September 18, 1897. Unfortunately, in many of our great cities fire extin be given and the various methods of building discussed. Price 10 cents. For sale by all new.dealers. PAGE guishment is taken up as a recompense for polit.ical Papers by promin"nt fire chiefs could be read, which AERONAUTICS.-Wlnd as an Aid to Flight.-By F. W. HEADLEY 18106 support, and the fire department is looked upon as an would be of great value, las many of them are specialists II.I. ARCH..EOLOGY.-Addressby Sir JOHN EVANS.-Theconcluslon important center for partisan and political influence. in certain classes of fires. The legal aspects of fire of Sir John Evans' lmportant paper ...... 1811J1 . . . . h a . . That those who regard the fighting of fire as a profes could be treated and the duties of the fire marshal Ill ��ro��rt1iD��f';,"n��'l.: �Pt� :::at:-h�t'i,�'}l'r�l. EE CONTE STEVENS.-l illustration ...... W:.. 18114 sion are totally opposed to this political influence and could be discussed, enabling the fireman in the small IV. BOTANY AND HORTICULTURE.-Rosa Wlchuralana.-1 llIus· corruption is shown by many reports of firemen's city or village to give valuable evidence before the. tratlon. .•• .•...... 18115 conventions, and these brave men deserve all honor for courts on the incendiary origin of fil·es. I w · v. �1�':. �fE:��:Fj.'��li�;·d.;:,i �o��:a:��ft'Y�1"lr.},&j their faithful service and certainly should have a life The need of snch a school may be brought out by R. tons ...... ,ft[fi .... 18106 tenure of office. couple of examples. In one great city the firemen VI. ECONOMlCS.-Improvldent Civilizatlon.-A pleafor tbe application of scientificmethods to the amelioration of socio-economic Reme vals from office in a fire department, either of turned a hose on a flaming gas jet in a cellar and a few defects and disorders.-By RICHARD T. COLBURN.-Address be. fore the section of social and economi C science of the A. A. A. S. the chief or firemen, should only be made for incom minutes later four men were hurled through the win -The Hrst InstaUment of an interesting address. . . •. . . .. •...... •• petency or where there is good ground for believing dows by the explosive mixture of gas and air. The 18108 VlI. ETHNOLOGY.-The Ashantees In the Zoological' Gardens at firemen should be taught to plug gas pipes with soap Vienila.-3iIlu.tratlons ...... :...... 18110 that the service would be permanently improved. VIlI. ELECTRIC TY.-The Telegraphic System of French West Fire extinguishment is very largely a matter of expe or pieces of wood. In another city the firE-men mis Afrlca.-An interestingl descr tlon of the method of construct· t l e :r, a 18104 rience, and the longer the fireman holds his position, judged the height of the dwelling house, a.ndthe short f�g;��:i g;;::.� 071J0��iI.!!�Cto-;;:�!�� i�ti·EliiCirt.; Troctlon.-A1'1.: new system of charging accumulators.-l lIIustra- the more efficient he ought to be. ladder which was run up nearly cost a life. Graduates tlon ...... , .... 18104 The status of the volunteer fireman is not more sat of a fire school would be taught to gage distances ac . . . . . 18104 ��l�!:'ofJ curately. tlon.��: ...... �� . ..:J,.��':,� ...... ••...... :.:Bi"inCWAiiiiEN:.:.:i ...... 'Iiiiioit':';': . .. ..• 18104 isfactory. Too many men are enrolled as members of FISHERlES.-United States Caviar in Europe ...... ; 18109 the volunteer fire companies either to escape local The necessity of a school for fire extinguishment is IX. GEOGRAPHY.-British A88ociation-Address in Geograph,..-An taxation, jury duty, or t.o secure social advantages, for evident, not so much for the firemen of large cities as X. Important paper by Dr. SCOTT KELTIE. secretary of the Royal ...•...... •...... 18111 for those who work in villages and the small city. Such Geographical Society, ofJ. England in small towns the yolunteer fire company often par XI. MJOC)HANICAL ENGINEERING.-Armor Plate Pre88.-1 illus- takes of the nature of a social club. In many cases a school would dignify the calling until it reached the tration...... •...... •...... 18106 Hydraulic Flanging Press.-lillustration ...... 18107 fire service may be avoided by the payment of a fine. stage of a profession and would tend to render life . . . XIl. MECHANICS.-Perpetual Motion-lIl.-The third InstaUment more secure and diminish the loss of property. of this most valuable series on perpetual motlon.-The present A-8tate law should be framed which would define the &,J'!;lcle lIIustrates very ingenious attempts at perpetual motion. position of the volunteer firemanan d his qualifications illustrations...... •.. • •••• ...... 18106 for enrollment and to provide for severe penalties for RAPW WORK IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF NEW YORK. XIII.-'6 MED1CINE.-Dr. Mount Bleyer's Treatment for Consum tlon e f f ELECTRIC STREET RAILWAYS. ffie�! :�;n�� 1��h:�f�t;�fIo� o��J':\��!��Tn non-attendance at fires. The State should also have -The rlmary action of the galvanic current.-It increase.1��:�lJ� the regular supervision of the fire apparatus. Attention Probably never before in its history have so many al •. y &��':!�h�a�:J�s��\'h"�i:M��;gf ��I'i:�u:,\:JA�ly �� 18117 to these matters would save an enormous fire loss. miles of the streets of New York City been torn up and XIV. MISCELLANEOUS.-A Skeleton Factory ...... 18109 We now come to the consideration of a school for fire rendered almost impassable to travel as at the pres Village Industries of Ru8sia...... 18109 . . extinguishment. At the present time, according to a ent time. On the east side the work of changing the =£��;r:��::.:.:.::.::.::.::::.:.:::.:.:.::.:.:::.:.:::.:.:.::.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.;URi well inforwed authority upon the subject, there � no Fourth and :Madison Avenue line from its old horse

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER 18, 1&)7· J 179 car system to that of the electric conduit trolley is lence to the first principles of good mechanical prac vation of the head from the pillow for a definite time being prosecuted simultaneously in different sections tice. by connt of respirations is one of the many changes of which extend over almost the entire length of the line, Before the chain is pronounced inferior to the bevel position. All this is without any cOlllmotion, and need and it is expected the section betwe�n the Grand gear, it should at least be given an opportunity to prove not be recognized by a sleeping companion. Brain and Central Depot and the General Post Oftice will be in its efficiencyun der the protection of a satisfactory gear muscle and all parts of the body soon come into the operation early in October. In this work six thomland case. normal state that precedes and invites sleep. A sense men have been employed for more than three weeks What has already beeu said on the question of fric of fatigue soon overtakes one while thus employed, past, and, great as has been the temporary public in tion applies with equal force to the question of dura and before he is aware, the brain has forgotten its duty convenience, it must be conceded that the contract bility. A protected bevel gear will undoubtedly out to regula':;e the breathing process, the muscles have ors are making every endeavor to push the work as last an unprotected chain gear; though we think that, ceased to expand to the call made upon them in the rapidly as possible. On the west side of the town, under equal conditions, the results might be reversed, be!l:inning, and sleep is in control of all the forces and also, and in some of the cross streets, the Broadway particularly if t,he same high class material and work all the organs. The details of this method of inviting and the Third Avenue lines are doing work on miles manship were put into the chain and sprockets as will sleep will not be the same for the strong and the weak. of street.s, each endeavoring to advance the work be sure to characterize the chainless gear. In such a The principle, however, is one and the same, viz. , the ahead with all possible speed. This strife on the case the chain gear would have a great advantage in proper direction of vital energy to brain and muscle, part of the various established lines of surface street the fact that it is adjustable, whereas the other is not according to the condition of the individual. The railways to get ahead of each other in putting their an advantage which will increase in proportion to the effectof brain and muscles combined, under direction roads in condition for the greatly increased trans distance the wheel is ridden. of will, counteracts the one-sided automatic whirl of a portation now demanded of them affords a striking There i& one respect, however, in which the chainless little portion of gray matter that has come to antago object lesson on the imperative need which exists wheel will possess an undoubted superiority to the nize normal sleep and to make night a source of gloom for the long delayed, and so much talked of, rapid present type, and this is in its compact and shipshape and unrest. transit system, and demonstrates besides the possi appearance and the ease with which it can be cleaned .. fe •• bilities and advantages of a systematic division of and kept in presentable shape. It is likely that this OUR NEW BOOK ON lIAGIC. labor in street railway construction, said to be will prove to be one of the most imp-ortant factors in Were it possible for Houdin, or Heller, or Herrmann, the most rapid yet undertaken. establishing the new type in the public favor ; but the great sleight-of-hand performers and professors of how far the chainless type will succeed in demonstrat magic of a generation not yet past, to appear again • 1., • ing its mechanical superiority to the present popular upon the scene and enjoin the publication of this THE CHAINLESS BICYCLE. machine, time and the test of hard usage alone can t ll. � volume, as an infringement upon the rights and privi There is a general impression among those who fol leges of their confreres and successors, we do not doubt low the developments of bicycling that the year 1898 . '.' . THE lIENTAL EVOLUTION OF IIAN. that they would promptly take most vigorous meas will see the chainless wheel firmly established as a In the section on psychology, at the recent meeting ures in such direction. So too, most likely, would be rival to the chain-driven type. Mor:e than one of the of the British Medical AssociatioD, at Montreal, Dr. the disposition of the great majority of'the j uggler13 and leading manufacturers have lately expressed their in K. M. Bucke, of London, Ont., presented some novel trick performers of all kinds, including not a few actors tention of offering to the public a bevel geared ma views in a paper bearing the above title. He said : of some repute, who endeavor to cater to the public chine, or its equivalent. It is freely stated that the "So-called telepathy and clairvoyance st>eUl to be amusement by providing entertainments in which some mechanical difficulties,which have been made the sub specimens of nascent faculties. I place ,in the same thing more or less mysterious is introduced; for this ject of considerable and costly experiment during the class the phenomena of what is often named spiritual book is the most complete expos� yet produced on the past two orjthree years, have been thoroughly mastered, ism. The labors of the Society for Psychical Research subject of magic and stage illusions. It is something and that the chainless wheel has been brought to a have made it to me plain that these phenomena, as unique in its way, in that the subject is treated on such pitch of perfection which warraut, the launching of a notably in the case of W. Stainton Moses, really exist. broad lines and so exhaustively-being the first time, few of these machines upon the market. And I think that a study of the above-mentioned we believe, that so comprehensive a volume has ever The idea of a chainless bicycle, as many of our readers case, together with that of Mrs. Piper and that of Mary been undertaken. In all explanations and descriptions know, is not by any means new As far back as ',veIl J. Fancher. of Brooklyn, would compel any unpre of tricks and illusions, as one can readily understand, 1893, a firm had put on the market a bevel geared judiced person to make the same admission. But to it is difficult to make the subject plain by mere words, wheel, and not a few of these machines may still be me these are not cases in �hich outside agents are act no matt3r how exactly the details are gone over, but in seen upon the road, and are apparently giving satisfac ing on or through a human being, but are cases in this volume the great number of costly illustrations am tion; although, for some reason, there has never been which a given human being has faculties which are ply supplements the text. making it entirely clear how any great demand for this type. To judge from the not commonly possessed. Whether any given faculty, numerous illusions have been successfully presented to sentiments of the press, the manufacturers and the such as one of those now alluded to, shall grow, become the public. The pictures not only afford views " be wheelmen who take any interest in the subject, there common, and finally universal in the race, or wither hind the scenes," as it were, but take the reader into is no question that, if it can be mechanically perfe cted, and disappear, will depend upon the general laws of the workshop of the designer and Illtlchanic, and ex the chainless wheel will be incontestably superior to natural selection, and upon whether the possession of pose at a glance the methods and means of producing the chain and sprocket type. the nascent faculty is advantageous or not to the indi what to the general public has been matter of wonder It will be an interesting study to consider the two vidual and to the race. But of infinitely more import and astonishment. systems on a few leading points of comparison, such as ance than telepathy and so-called spiritualism (no The volume, edited by Mr. A. Hopkins, with the silllplicity of parts, ease of running, and durability. As A. matter what explanation we give of these, or what Introduction by Mr. Henry Ridgely Evans,is divided into regards the first, it must be admitted that the chain their future is destined to be) is the final fact to. be five books, the firstcovering conjurors' tricks and stage gear has everything in its favor, provided, of course, here touched upon. This is that superimposed upon illusions,comprising mysterious disanpearances, optical that the chain is regarded as one piece-which, for self-consciousness, as is that faculty upon simple con tricks, miscellaneous stage tricks, conjuring tricks, jug the purpose of the present comparison, it fairly may sciousness, a third and higher form of consciousness is glers' and acrobatic performances, fireeaters and sword be. A chain that is properly made, with links of equal at present making its appearance in our race. This tricks, ventriloquism and animated puppets, shadow pitch and uniform hardness throughout, will show an higher form of consciousness, when it appears, occurs, graphy, mental magic. Book II treats of ancient magic even wear, and may be considered as a single link in as it must at the full maturity of the individual, at including temple tricks of the Greeks and their miracu, the driving mechanism. Assuming the future chainless about the age of thirty-five, but almost always be lous vessels, the origin of the steam engine, Greek lamps wheel to be a beveled gear machine, in place of the tween the ages of thirty aud forty. There have been and toys, etc. Book III treats of science in the theater chain we shall have a shaft, two bevel wheels, and two ' occasional cases of it for 2,000 years and it is becoming and Book IV of automata and curious toY3. sets of adjustable ball beatings to transmit the motion ' more and more common. In fact, in all respects, as In .. Photographic Diversions," which forms the sub from crank axle to rear wheel. While a slight varia far as observed, it obeys the laws to which every nhs ject of Book V, a great deal of interesting matter is pre tion in the chain line will not seriously affect the run cent faculty is subject. Many more or less perfect ex sented, never before brought together in book form, in ning of the chain and sprocket gear, a similar varia amples of this new faculty exist in the world to-day, cluding especially a description of the method of taking tion in the bevel gear will produce a binding action and it has been my privilege to know personally and and projecting moving photographs, as the vitascope, that will result in hard running and rapid wear. Hence to have had the opportunity of studying several men the cinematoscope and the mutograph. The chapter the gears must be cut aud the shafting lined up with and women who have possessed it. In the course of a on trick photography comprises apparatus for taking the nicest care and accuracy. This, of course, is a few more milleimiums there should be born from the silhouettes, artificial mirage, duplex photography, illu mere matter of good workmanship, and the firms that present human race a higher type of man possessing sive and spirit photography, a multiple portrait, multi contemplate building these machines will doubtless this higher consciousness. The new race, as it may photography, a photographic necktie, etc. On another turn out a smooth running and perfectly aligned gear. well be called, would occupy, as toward us, a position page will be found an illustrated article taken from this A comparison on the score of friction and ease of such as that occupied by us toward the simple con work, and the formal announcement of the pnblishers running under everyday conditions will probably scious alalus homo. The advent of this higher, better, appears in the advertising columns. show results in favor of the bevel gear; whereas a COlli , and happier race would amply justify the long agony parison under ideal conditions on th e testing machine of its birth through the countless ages of our past...... will show, and, if we remember righ tly, has shown, re TRIPE AND ONIONS. And it is the first article of my belief, some of the sults in favor of the chain. The difference is due to Scientific research has again knocked all the stuffing grounds of which I have endeavored to lay before you, the fact that the bevel gear is always inclosed in a out of one of the most popular of gastronomic theori� that a race is in course of evolution." gear case and running in clean oil, whereas on the -namely, that the humble but appetizing tripe (with road the chain is not merely transmitting the power onions) was exceptionally digestible. Even Brillat ..,. from the cranks, but is using up a certain amount of HOW TO GO TO SLEEP. Savarin had not a soul above well dressed tripe for that power in grinding up the grit and dust of the At the recent meeting in Montreal of the British supper, mainly on the ground that it was at least road into the pasty mess with which the average chain Medical Association, in the section of therapeutics, " light" on the stomach-certainly much "lighter " is encumbered. As a matter of fact, the chain has Dr. J. B. Learned, of Northampton, Mass., gave his ex than bellf, mutton, or any other kind of meat. That never been given a chance to demonstrate what it can perience with the many methods of inVIting sleep with theory must now be abandoned in the face of the con do. In the firstplace, it is not improbable that, except out taking drugs. He detailed the positions of the clusions to be drawn froUl extensive experiments car in the case of the best makes, it receives less care in body after retiring which he employed. He said the ried out by Dr. P. Solomon, and published in statisti the selection of its material and the machining of its cause of delay in sleep coming is generally the brain cal form by the United States Agricultural Depart pins and links than any of the other wearing parts of running automatically without our consent, after we ment. The experiments were divided into two three the wheel. Certainly it does not compare in this respect go to bed. He sets the brain to work at once on retir day periods. In the first period the diet consisted of with the bearings. And whereas the bearings are cart> ing-it is to direct the respiratory process. It is to tripe, bread, butter, and a little flour; in the second, fully incased, and various precautions in the way of count respirations to see that they are fewer in number, an equivalent of meat was substituted for tripe, and in dust caps and felt washers protect it from dust and regular, deep, and somewhat protracted. In addition, both instances beer was used as a beverage. The de mud, the chain, for some inscrutable reason, is left to certain groups of muscles are employed in routine order tails of the chemical analyses cannot be entered upon. gather up all the friction-producing matter it may. in silent contraction. By constant change other groups Suffice it to say that Dr. Solomon arrived at the con Except on the ground of appearance, there is absolutely are brought into use. He has completed a systematiz clusion that " in general there is no marked difference defense to be offered for a custom which does vio- ed routine of contraction and relaxations. A slight ele- in the digestibility of tripe and meat." no

A NOVEL BURGLAR ALARM. the Passes varies from $15 to $25 per hundred, the Fort Selkirk to Juneau, but it is a long time on the An alarm which may be used in connection with a goods being delivered at Lake Bennett. way, and in case of bad weather it is often delayed for door or window, exploding a cap on the unauthorized Once over the Pass the whole country i8 a succession several days at a time. At some of the rapids between opening of either, is shown in the accompanying illus of lakes, all connecting with each other by outlets the lakes boats have to be tracked. tration, and has been patented by Clayton L. Knapp which are often a succession of rapids. On Lake Bennett many voyagers have followed (address Mrs. Coralie .T. Knapp, No. 104 West Ninety On Lake Bennett is a saw mill which is busily en- Schwatka's example, and built rafts of the large birches second St., New York City). It is shown attached to a which grow alongside the lake. At Lindeman scows or door, a plate secured upon the jamb having at one end flat-bottomed barges are the fashion. They are built recessed portion, in which turns a disk or wheel hav of soft white pine, and are generally about 24feet long, lng:� a number of pockets, each adapted to receive a 5� feet beam, and 3� feet deep. Such a vessel pro cal'. while in the back of the disk are ratchet teeth. pelled by four oars and a single sail hoisted on a rickety Hinged on the front of the plate is a spring-pressed mast is calculated to carry five passengers and two tons hammer carrying a firing pin or stud adapted to enter of goods. If it escapes shipwreck in the rapids, it one of the pockets in the disk, as the lat"teris revolved will answer every purpose, and carry its occupants till by means of a dog engaging its ratchet teeth each time they reach the Klondike or are stopped by the ice. the hammer is carried outward. Pivoted upon a plate Travelers who have found their way to Lake Bennett on the door is a trip bar, adapted to engage the under say that in ten.days with good weather they will arrive side of the projecting end of a cross bar on the ham at Dawson. If they do, they will be lucky. Still, the mer, so that, as the door is opened, t.he halllluer will be river is hardly blocked before the first week in October. gradually raisf'd, as shown in the small view, until it The accounts which have been given of the difficul slips off the end of the trip bar, such movement of the ties of reaching the gold fields by way of the Chilkoot hamlller revCllving the disk to bring one of the cap Pass create an impression that the gold seeker carries pockets under the firing pin, and the hammer being his life in his hand, but the journey really involves no forced down suddenly by the spring to explode the cap. more perils and hardships than hundreds encounter The trip bar is supported in operative position by a every year in Canada, Maine, and Northern New York. pin, but it may be carried entirely out of engagement • I.' • with the alarm device by turning it rearward, as indi How Weeds Are Distributed. cated by the dotted lines. The free end of the trip bar There is always a strife between the various plants has on its under side beveled surfaces, permitting it, and weeds as to which shall occupy the ground. Some when extended, to ride over a beveled surface on the plants crowd others out. Those producing great num end of the cross bar on the hammer, the trip bar then bel'Sof seeds will often occupy the ground against those dropping to normal position, as shown in the principal which produce fewer seeds. Then, again, some plants, view, and the alarm setting itself after cap has been KNAPP'S BURGLAR ALARM. like the thistle or wild lettuce, scatter their seed to the exploded and the door closed. The adevice can be four winds of heaven, while the seed of the yellow dock applied to a door opening to the right or left, and a gaged in sawing logs into boards for use in building is dropped close to the parent stock. Weed seeds are siugle alarm will protect both the upper and lower the boats. scattered with wheat, grass, clover, and other grains. sash of a window. It is now easier to get from the lakes to Dawson than Some of our worst weeds have been brought into this from head of the Yukon to Juneau. 'rhe . river country in shipments of cheap clover and other seeds...... the ACROSS ALASKAN PASSES. waters run down, and there is in all the lakes a strong And, right here, permit me to remark, Congress ought The discovery of the Klondike gold fields has, of northerly and northeasterly current. Hence it is quite to prohibit the importation of cheap and worthless seed. course, resulted in an awakened interest in Alaska, and possible that the gold seekers llIay reach their destina from foreign lands, and the legislature ought to forbid there is hardly a magazine or a newspaper which has tion more easily than they can �end news of t.heir for the llIany fake seed houses in this country from ship not been filled with either glowing accounts of the find tunes to their friends. Themail does fiud Its way trom ping into Ohio, unless first tested. 'Veed seeds are car or descriptions of the diffi- ried and transplanted by culties in reaching the new bil'cIs and animals, by the Eldorado. wind, by currents of water Our engraving, for which d0wn streams and ditches, we are indebted to Black along highways and along and White, shows sOllie of railr,md right of ways. the hardships to which the They are sometimes plant traveler to the Yukon by ed by foolish persons, and the overland route is sub thus a start given them so jected. White Pass is the that others llIay be afflict favorite, although it is ed. Old fence rows furnish fourteen miles longer than a steady and undiminished the Chilkoot route from supply of weed seeds and Dyea. The fonner involves so do old abandoned cor a climb of 2,650 feet., the ners and uncultivated lots. latter one of 3,500 feet, part The railroad right of of which is so steep that ways are the means of it is almost impossible for furnishing the farmer an a novice to carry a pack inexhaustible supply.of ob over it. The main draw noxious weed seed; the back to the White Pass right of ways being long route is the long stretch of narrow strips of land adja swamp which intervenes cent to so many different between the eastern base farms, will soon seed such of the range and the lakes adjacent premises. The and it is almost illlpassable. weeds are often permitted Men have been employed to grow on the right of to cord u roy the road, ways until they go to seed. which will make it more The numerous trains car passable. rying live stock seed the From Dyea the traveler right of ways froIll one end traverses a three mile grove to the other. This is de of cottonwood and then monstrated by the great follows the ri\-er channel variety of weeds growing until Sheep Camp is reach around Chicago, where so ed. Here is quite a village many railroads center. of prospectors, who gather Hon. D. J. Cable, in paper strength to climb the Pass. read before Farmers' In Above Sheep Camp the as stitute. Harrod, Ohio. cent is made by narrow canon barred witha �.� ....--- bowl LUCIEN BIART, who died ders and �harp stones. 'rhe recently, was a talented slope is so precipitous that author, and although he at times the travelers have chose to veil his scientific to follow the zigzag trail knowledge in the form of on all-fours. At last the novels, that knowledge was cold summit is reached. It incontestable, says Natural is almost impossible for Science. A great love of even the stoutest Indian to tra\-el took him, in 1845, to carry more than 100 pounds Mexico, where he studied up this slope, so that trans archreology and ethnogra portation is effected in in phy. In a.ddition to his nov stallments. As the outfit els, the chief of which are of the miner is hardly ever .. Le Roi des Prairies," less than from 500 to 1,000 .. Entre deux Oceans," etc. , pounds, it will be seen that he wrote a yolume on the the expense is great. No red races for the BiLlio horse can be got over the th�que Ethnologique, as Chilkoot Pass, and the cost well a monograph on as of transporting goods over THE TRANSPORTATION OF BAGGAGE ACROSS THE CHILKOOT PASS. the Aztecs.

THE SAVAGE RIFLE-S)lOKELESS POWDER AND have been made for gaining considerable space for the through a bracket at its bottom, and entering an op EXPANDING BULLETS. accommodation of mail wagonson the north side of the posite threaded bore in a sleeve which terminates at The deadly effectupon game of small metal-covered building; but of more importance still are the plans by its outer end in a claw. Pivoted to the head of the expanding bullets, with high velocity smokeless pow which it is being provided that incoming mails, to be screw is an adjusting arm having at its lower end a der, has been recently satisfactorily demonstrated with dispatched abroad by steamship, shall be assorted for cam surface, and after this arm has been turned to a 0 303 caliber Savage rifle, using cartridges with a 0'303 their several destinations on the trains by' which they effect a ready engagement of the claws with the sides soft nose expanding bullet. The Lrifle and cartridge arrive, thus relieving the New York office of a vast of the heel its outer end is carried up against the lower are manufactured by the Savage Repeating Arms Com amount of work, and the extra handling of great quan pany, of Utica, N. Y. The flight of the bullet was tities of lIlail matter, as well as promoting quick dis 2,000 feet per second. Modern 0'303 weapons possess patch, Another improvement, which will be particu several important advantages over the old large cali larly agreeable to all travelers arriving from abroad, bers in flatness of trajectory, absence of smoke, long has also been planned. range, increased penetration, high velocity, less recoil, H..eretofore letters addressed to passengers on incom and light weight ammunitioll. ing steamers, which sometimes form a large mail, have The expanding bullet is a big been put in the hands of the consignees of the vessels, game projectile. It invariably and so have not been received by those to whom they expands with an area of lacera were addressed until after the vessels arrived at their tion greater than ever produced docks. Instead of this method, it is now proposed to by any projectile before used. Without calculating the send this mail down the harbor to meet the steamers as effect of the nervous shock, it is easy to see f!"Om the they come in, employing therefor the boats that take accompanying illustrations that immense splintering the incoming mails from the steamers at quarantine. and laceration was produced. The largest game in the In this way the pursers will be able to sort and deliver j world, the royal Bengal tiger of India, the elephant mail matter to the incoming pas'lengers Itboard the ; ! and rhinoceros of Central Africa, are now being suc steamers-a delivery which would generally be some i cessfully hunted and slain by sportsmen using the hours in advance of that now accomplished after land .I 0'303 caliber rifle. Sportsmen who have never tried the ing, affording a most signal convenience to the passen small caliber rifles and smokeless powder ammunition gers. People are never so hungry for greetings from .. ,./' are somewhat skeptical as regards the killing or stop their friends or news of what is going on in the world ping power of small metal-covered expanding bullets. as on arriving in port from an ocean voyage, and the The secret of the deadly effect of these small pro contemplated improvement cannot fail, therefore, to ENGBERG'S ANKLE BRACE FOR SKATERS. jectiles lies in their expanding qualities and extraordi be correspondingly appreciated. nary high velocity, which impart a percentage of energy to the otherwise inert flesh AutoDl.oblle Vehicles••••• In Warfare. section of the shank and secured in such position by a and bone ; and these substances In an article discussing the above subject in La sliding loop or equivalent device, the cam surface then being acted upon by so quick a Revue Technique. Col. Fix examines the requirements engaging the clamping arm to hold the claws firmly in blow become themselves projectiles. and conditions which must be met in order to achieve engagement with the heel. The device being applierl lacerating the surrounding tissues success. on the inside of the� foot, its presence is not especial I and bone. The high velocity re Since all military vehicles must be both solid and noticeable. sulting from the use of smokeless simple, many features which might be otherwise accept A NICOTINE ABSORBING, SMOKE COOLING PIPE. powder is only possible when con able must be omitted, says the Engineering Magazine. fined by small calibers. If a bullet is omitted from Roads which in time of peace are good soon become To prevent nicotine and other unhealthy substances one of these cartridges and the primer struck no neglected and demoralized in time of war, and a vehicle, from passing to the mouthpiece of a pipe when one explosion of the powder will occur. The rapid twist like a soldier, should be able to accommodate itself to is smoking, and also to cool the smoke as it passes of the riflingand the great pressure of smokeless pow all inconveniences. Tires of rubber, whether pneumatic through the pipe, with the view of rendering smoking der compels the use of some less yielding metal than or solid, are inadmissible, both because of the greater more pleasant and innocuous, the improvement repre lead, as a soft lead bullet would strip and be blown di weight to be carried and because of the rough usage to sented in the accompanying illustration has been pat rectly out of the barrel. be endured. Iron tires alone meet the requirements, ented by William S. Hannaford, of Pasadena, Cal. Fig. The difference in the weight of one grain of smoke and, in view of the great torsional strains, the hubs 1 is a sectional side elevation of the pipe, of which Figs. 2, 3 1, less powder adds considerably to the pressure. The two should be larger than they would otherwise need to be, and 4 are modifications. As shown Fig. the bowl t accompanying figures [represent the expanding bullet while, in order to clear surface obstacles, the diameter is adap ed to be screwed to the enlarged end or sub h bowl of the stem, and in the bottom of the bowl are before and after being fired. This bu llet weighs 185 of t e wheels should not be less thM that now found in grains. The metal covering is made of a soft light field artillery. smoke outlets terminating in a recess covered by blot metal which does not injure or wear the rifling of rifle Electricity is barred as a motive power, on account of ting paper or similar material, this cover closing the barrels. Extremely high velocity is attained by the the impracticability of charging accumulators in the top of a spiral passage connected at its middle with a fieldor en route, and steam or petroleum motors alone central opening in the cover. The outer end of the remain, between these steam having the preference, at passage connects with the inner end of the bore in the least for greater powers, since the petroleum motors at stem, and the under side of the spiral passage rests on present are not satisfactory above ten horse power. an absorbing pad. By unscrewing the bowl, the cover Practically an automobile vehicle for military service and the absorbing material may be renewed from time must be a carefully designed steam traction engine. to time to keep the pipe always in a fresh condition. planned to haul artillery and supply trains anywhere In Fig. 2 the coil or spiral passage and absorbing wad where horses can go ; the questions of speed and per are shown arranged in the stem of the pipe, there being sonal comfort, so important in pleasure vehicles, need nine inches of smoke passage in the coil, and the stem hardly be considered. being also suitable for use as a cigar holder, although a Col. Fix shows some very interesting figures relating special arrangement for a cigar holder is shown in Fig to the cost of horseR in military service, and makes out 5. Figs. 3 and 4 represent a pipe filled from above and a strong case for the side of the machine, and it is not from below, in the former case the bowl unscrewing at all unlikely that the use of machinery in warfare and in the latter case a metal shell sliding out below. Illay soon enter the field service extensively as it has already entered other department!!as .

.. ·e.• Recovery of a Body on Mont Blanc. In October, 1866, Captain Henry Arkwright, the guide Michel Simond arid two porters, Fran�ois and Joseph Tournier, were killed by an avalanche on the WOUNDS CAUSED BY SMOKELESS POWDER AND Grand Plateau of Mont Blanc. The bodies of the guide EXPANDING BULLETS and the porters were found a week after the accident, but that of Captain Arkwright was only found last comparatively slow combustion of smokeless powder, month. The entire body was recovered. with the ex which continues its expelling action, accelerating the ception of the head and feet. The right hand was speed of the projectile until it leaves the muzzle of the marvelously lifelike. The ice had preserved in it the gun. In the accompanying exhibit the bone and red tint of the blood. He was found with all his jew tissue were literally pulverized by the misr;ile. 'f hese els and white handkerchief in his pocket with his name buliets, when they strike. spread, tearing and cutting on it. An inquest was held on the remains and they in all directions. will probably be buried at Chamounix. The body was recovered 9,000 feet below where he was killed thirty ------4.�.�.�1�------Improved New York Postal Service. one years ago. The improvements in progress and contemplated in •.e .• the United States postal service at the great New York AN ANKLE BRACE FOR SKATERS. office, and which have been actively promoted by the The illustration represent.s a device designed not only Postmaster-General during his recent visit, bid fair to as a support for weak ankles, but to prevent the tiring 1l1ake the postal business at this populolls and busy of the ankle during long exercise in skating, while it is center one of ideal excellence. The pneumatic tube also intended to give the skater better control over system which is to connect the main office withBrook the skates. The improvement has been patented by the Grand Central station. and the Produce Ex Carl Engberg. of St. Joseph, Mich. The device is appJied HANNAFORD'S TOBACCO PIPE. lyn, change is being rapidly pushed forward, the six pipes on the inside of the foot, and has an upper section wade connecting therewith entering th'e wall of the Federal fast by straps, to which is pivoted a lowet· section hav Fig. 6 represents a combination coil and wad made by building at the corner of Park Row and Mail Street. ing an integral arm extending alongside of the sole, the rolling up two strips of paper, one being thin and half It has been arranged that the compressed air necessary arm having at its forward end ajaw adapted to clamp an inch wide and the other blotting paper five-six·· to operate the system will be furnished by the dynamos the edge of the sole, while its rear end terminates in a teenths of an inch wide, the arrangement in either of the new electric plant recently established in the claw adapted to engage the side surface of the heel, as case affordinga long spiral path for the smoke in a com building. As the New York office, large as it is, has may be seen in the outline view. The arm forms virtu paratively small space, and the smoke in its travel de long been greatly embarrassed for room, arrangements ally a clamping arm, in connection with a screw passed positing nicotine and other impurities.

The NeW" Southampton Record. telegraphy and meteorology, with t.heir applications steadily in view for forty years by Henry and his co It is a matter for national pride that both the west to the benefit of mankind, stand pre-eminent. In laborers-a national weather bureau was established ; ward and eastward record between Southampton and 1848 Redfield, of New York, Loomis, then of the another department of science was recognized as of New York are now held by American-built ships. The Western Reserve College at Hudson, 0., and Espy, eminent utility. St. Paul has held the westward record for more than a of Philadelphia, were the leaders in the study of During the past twenty-seven years the American year, and the St. Louis has now broken the eastward storms. Henry was the friend of all, and indorsed public, and for that matter the world at large, has. record by the trip ending at Southampton on Septem and advanced their viewR. The telegraph companies, with increasing admiration, viewed the energy, the ber 8, the time of passage to the Needles being six recognizing and acknowledging their indebtedness accuracy and the practical value of the work of the days, ten hours and fourteen minutes. The record of to him for his discoveries and inventions in electrical Weather Bureau. Those who admire climatology as the Hamburg line steamship Fuerst Bismarck, which matters, granted him freely those daily weather dis well as those theoretical student.s who deal with the was held since September, 1893, was lowered by forty-one patches that he asked for and which enabled him difficult mechanical problems involved in meteorology minutes, and the St. Louis broke her own best previ to be the first to demonstrate systematically the truth have sometimes felt that the bureau pays too little ous record by one hour and sixteen minutes. What is that Redfield, Espy and Loomis had long maintained; attention to scientific investigations, and that many particularly gratifying is that the American ships have i. e. , that through the telegraph, although then in its in nice points are lost sight of in the breadth of the work been taking away the records from the German ships fancy, we had the power to predict the coming storms. and the rapidity of execution that has always been which were based upon Clyde-built models, and it all The Morse telegraph line was open for public business imposed on us by the public and by our successive Redfield published his con chiefs. goes to prove that it is no fault of our shipbuilders in April, 1845, and in 1846 that we have not long ago regained the maritime posi viction of the probable value of the telegraph and the But, whatever reason there may have been for this tion which we held some forty years ago when our daily chart ; it is on record that merchants in New criticism, it is likely to be removed if the plans of our tor..nage was almost that of Great Britain. York, Boston and Cincinnati, in their individual capa present chief are allowed to come to full fruition. cities, were often guided by weather reports tele The fact is that meteorology, considered as the scientific AN IMPROVED• f ..... LATHE. graphed from a Mw neighboring stations. But sys study of the laws of atmospheric phenomena, is not The accompanying illustration represents a ten inch tematic and public work for the benefitof all was the yet in a perfectly satisfactory position. This is not to foot power engine lathe, which when desired is also object that. Henry had in view. To this end a daily be wondered at when we recall that, in 1870, Ferrel furnished with a countershaft for power. It differs telegraph bulletin was compiled at his request, and was the only man who possessed clear views of the from other lathes of its class in that it is much heavier was communicated both to the Smithsonian and to mechanical problems involved in the movements of in design, and great care has been taken to secure the the daily press. To this end he immediately displayed the winds. utmost strength for the amount of material used. It this same data daily on a map at the Smithsonian His work was broad and general, and it was neces is manufactured by the W. P. Davis Machine Com Institution. To this end he constantly interviewed sary to collect more facts before attempting any future pany, Rochester, N. Y., and is strictly a high grade members of Congress as to the propriety and the neces developments in unraveling the mechanics of the at lathe in every particular. The following dimensions sity of a public weather service, illustrating his talk mosphere. Since those days our knowledge of the will assist in determining the relative strength and by actual predictions for Washington. To this end laws of mechanics and thermodynamics, as applied driving power of the tool. Front bearing, 2%, inches finally, in 1864, he was preparing:to revive his map, to the air, have been advanced by the study of skillful long, 172'inches in diameter; back bearing, 1% inches which had been temporarily discontinued during the mathematicians . and physicists. Simultaneously with long, 114inches in diameter ; nose of spindle, 172' inches war, when a disastrous fire in the Smithsonian build their work, the publication of daily weather charts, and in diameter, 10 threads to the inch. Hole in spindle ing checked all further work in this direction. But the exploration of the air by means of high moun Henry'S agitation of the importance of the subject did tain observatories and by balloons and kites and the 9 16 inch, conforms to Morse taper. Swings over ways 1014 inches ; swings over rest 7 inches; distance spectroscope, has given us such a solid obser between centers, 3272' inches. Cone has three vational basis that we can now begin to handle sections : 3,).4, 4%, 572', face 1%. Ratio of back the problems of nature in a manner that pro mises partially to satisfy the demands of exact bearing, 772' to 1. science . The Origin of the• •• 11Weather • Bureau.* If onr universities would give dynamic me teorology a prominent place in their courses of BY PROF. CLEVELAND ABBE. The writer well remembers the day when, study, it would greatly facilitate our future as a youth, over forty years ago, he visited progress and the development of a new race of Merriam, "the Sage of Brooklyn Heights," 8tudents. In the matter of observations, the whose publications had awakened his attention most desirable improvement is the invention of to the possibility of publishing reliable daily some method by which to ascertain the actual weather predictions. condition of the air as to pressure, temperature In those days the New York evening papers and moisture at considerable height above a printed a daily weather bulletin, furnished by the ground. When Prof. Moore shall be able the enterprise of the telegraph companies, which to realize his ideal of obtaining, at any moment, gave the temperature, wind and weather for the wind and temperature from any altitude some early morning hour at a large numbel' of up to two miles by means of kites or other stations scattered over the whole country. Had devices, we hope to have a satisfactory solution these items been displayed graphically upon a of this problem, and shall be able to apply the recent development of mechanical ideas to com map of the country, it would have been POSSI ble to practice daily forecasting' for New York : prehensive studies of the atmosphere. but as this was not done by the newspapers, ...... the readers probably picked out only a few Luminous Photographs. interesting temperatures as items of news, and These photographs, according to J. A. Ran never realized how nearly they had in their dall, in an article on "The Magic and Mystery grasp the power of predicting the weather. DAVIS' TEN INCH FOOT POWER LATHE. of Photography," published in the American But I suspect that this daily charting is Journal of Photography, were first introduced precisely what Merriam may have privately done, not cease, as is shown by the testimony of several at a ball in Vienna, where programmes were decor and on which he ma y have based his occasional members of Congress whom he interested in the sub ated with a luminous picture representing an alche public predictions of "heated terms " and "cold ject. Meanwhile, England, Holland and France had mist at work. "There are several ways of making terms. " awakened to the possibilities of the case. luminous photographs, the simplest being that of If those telegrams had contained the readings of Owing to the labor of Espy, Redfield, Loomis and W. B. Woodbury. A sheet of cardboard is coated the barometer in addition to the other items, and if Henry, there was widespread throughout this country with a luminous paint and exposed to light under Merriam had charted them, as Espy and Henry were a conviction that something useful could be done in a glass positive or transparency. On removing the then doing, he would undoubtedly have been able to the way of weather predictions. ·When the writer cardboard to a dark room a striking and brilliant add also the prediction of storm windt; and rain. If proposed the subject in May, 1868, firstto the trustees of phosphorescent image is seen, with all the gradations of Merriam's manuscripts are still in existence, they the Cincinnati Observatory, then to Mr. John A. Gano, the positive. The effect may also be produced by ar would afford valuable material for a history of mete as editor of the Cincinnati Commercial, subsequently ranging a series of glass tubes containing a phosphor orology in America. An old scrapbook of mine, begun again to him as president of the Chamber of Com escent substance behind a thin glass posit:ive. On ex in the year 1851, still reminds me of my vivid interest merce, there was an immediate response to the effect posure to light the luminosity of the tubes will shine in the prediction of the weather bv rational methods. that "this is what we have long been doing for our in through the positive in proportion to its density. It was not until ten years later that I realized that dividual business interests and will be glad to have you When viewed in the dark, a glowing image is the re this daily telegraphic bulletin in the New York news do for the city as a whole." When, in August, 1869, on sult. papers was directly due to Prof. Joseph Henry, who behalf of Cincinnati, he made a similar proposition to the . "Another method, which can be applied to an ordi in 1849 had asked that these weather items be tele Chicago Board of Trade looking to co-operation, there nary print on thin paper, is as follows : Take a graphed for the use of too Smithsonian Institution was a temporary difficultyin accepting it ; but an edito sheet of cardboard and spread over it as evenly as in order that he and Espy might study the origin: rial in the Chicago EV6ldingJournal called public atten pos,;!ble a thin coating of starch paste ; w hen still development and progress of Au,erican storms. From tion to the nature and importance of the work, and " The tacky, dust over it an even layer of powdered c.alcium 1842 to 1857 James P. Espy-·was the official meteorolo Weather Bulletinof the Cincinnati Observatory " began barium sulphide, rubbing it well over with a brush 01' gist of the United States, and carried on his work in September 1, 1869. When in December, 1869, Prof. I. .A. to make it adhere in every part. Then take the print, co-operation with the army, the navy and the Smith Lapham's memorial to the Academy of Sciences was, which should be light, and fixed and toned as usual, sonian. by the Hon. E. D. Holton, converted into a memorial and saturate it with a mixture of castor oil and oil of No man ever had a broader appreciation of science to the National Board of Trade, and by the Hon. turpentine, taking off all excess with a clean rag. The for its own sake, and also of science as a means of be H. E. Paine intoa memorial to the Senate and House of print. thus made semitransparent, is next pasted upon nefiting mankind, than Prof. Jeseph Henry, the noble. Representatives at Waslungton, there was from each an the prepared cardboard, and the whole well dried be hearted first secretary and organizer of the Smith immediate favorable response. Prof. Henry was at hand fore the fire. A print t.hus prepared, when exposed to sonian. His natural gifts and his scientific researches to say that from a scientificpoint of view the scheme was light, receives the rays on the phosphorescent sulphide were well known before he was elevated to this posi thoroughly sound; the representatives from Ohio were beneath, which becomes luminous in proportion to the tion, of whose duties and responsibilities he entertained at hand to say that the work was being successfully absorption which has taken place; it is, therefore, lu the most exalted conception, and to which he was done in Cincinnati ; Gen. Myel'was on hand to say that minous in the dark by the light transmitted. A silver faithful to the last. the Army Signal Corps were ready to carry out the print is soon destroyed by this process, for the sulphide There is scarcely a branch of practical or applied practical part of the great national work. Thus Mr. attacks the image. It can be applied to the carbon or science that he was not able to advance ; among these Paine's bill was rapidly forwat'ded through the various other processes not having silver as a basis. Moonlight stages of legislation, and pictures and landscapes give the ct the act of February 4, 1870, most striking effe s The Independent. as !! . • accomplished the great object that h d been held luminous photograph II a

\£'o��e9ponilence. is a signiflcant fact that, notwithstanding the extreme Science Notes. doubt of the safety of Andr�e, the French are already The largest known flower is said to be the Raffiesia, planning a second attempt to reach the north pole by of Sumatra, whose diameter is nine feet, and which Inventor of the GlInlet Screw ! balloon. There should be a thorough study of the smells like a piece of putrid beef. To SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : the Editor of the problem of releasing a balloon in a high wind and of On July 8 the Geographical Institute of Lisbon, We have read with much interest the sketch in your overcoming the peculiar recoil. It would be a grand founded in commemoration of the four hundredth an issue of August 28 of Hayward Augustus Harvey, and thing if the balloon could be brought to this country niversary of Vasco da Gama's departure for the Indies, while we do not wish to appear hypercritical, and have and a voyage be made to Europe. ·'rhis would be in was opened by the Geological Society of Portugal, says no desire to detract in the slightest from the merits of the track of numerous steamers and the least untoward Natural Science. the Harveys, yet, as the article purports to be original, event would not be absolutely fatal, as it is likely to be Paris barbers and hairdressers are now obliged by we think that, for your own credit and for historical in the Andr�e voyage. Such a trip would serve to give the police to take sanitary measures in carrying on accuracy, one or two statements therein should be one perfect confidence in the power of the balloon and t.heir business. Elaborate regulations have been sent corrected. would also give invaluable experience in managing a out requiring them to use only nickel·plated combs, For instance, you state (referring to Gen. Thomas W. balloon in a long voyage. to substitute pulverizers for powder puffs, to cover Harvey) "he was the inventor of the gimlet pointed Above all, efforts should be primarily directed toward the hair cut off with sawdust and have it removed at screw," the fact in this particular case being that the maintaining the balloon at an altitude of 6,000 feet or once, to wash their hands before working on a cus inventor is not known ; for, as we have stated in previ so. It ought to be just as easy to do this as to keep it tomer, and to place all metallic instruments, razors, ous communications which have heen published, gim. at a lower level. If a smaller balloon has its neck con shears, combs, cutting machines, etc. , in a solution of let pointed screws were undoubtedly made as early as nected with the larger, the overflow can be caught by soap and boiling water for ten minutes before they are 1755, for in September, 1879, there was exhibited at the it, and after enough gas has leaked from the large used. Worcester, Mass. , musical festival a piano inscribed balloon, the smaller could be emptied into it and it The city " Jacobus Kirckman, Fecit. Londini, 1755," and numer would then serve as ballast in an emergency. At 6,000 of Breslau recently consulted the chemists of the uni versity respecting some ous gimlet pointed screws were taken from this instru feet the currents of air are about three times as rapid old manuscripts of the ment, apparently inserted when the piano was origi as at the earth, and they are far more constant. It has sixteenth century, which damp and old age had made uite illegible in some parts. A remedy very nally constructed. been demonstrated that practically the same distribu- q was easily found. It was ascertained that gall nut ink had In a work entitled " RecueH de Planches sur les Sci tion of pressure in highs and lows occurs at the pole as ences et les Arts Liberaux et les M�caniques, " Paris, b en used, as had been �xpecte . When ainted Arts in lower latitudes; hence any current setting strongly � � � . 1771 (Plate 7, Fig. 7, Planche 9), is an illustration of a wlth a one per cent alcohohc solutlOn of t nIllc aCld, to the north would be likely to accomplish the object. . . � screw with beveled nicked head and tapering shank the haracters became at once falrly dlsc rnlble. Paradoxical as it may seem, any wind near the pole is � . � AIll l oIllum sulph brought them out agam m. full dis threaded to the point. a favoring one to take one there and the saIlle wind (in � �de I . . The drawing of the slotted head cold rolled screw fact, wind at the pole) is a favoring one to bring one tmctness. Thls �he well-known cure, whlCh once IS which you illustrate is misleading, as tqe cut shows a back. more has proved rehable. head sufficiently enlarged to correspond to the diame At the height of 6,000 feet there would be fal' less William Pierson, San Prancisco, donor of the Pierson ter of standard thread ; the fact in the case being that dangerof rain and fogt'freezing on the balloon-acircuIll- photographic lens to the Chabot O b!'ervatory in Oak this enlarged head on the comparatively small sized stance that would be practically fatal. At 6,000 feet the land, has o ffered to bear the expense of sending Prof. wire was made commercially possible only through the precipitation, if any, would be ral'er, w hich could be Charles Burkhalter, astronomer in charge of the ob inventions of Mr. Charles D. Rogers. swept off, but this would be im possible with ice or servatory, to India to take observations of the solar The work performed by Mr. H. A. Harvey in rolling frozen sleet. It is not genel'ally known that this country eclipse next s pring. The Rlard of Education decided threads was the use of a series of three cylindrical dies holds the record for a long distance voyage. La M oun- recently to grant Prof. Burkhalter leave of absence or rolls for developing a thread of sufficient depth to be tain and three companions, on J uly 1, 1851), sailed from from O ctober until May 1 with full pay. Prof. B Ul'k used for wood screw purposes in place of flat dies, which Elt. Louis, Mo., and landed in Henderson, N. Y., 870 halter confided to friends that, had the leave not been had for many years previous been employed in Connec miles in 19 hours. Most of the voyage was at a bout granted, he would have handed in his resignation. ticut and elsewhere for the rolling of machine screw 7,000 feet, and it is certain that no such record could He is particularly anxious to observe the eclipse, as he threads. For these three cylindrical dies or rolls he have ever been made at a much less height. has invented an appliance for use in astronomical finally substituted a single roll having the grooves and H. A. HAZEN. work which he wishes to test, an d from which he ex- ribs on its surface, but the use of this invention has Washington, D. C., September 3, 1897. pects great results. been abandoned. OLNEY ARNOLD (second), Emperor Francis Joseph, of Austria, has given his Secretary American Screw Company. consent to the union of the two great imperial libra Providence, R. I. The Production of Large ,," rtUiclal DlalRo nds. Consul Germain, of Zurich, says : Diamonds of a ries at Vienna, the Hofbibliothek and the Kaiserliche Familienfideicommisbibliothek. The step is taken in Andree's Balloon Expedition. very small size have been produced artificially hereto order to do away with the purchase of duplicate SCIEN'i'IFIC AMERICAN : fore, but no one has as yet succeeded ill producing To the Editor of the books, but one result will be the throwing open to large ones. Mr. E. Moyat claims to have discovered a In this journal for September 4, page 150, there is a students of the private family library, which hitherto new process by which to produce diamonds of large quotation from a letter written by Dr. Nils Ekholm to has been reserved for the use of members of the im dimensions. In prinCiple, his process is about the same a Swedish paper. There are one or two errors in this perial household. 'r he library is noted for its enor as the one already invented by others, and that is to paper which should not pass unnoticed. The baUoon mous collection of portraits as it includes the collection obtain crystallized carbon out of iron and coal, by could not possibly have risen to 25,000 feet, as this begun b Archduke Francis, of Tuscany, in 1784, which means of high pressure and high temperature. Yet y would have required throwing off several tons of bal now contains 90,000 portraits, 22,000 engravings from there is some improvement in the Moyat process as re last. French journals just arrived give full accounts the collection of Lavater, the physiognomist, and 100,- gards the technical operation. Pulverized coal, iron of the launch of the balloon. The original balloon, of 000 portraits detached from printed books. chips, and liquid carbonic acid are placed in steel 68 feet diameter and containing 162,000 cubic feet, was a tube and hermetically sealed. The contents are then From series of investigations on the effect of cuta enlarged last winter by putting in a strip 37'5 inches a subjected to the action of an electric arc light by neous excitations on the formation of red blood cor wide around the equator. This enlarged the capacity means of two electrodes introduced into the tube. The puscles, Prof. Kronecker and Dr. A. Marti, writing to 180,000 cubic feet. At the first the loss of gas was H. iron liquefies, is then saturated by part of the pulver in the Atti dei Lincei, draw the following conclusiolls : 890 cubic feet a day, or one-half per cent. Owing to ized coal, at the same time the liquid carbonic acid Feeble irritations of the skin promote the formatiun nect:ssaryrepairs and unavoidable punctures, however, (1) evaporates, thereby creating an enormous pressure on of red blood corpuscles, but modify the forwation of the loss of gas at the start amounted to 1,770 cubic feet the mixture of iron and coal. This pressure again con hemoglobin in different ways. (2) Strong irritations a day, or one per cent. This does not seem excessive, siderably increases the dissolution of the coal in the of the skin determine a ditn'inutioll of the number of though double what had been anticipated. liquid iron. While the mixture is cooling, the carbon red corpu!;lcles, and, in a minor degree, the hemoglobin Dr. Ekholm gives the balloon a voyage of from 22 to of crystallizes partly in the form of real dialllonds and contained in the blood. Darkness diminishes the 24 days, but it is not easy to understand his computa (3) partly in the form of similar stones. These crystals number of blood cells ; after about fortnight, a min tion. The lifting power of the balloon was over 12,000 a are then segregated by dissolving the iroll in diluted imuw is reached, which is followed by limited increase. pounds. The total wei�ht of the balloon and neces a Illurilttic acid. The mixture, by the above method, re (4) Continued exposure to intense light (even at night sary cordage ought not to have been much over 2,000 mains under high pressure during the operation of the with electric light) induces the formation of red blood pounds, and the three men would weigh 500 pounds. electric current, while by other methods the pressure is corpuscles, and also, in a lesser degree, of hemoglobin. This would give over 75 days' flotation. It is probable obtained later on only by means of the rapid cooling that Dr. Ekholm has computed in the weight of the The State of Indiana has undertaken to defray the process of the crucible. car, instruments, steering apparatus, etc. It is cus expense of publishing annually the Proceedings of the tomary to calculate everything movable as ballast to Indiana Academy of Science, and the two reports, for .. � .. . be used in an emergency, the voyagers finally clinging Aslatle and African Explorations In 1896. the years 1894 and 1895, for the printing and publication to the ring of the balloon. In many cases a disabled The long list of geographical explorations accom of which the State has paid, have just come to hand, says balloon has been able to keep afloat, even after it plished during 1896 include!:!, says the Popular Science Nature. By publishing the proceedings of the Academy touches ground or water, for the release of a part of the Monthly, the exploration of a large region pertaiIJing the State secures, without further expenditure, the ser weight by touching keeps the balloon going. to the upper Yang-tse-Kiang River, Ch:nese empire, vice of number of investigators working in various a The start of the Eagle was Sunday, July 11, at 14:35 by M. Bonin, a !<' rench officer in Tonkin, who visited departments of science, and spending a large portion hours. Its first bound was to a height of 330 feet, but countries not previously traversed by Europeans, and of their time upon new problems the solution of which immediately after there was a drop, owing to a recoil, has been able to make important corrections in the is of importance to the development of the Indiana little undel'stood at present, which almost invariably map of the Yang-tse-Kiallg and its tributaries. Dr. commonwealth. These investigators, who constitute the attends an ascension in high wind. Andr�e at once Sven Hedin, in exploring the Takla Makan, a continua best authority ill the State upon their several subjects, a threw off 460 pounds ballast (estimated probably from tion of the Desert of Gobi, has found the ruins of two will act without pecunial'y compensation with the legis the bags of sand emptied). This left him only 880 of the towns said to be partly buried in the desert, and lative body of lndiana, just as the National Academy of pounds of sand ballast, as most of the ballast consisted has made interesting investigations on the past_ and Sciences acts in conjunction with the United States of food and ropes. The balloon at once rose to about present hydrography of the Lob Nor region. M. D. Congress. They wiil freely ad vise the legislators when 2,600 feet, just clearing Vogelsang Island. The balloon Kiements, sent out by the Siberian Geographical consulted upon scientific subjects, and assist in giving was visible over an hour and presented a beautiful Society to the Khengai Mountains of northwest Mon direction to scientific investigations undertaken by the sight as it sailed away toward a point a little north of golia, found a great glacier on the western slope of the Legislature as a basis for logical laws. The work of an Franz Josef Land, or about where the intrepid Nansen mountain, and everywhere signs of former volcanic academy like the Indiana Academy is an important boldly left his steamer Fram to push as far north as activity. A Russian expedition has been exploring the factor in developing mineral, vegetable and animal re possible. course of the Amu Daria, with a view to ascertaining sources, and it greatly strengthens educational agencies. There is not the slightest doubt that, under proper if it would be possible to divert its waters by mean!! of 'r he State has thus acted wisely in giving encourage auspices and with a full comprehension of the problem, canal into the Caspian Sea. '1' he exploration of Ato;ia ment to the scientific workers within its borders, and a a balloon voyage can he made to the pole, and this too Mino!', predominantly archreological, has been con doubtless the funds it has undertaken to provide will be returned a thousandfold. . with much less 4a.z�l'dthan is ordinarily thought. It tinued by young men of the University of Oxford .

COIIPLETION PART THE BOSTON SUBWAY. OF OF I der the Boylston Street mall of the Common at the inter- 1 Street and Shawmut Avenue respectively. For a short Some years ago the horse car system of the city of , section of Boylston and Tremont Streets, where the distance this is a four track subway, but the four tracks Boston was converted into a trolley system and now Boylston Street station is located, as shown in one of run into two which pass through to Causeway Street the city is traversed in all directions by electric cars, our engravings. The four track subway extends north- in the northern part of the city. and the combined routes of various companies serve \ erly from this station under the Tremont Street mall to The cars coming down from Boylston Street turn out almost the entire suburban district as well of this street at Church Street and enter the as the city proper. After the introduction subway in the Public Garden by an incline, of the trolley, it soon became apparent that which is shown in our engraving. The en Boston required additional facilities for the trance to the incline is intended to be monu transportation of street car passengers to mental in character and mask it. The first the lower parts of the city. It was found section consists of 318 feet of incline, 685 feet that the problem of rapid transit was not of two track subway and finally 408 feet of solved by the trolley, owing to the over· four track subway, the latter beginning at crowding of traffic at certain points. The the Boylson Street station. The incline was wholesale introduction of the trolley did illustrated in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN not tend to improve the appearance of the for September 8, 1896, this engraving show handsome city, and the wires were particu ing the retaining walls which were construct larly objectionable on Boylston and Tre ed upon concrete foundations. In this two mont Streets, where they ran at the side of track subway, in order to avoid l�teral pres the Public Garden and the Common. The sure in the tunnel near the surface, the arch congestion of traffic on these two streets was type of construction was not used, and the very bad, and at times a solid line of cars tunnel has been given a flat roof supported made travel well nigh impossible. by brick arches turned between I beams. The problem was not one of providing The sides are of similar construction, the I rapid transit. for a long distance, but of fa beams standing vertically. This establishes cilitating traffic upon certain existing and a number of arches both horizontal and stated routes within a very small area, about vertical, each one of 6 feet chord. Diagonal one mile long and one-quarter of a mile struts connect the vertical and horizontal wide. After a lengthy discussion of the beams across the upper corners. Some at matter, the Boston Transit Commission tention was paid to draining this as well as decided upon a subway system under the other parts of the subway, the concrete certain streets by means of which the elec forming the side walls being plastered with tric cars would be diverted from the surface Portland cement and a coating of asphalt of the streets on some of the heaviest lines applied in turn to it. This asphalt water of travel, and would be run underground in proofing was contbmed over the roof. The a well drained, ventilated and lighted tunnel, pump chamber in the Public Garden con which would, of course, be free from the ob tains automatic electric pumps by means of jections to underground railways in which which leakage and rain water are discharged steam locomotives are used. Three of the into the street sewer. A masonry ventilat twelve sections are now entirely completed ing chamber has been constructed near the and cars are running through them, giving Boylson Street station and there are others great relief to the overcrowded streets at various points. They are supplied with 7 above. and 8 feet fans to be driven by electric mo The subway act was passed in July, tors. 1894, by the Legislature of the Common The four track subway was made by an ENTRANCE TO THE SUBWAY IN THE PUBLIC GARDEN. wealth of Massachusetts. There was a per- open excavation and is 48 feet wide, the two sistent fight made against it by an element of track subway being 24 feet wide. The mid the community which was h03tile to the construction a point just below Temple Place, where the tracks dle row of steel columns support the roof of the four of a subway. The fri:.>nds of the subway were also separate to form the important Park Street station, the track subway. obliged to contend with those who were hostile to it two inner tracks forming the north and south bound Section 2 really consists of the Bolyston Street station from a purely business point of view and also against track!> for the cars running to and from the Back Bay, and its approaches. The station proper is 634 feet a public sentiment which wished for no encroachment Brookline, Brighton, etc. At the Park Street station long, and consists of four tracks and two island on the sacred soil of the historic Common. The latter the inner tracks terminate in a loop which accommo platforms, each thirty feet wide. Entrance and were extremely bitter in their antagonism to the sub dates the cars which formerly ran to the old Tremont exit is given to the Boylston Street station by four way plan, but at last the friends of the plan succeeded House and then returned. ornamental buildings of chiseled granite, which in stifling the opposition and the Subway Act became Sections 4 and 5, which are nearly completed, are also somewhat resemble the stations used in Budapest a law. The opposition was soon after revived and an shown in our engravings. The cars run up to Tre for the underground railway. One of these is in injunction restraining the commission from c�nstruct mont Street to "\Varrenton Street, and then emerge tended for north bound passengers, one for south ing the subway was refused by the Supreme Court, from the subway by an incline and run up Tremont bound passengers and two for exit. The plan for re- June 15, 1896. The cei v in g passen subway has been gers at the sub constructed under way stations has the dil'ection of a been a matter of 1lIllIission of five careful study, the co appointed by desire of the offi Hlen he Governor and cials being to re t the Mayor, the duce to a mini Hon. George G. mum the possi Crocker being the bilities of confu chairman. The sion incident to a completed work heavy rush of will cost some pas sen gers. In thing under the place of the $7,000,000. surface ticket of Having now fice, there are set briefly referred to up at the foot of the p Ian as a the s t air way s whoIe, we will leading into the take up our en tunnel from each gravings. Many of the buildings of the salient fea three booths for tures of the su� the sale of tick way have been ets. As the pas described in the" senger passes into SCIENTIFIC AME the BU bway he RICAN for August will stop before 31, 1895, and Sep one of these of tember 5, 1896, fices and obtain and in the SCIEN a ticket and re TIFIC AMERICAN ceive a COUpOIl, SUPPLEMENT, which he retains Tlllle 29, 1895, No. until the conduc ill 7. tor of the car Sections 1, 2 and takes it up. Be 3 consist of a two tween the ticket track subway, offices are "pas commencing a t sages, e a c h of the foot of the which is wide incIi ne at the enough to admit Pub Ii c Garden, one person at a just west of time. The sub Charles Street, way platforms are and running un- OPEN TRACKS O AND SHAWJ(lJT of smooth artifi- THE CUT, SHOWING F R TREMONT AVEIroE CARS,

cial stone and between the Shawmut A venue subway platforms are high barriers to carry the north bound of nettin g designed to keep street cars without the ne people from crossing from cessity of crossing at grade. 'one track to the othel" The This represents a most in interiors of t.he stations are teresting piece of engineer as light as day and are ing work, and the different covered with enameled grades of the tracks are brick, which reflects the well shown in our engrav light of an arc lamp. One ing, which shows the south of our engravings shows bound track divided where the interior of the Boylston the Shawmut Avenue cars Street station 100 kin g pass under the north bound south on the track which Tremont Street cars. This turns to the right into section of the s ubway is Boylston Street, passing not quite completed as yet. over the Tremont Street Refuge niches will be seen track, which is seen at a in the side walls. lower level through the The track used through fence at t he right. Our out the subway is the Am. last engraving shows the S. C. E. standard, weighing south bound T remont 85 ponnds to the yard, with Street track passing under continuous joints. Each the curve to the B oylston rail is protected by guard BOYLSTON STREET STATION LOOKING SOUTH, SHOWING THE LOW LEVEL TRACK THROUGH THE FENCE. a Street track just referred rail, weighing 45 pounds to. This crossing of tracks to the yard. The rails are at different levels is a very interesting piece of engi feet below the street at Boylston Street, while spiked to oak ties. The ties are laid on broken stone, neering work, and will tend to avoid accidents and that of the north bound cars is only 22 feet below and carefully ballasted with it. Each rail is connected confusion. the surface. These two subways converge into a by a copper bond. The ordinary overhead trolley sys· Section 3 consists of a four track sub way running double barrel subway opposite the new Hotel Tour tem is used. An inverted wooden trough is fastened to from the four track portion of Section 1. which is aine. both being brought to the saIlle level before the iron work of the roof, and insulated with sheilt north of B oylston Street, and the Park Street sta- reaching Eliot Street, where the two tracks a re car· rubber. The trolley wire is supported by special bolts

MAP SHOWING ROUTE OF BOSTON SUBWAY.

tion itself, which includes t.he loop. The station con· ried in a wide single arch subway. At Hollis Street and clips which are insulated. The system used does

250 275 , sists of two island platforms and feet long, the westerly track is depressed and branches into not differ much from t hat used in Brooklyn where the respectively, and the platforms vary in width, the another double bell mouth. One side is for the south wires are suspended from the elevated structure. At greatest being 40 feet. Each platform is connected bound Tremont Street cars and the -other for the present the current is taken from the underground with the street by two stairways. Loops are pro south bound Shawmut Avenue cars, while the east feeder, but direct cables to the power station for s up vided so that cars running to Park Street can only be barrel rises until it crosses over the south bound plying current to the subway alone will be added. it sent on the return jour- will be noticed that the ney without the neces su bway is a direct continu sity of switching. Tracks ation of the surface trolley are also provided for hold lines, no change being ing street cars for the rush mad e in either the motive hours, and also tracks with power the method of or pits for making temporary furn ishing the current t o repairs. In our engraving the cars. of the Park Street station The s ubway is lighted the spectator is supposed throughout by both incan· to be looking north, and descent and arc lamps. In sees where the 'track com the portion now in opera mences to t urn the loop to tion 600 incandescent and return south. At the north 55 arc lights are used. The ern end of the station, the arc lights are used for light two outside tracks, after ing the stations. The sys pass:ng aro und the loop, tem of electric block sig converge into two sepa nals is in process of in rate single track subways, stallation, and e Ie c t ric which unite and go down heaters are located in the Tremont Street tow a r d ticket offices. Scollay Square. This part The Chief Engineer is of the work is not COIll Mr. Howard A. Carson. pleted as yet. The Boston Transit Com· 5, Sections 4 and which missioners are : George G. r t a e almos complete, con Crocker, cha.irman; Charles sist of two two track in H. Dalton, Thomas J. Gar· clines, and the four and gan, George F. Swain, two t rack subways run up Horace G. Allen. Tremont Street to the ••• Boylston Street station. WE leal'll from the Re It consists of two two track vue Scientifique that it is inclines, a short length of proposed to found an ex two track subways which perimental station in Mad· finally run into two sepa agascar, for the introduc rate single t rack sub ways, tioll of European cereals one for the south bound and the illlprovement of SOUTH BOlJlO) TREMONT STREET TRACK PASSING UNDER CURVE TO BOYLSTON STREET. cars at a lower level, 39 local vegetable produce.

Natural History becomes a question of explaining certain forms of ac- ber of law schools-establishments not founded to Notes. Preservation of Fungi.-At the last meeting of the tivity of animals, naturalists and psychologists remain make lawyers so much as to extract from deluded Societe Helvetique des Sciences Naturelles, M. Tschirch equally perplexed. Does the bird build its nest instinct- young men who bamboozle themselves with the ambi presented a memoir upon the method employed by I ively or through imitation ? The theory of imitation tion to become lawyers the means of subsistence for him for preserving specimens of fungi with their natu has often been defended, and it has been said that al superfluous lawyers already made, or half made. The ral form and color. He begins by placing the speci though many birds in the first reproductive season lose principle on which a prodigious number of these pro mens in alcohol containing a little sulphuric acid. In some time in grouping the elements of their nests with lific law schools are based seems to be much the same this way they are sterilized, the albumen is coagulated out succeeding in constructing anything worthy of the as that of our political system, namely, that the less and the water is replaced by alcohol. He afterward name, this is due to the fact that the remembrance of lIlan knows of the science and art of administration, thea allows the fungi to dry in the air and then places them the nest in which they first saw daylight is still con better is he qualified for the administrative service of in oil of vaseline (liquid paraffine) to which five per cent fused and uncertain. This explanation seems very government. The consequence is a steadily increas of phenol has been added. The fungi thus treated, whimsical, since it is difficult to believe that the young ing annual deluge of underdone lawyers cast upon the says M. Tschirch, presQrve their form and color ad bird in its nest pays such attention to the structure of barren shore of a congested profession to struggle for mirably and do not change. If the colors are delicate the latter, and, through the lining, perceives the ar existence in "ways that are dark and tricks that " are and are capable of being extracted by alcohol, the caps rangement of the materials, and remembers the char the reverse of eJevating to American manh.:>od. must not be exposed liquid alcohol, but only to the acteristic method of manufacture. The construction to t vapors thereof ; after which they are put into the of the nest must be attributed rather to a hereditary • •• • The Use of the Hair. phenic vaseline. Red, however, cannot be perfectly instinct, although the difficulties in the way of this preserved even with these precautions; but for all other view are also considerable. Mr. A. G. Butler, who dis An article by Dr. Exner in the Vienna Klinische colors the process, after a long trial, has proved a com cusses this question in a recent number of the Zoolo Wochenschrift is abstracted in the Boston Medical and plete success. gist, has several times observed the fact that canary Surgical Journal. He states his belief that the bodies The Speed of the Camel.-The "ship of the desert " birds (the progenitors of which were subjected to the of our aucestors were totally covered with hair, and enjoys the reputation among many people of going at artificial life of the cage three hu ndred years ago), that its present disappearance is due to the fact that a rapid gait and of covering great distances in short when set at relative liberty in an aviary, construct its absence was regarded as a beauty, and hence that, a time. Chasse et Peche (quoted by the Revue Scien therein nests that are very similar to those built by in the choice of mates, preference was always given to tifique) remarks that this is a great mistake. The their species in a wild state. It is unnecessary to say those that had the least of it. "As to the physiologi camel which, according to tradition, carried Mahomet that this could not be a question of imitation, but one cal functions of hairs," says Dr. Exner, "it is admitted in four bounds from Jerusalem to Mecca, has evidently of hereditary instinct. that they are modified sense organs, which have lost left no successor worthy of it, since the truth is that The Repr oduction of the Trnffie.-The manner in all connection with the nerves. It is probable that in the present camels do not make more than about seven which the truffie is reproduced has been a puzzle to primitive man the distribution of the hair upon the body miles an hour, and, furthermore, do not keep up this botanists, who have generally confined themselves to was irregular, and that the length, color, structure gait for more than two hours at a time. - Camel drivers theories in regard to the question. A recent co mmuni and thickness of the hair varied with funlltions for claim that the animals could not do any better than cation to the Academie des Sciences by M. Grimblot which it was intended. The hair which has been left this without danger, since, if they were forced, they throws an interesting light upon the subject. It would upon the body in the process of evolution has been left might "rupture their hearts " and die at once. The seem that the diffusion of the spores is effected by there for a definite purpose. Certain hairs serve as camel, when forced or overdriven, kneels and will not wood mice. M. Grimblot's researches are in a line with organs of touch, notably the eyelashes, the bulbs of budge under any consideration. the experiments that are now being made by several which are surrounded by a network of nerve fibers, 'f rees and Lightning.-The immunity of certain tl'ees land owners of Lot and Correze to ascertain whether and in a less degree the hairs of the eyebrows. Both to lightning stroke has been recognized for a long time, the diffusion of the spores is not effected through the these serve to protect the eyes ; for, being sensitive, they give warning of danger, so that reflex closure of the and has often been verified, but the cause of the intermedimn of cattle, and particularly of certain do phenomenon has given rise to various interpretations ; mestic animals of quick digestion. It is also thought lids is produced. The eyebrows also prevent drops of and, it may be added, the question is at present still that the moist heat to which the spores are submitted sweat from running into the eyes, while the eyelashes keep out dust. In animals the hair serves to very 0 bscure. in the intestines of these animals is one of the factors Ciel et Terre gives some information upon this sub necessary for the development of the spores of this maintain and regulate the heat of the body, but in ject borrowed from a memoir by M. Hess published in valuable edible fungus. man the hair of the scalp alone serves this purpose. the Mittheilungen der Thnrgauer Naturhistorischen The opinion has long been held that the spores of Hair is itself a poor conductor of heat, and retains air, Gesellschaft : the common mushroom will not develop unless they also poor conductor, in its interstices. The fact that a Pechuel-Loesche, taking as a basis some observations have pal!.'sed through the intestines of a horse or cow. the forehead is not covered with hair Exner explains on made in the Yicinity of Jena, in the valley of the Saale, the theory that in the cont.est between the natural ten expresses the opinion that when trees send their roots The American.. Ie ... Lawyer Crop. dency of the hair to protect the head against changes of down into very damp earth they are more subject to Mr. Per cy L. Edwards, in the Michigan Law Journal, temperature and the tendency of human nature toward lightning stroke than their neighbol's, even when the avers that the advent of the law school " has furnished beauty, the latter has prevailed more easily, because latter are taller. Caspary does not look at the matter ample relief to the once aciling necessity in this coun· the non-conducting properties of that portiou of the in this light ; but Von Boss upholds the opinion in try for more la wyers !" We should say so, responds the skull are increased by the air-containing frontal sinu ' saying that the fact is explained by the perfect con Legal Adviser. 'r here are now in this " model republic " ses, and that that portion of the head is easily protect dUlltivity of the path thus offered to the lightning, and not less than 90,000 professional lawyers, or one lawyer ed frorn the heat of the sun by, inclining the head for- thinks that the trees oftenest struck are those that to every 800 of the population. In the greater cities, ward." have long roots. Jonesco remarks that, in reality, this the ratio of lawyers to other folk is still greater. In . ' .. . has never been proved, and M. Hess adds that the true Chicago, for example, a recently compiled directory of Antiquity Writing. of cause of such divergences results from the want of lawyers shows that nearly five thousand lawyers are It is observed by Dr. BUh ler, in his book on Indian documents. struggling for existence, or one lawyer to every 350 in palreography, that a very remote period is indicated The first important data iu regard to the question habitants. In half a dozen other American cities the for the beginning of writing by the fac t that in a Jaiu were given by Hellmann, in 1886, in his Beitrltge zur ratio of lawyers to laymen is about the same. In other text of about 300 B. C. its origin is forgotten and its Statistik der Blitzschl1tge in Deutschland. These con civilized countries the proportion of lawyers to possi invention attributed to the creator Brahma. Indian fiml the COlllmon opinion that li ghtning strikes oaks ble clients is much I!.'maller. France, with a population imitations of Greek drachmas prove that the Greek {'specially, but seldom strikes beeches. In 18 93 Dimitri of forty millions, has only 6,000 lawyers-1,000 more alphabet was employed in northwtlstern India before Jonesco took up the question again from an experi than Chicago-a ratio of 1 to less than 5,000. Germany, the time of Alexander the Great. Kuowledge of the mental standpoint. Interposing between the two poles with more than 45,000,000 population, has but 7,000 art of writing is established for the earliest V ed ic of a Holtz machine pieces of different kinds of wood of lawyers-1 to abollt 6,500. In Great Britain the pro period by one of the great works ; and the gramlllarian the same section and length, he determined the quan Panini, who is asSIgned to the fourth century, men portion of lawyers tQ other folk is about the same. tities of electricity that the condensers had to be Statistics show an amazing increase of annual "crop" tions Greek writing aud the words siguifying writer. charged with in order to obtain a discharge. The fol of American lawyers in the last fourth of a century. In The evidence of the canonical books of Ceylon indi lowing are the average corresponding quantities in 1870, the law schools reported 1,611 students ; in 1885, cates that the knowledge of writing was pre-Buddhistic; electrostatic units. The fragments had been cut in 3,054 students ; in 1891, 6, 106 students ; in 1894, over and passages in the Jataka and in the Maha Vagga January and February : 7,600 students. Last year the reported number of law prove the existence, at the time of their composition, of

Linden (Tilia parvifoha) ..•.... ••••••••••• ••••••••••••....•••• schools had swollen to 85, and of law students to more writing schools and of wooden slate, such as is st.ill 55 a Scotch (Pinus sylveetris) ...••••••••••• ...•..•. .••. .... •••••.50 than 10,000. This rapid increase of the supply of used in Indian elementary schools. -Writing, as a sub White birchfir (Betula a ba ...••••••••••••••••• .•.....•••••••••. ) lawyers certainly has not been the consequence of an ject of elementary iustruction, is also mentioned in an Silver fir (Picea vulgaris)l . . . . • • •• ...... • • • • . .. • ••.••••.•••••45 50 of increasing in the ratio inscription of the second century betore Christ. 'l' he Beech (Fagus sylvatica) .. ••••...... •...... • ...... ••••..17'0 increasing demand. Instead

Oak (Quercus pedunculata)...... 12'5 of the increase of lawyers, the business and emolu palreographicalevidence of the Asoka inscription clearly ...... Along with these researches Jonesco took up a mi ments of the legal profession have diminished. Mr. shows that writing was no recent invention in the croscopic study of the woods utilized, and found that Ed wards deems it "safe to say that, approximately, third century before Christ ; for most of the letters the quantity of oily or resinous matter that they con fifty per cent of the ordinary revenues of the old time have s�\' eral, often very divergent, forms, sometimes tained followed the same increasing proportion as their law office have been cut off in recent years. Since nine or ten. resistance to the discharges. These researches accord banking institutions have engaged in the semi-profes ••••• well with the numerical data given by Hellmann. He sional occupation of collecting claims and rents. and The Cramps' Annual Report. taking securities, and since the therefore thinks that this is the true cause of the very loaning money, and The William Cramp Ship and Engine Building Com business of conveyancing, which at one time was in marked difference that is obsen'ed between the propor pany, of Philadelphia, makes this report for the fiscal from a law office, is now no longer the neces tions of the different species struck by lightning. The separable year ended April 30 : conductivity dirninishes in measure as the proportion sary adj unct which it was, lawyers have found their in Gross . . . • . . • . . . . . • • • . . . • . ••••• ...... $4, 500,000 corne very greatly reduced." Moreover, the functions earnings . of oils increases. Jonesco absolutely rejects the opin Profit...... •..•••..••••...... •... 770,000 ion of Hellmann that the nat.ure of the earth plays of the lawyer, obeying the inevitable law of evolu General expenses,. . . including. : interest, taxe8, insurance, etc. 310,000 tion, have steadily tended to specialization and con important part in the phenomenon. Protlt for year...... •...... ••....•••....••.•...... $430,000 an 'rhe poplar is not mentioned above, but it results centration. In Chicago and its environs, for exam Capital stock...... • • . • . .. • •••••••.•••.•••••••$4 ,848,000 ple, the bulk of legal business is transacted by hardly Bonds and mortgages .:...... ••••..••••••... . 300,000 from J onesco's experiments that this tree is one of the Debt paid off during year...... •• ••••••••••• 995,000 best conductors of electricity. It has had that reputa more than one hundred law offices, lea\'ing more than Balance uupaid of Drexel Co. notes...... ••• . •.•• 750.000 four thousand lawyers to skirmish and forage for a pre tion for a long time. M. Colladon states that poplars Due from Uuited States and& others. ... ••••••••••••••••. 1,675,000 - planted near dwellings may, under favorable circulll carious existence as they can. It is the same in other All current- debts due .•...•...... ••.. •••.•••••• 1,350,000 stances, form excellent lightning protectors, owing to populous centers. Excess -of cash and cash items...... • ••••...••••• $325,000 for exist their height and their conductivity for the;electric fluid. One of the fields into which this skirmishing Total assets of company. ... .••••••••••••.••...... ••••.•. 7,800,000

....• ...... • • ...... •• . • ••• ...••••••••• 6.675,000 The Nest-building Instinct.-There is a goodly num ence is carried by briefless lawyers iii the production of Total liabiht.les , The grand army ot the legal t;kir ber of instincts, says the Revue Scientifique, upon the more lawyers. Credit aud profit aud loss •...... •••.•••••..•••.••••••$1,125, 000

of the . . . . • • • • • • • • . . • • . . • . • • • • • • • • •• • . • • • • subject which we very little, and, when it mishers is annually increased by increase num- Material on hand. . 200,000 of know but .

"lIETElIIPSYCHOSIS." him around the room ; and when it again mounts the 1 cubic centimeter of the permanganate solution, and • 1 " Metempsychosis is the name of an illusion which steps in the smaller room, the mirror is shoved forward, cu bic centimeter of pure nitric acid are mixed and made " was the joint invention of Messrs. Walker and Pepper, the actor making his escape in time to place the first up to 50 cubic centimeters with distilled water freed from of London. It was devised by the former gentleman, suit of armor where it formerly stood, Now the mirror organic matter. The reagent must be used immedi and the latter assisted in perfecting it. It is probably is again drawn out, revealing the sides of the room, E3 ately. To collect a sample of air from the gallery of a the most mystifying of any of the optical tricks. It and E., and, of course, exposing the suit of armor, H, mine, a flask is filled with pure distilled water and has of late years been shown in America, by Kellar, If the walls, El and E2, and the armor, I, are correctly emptied in ihe gallery, the air entering the flask by s under the title of the "Blue Room." The fir t effect placed as regards reflection, he can pass the mirror to displacement. When the ail' is dusty the flask should produced upon the spectator after witnessing the illu and fro at will, without any change being detected, as be fitted with a paraffined cork with two tubes, one sion is that he has been dreaming, or seeing ghosts the reflection takes the place of the reality, and we for the outflow of the water and the other filled with or spirits, for it seems ut,terly impossible for man to suppose we are looking at the real object. cotton wool to filter the ingoing air. The bottle must accomplish the wonders produced by it. As the edge of the mirror passes the suit of armor a then be closed by a glass stopper, since the organic Our firsteng raving shows the stage set as an artist's hard line is to be seen, a distinct vertical line, which matter in cork would decolorize the reagent and spoil studio. Through the center of the rear drop scene is would seem to wipe out the object as it passes. To the test, A second flask being filled with normal air, avoid this, the inventors hit upon a novel and purely ingenious expedient. They etched vertical lines in the silver back of the glass at the end which first passes across the field of view, beginning with thick silvered spaces close together, and tapering, with the lines farther apart as shown in our diagram, Fig. 3. It can thu., be seen that the reflected article gradually ap pears instead of coming suddenly into view, and when the mirror is moved away the real article gradually appears. In order that the edges of the glass may be better dis Fig. 3. guised as it moves forward or backward, the edge is cut or ground into steps, as shown in Fig. 4. By the apparatus described above, many changes can be made, as a living man appearing in a previousl y empty chair, flowers growing on an empty bush, FiG'. 2. change of a man into a woman, a painted picture intoa Fig. 4. a living one, etc. In some effects a table is employed, seen a small chamber in which is a suit of armor to all appearances the common square kitchen table. some of the reagent is poured into botb and they are standing upright. The floor of this apartment is A person is seen sitting at the table, which is empty ; then placed side by side on a sheet of white paper. raised above the level of the stage and is approached suddenly there appears before him a large dish of After some time the impure air will decolorize the by short flight of steps. When the curtain is rai�ed oranges or a meal. This is arranged by providing the liquid, whereas that in the flask of normal air will re a a servant makes his appearance and begins to dust and table with a slot which runs diagonally from corner to tain its original rose color. This decoloration is mon, clean the apartments. He finally comes to the suit of corner, This allows the glass to travel through it, and rapidly effected in proportion as the quantity of re armor, taking it apart, cleans and dusts it, and finally thus shuts off one-half of the table. Articles al'e placed ducing gases is greater. The actual nature of the im" reassembles it. No sooner is the suit of armor per� on the table, behind the glass, which is now with purity can then be ascertained by ordinal'y methods, fectIy articulated than the soulless mailed figure deals drawn, leaving them to be seen upon the table. The but sulphur, if present, reveals itself during the initial the servant a blow. The domestic, with a cry of fear, slot in the top of the table is covered with sheet rubber I'eac tion by combining with the silver salt to form drops his duster, flies do wn the steps into the large or other material. sulphide, which turns the reagent brown.-Colliery rOOIll , the suit of armor pursuing him, wrestling with Guardian. him, and kicking him all over the stage. 'When the suit Simple Test Cor Noxious Gases in the Air of .. � .. .. of armor considers that it has punished the servant suffi Mines. Dust and the Clearness the Air. oC ciently, it returns to its original position in the small l!"' or detecting deleterious reducing gases such as The effect of atmospheric dust in altering the visi chamber just as the master of the house enters, brought carbonic oxide, methane, etc. , in: the air of mines, A. bility of distant mountai ns is discussed by Herr Schult there by the noise and cries of the servant, from whom Mermet find.. a dilute solution of potassium permanga heiss in recent number of the Meteorologische Zeit a he demands an explanation of the cOlllmotion. Upon nate, containing a little nitric acid, highly efficient, schrift. Science (April 16) condenses his results as fol being told, he derides the sel'vant's fear, and, to prove the effect of these gaEes being to decolorize the per lows : Observations on the visibility of the Alps have that he was mistaken, takes the suit of annol' apart, manganate solution. The reaction goes on more been made for twenty years past at Hochenschwand, a throwing it piece by piece upon the floor. 'r his is only rapidly when the solution also contains silver nitrate, station in the southern Black Forest, at an altitude of one of the countless effects which can be produced by one part of carbonic oxide per 500 to 5,000 parts of ail' 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) and commanding, under favor this interesting illusion. decolorizing the liquid in froUl one to twenty-fOUl' able conditions, an extended view of the Alps as far as The working of the illusion will be understood by hours. The reagent is prepared as follows : Silver ni- Mont Blanc. 'rhree degrees of visibility are noted, reference to the diagram, Fig. designated respectively as 0, 2. At A we have the pros 1, and 2, the latter figure de cenimn opening ; B B are two noting the greatest cleamess flatsof scenery which close in of view. A careful study of the scene from the front wings the records and of the weather to the steps, C, which in their conditions prevailing at the turn lead up to the small times of observation reveals chamber, D, at the back, in the fact that the visibility is which all the changes occur. best under anticyclonic con The walls of the chamber are ditions (the presence of an lettered El, E2, E3, EO. F is area of high barometer). . . . a large mirror extending from There is a descending move floor to ceiling, and capable ment of the atmosphere, and of being wheeled back and as the upper strata are cleaner forth on a truck or carriage. and purer than the lower, When this mirror is with this process results in causing drawn, as seen at the dotted greater clearness of the air lines, G, the spectators see and hence a higher degree of through the opening of the visibility. Ninety per cent chamber to the rear wall. of all the cases in which the The suit of armor is marked view of the distant Alps was H. Now, if the mirror be clear are found to be associ pushed across the chamber, ated with such . con both the armor, H, and the ditions. Cleaning the air by rear wall disappear, and the means of ram seeIllS to be the walls of the chamber at El controlling factor in the ma and E2 are reflected so that jority of the other 10 per cent they appear to be the walls of cases. Naturally, as anti E" and E4. There is another cyclones are more frequent suit of armor at 1. It is placed and 10llger lived over central so that, when it is reflected Europe Winter, the VISI 1Il in the mirror, it will occupy bility IS greater in winter and the exact position of the less in summer. 'rhere IS a other suit of armor, H. 'V hen common belief, here as well the mirror is shoved forward Fig. 1.-" METEMPSYCHOSIS." in Europe, that very clear as and hides the suit of armor, days, which give very good H, an actor dressed in a silllilar suit enters behind the trate solution : Two or three grammes of silver nitrate views of distant mountains, are most likely to be fol glass by a secret door, removes the dummy armor, and crystals dissolved in 1 liter of water. Potassium per lowed by rain. Schultheiss has investigated this ques assumes the same place himself. All this time the suit mallganate solution : lliter of distilled water boiled tion in the case of the Alps as seen from HClchen of armor at I is reflectedin the mirror, so that a suit of with a few drops of pure nitric acid (free from hydro schwand, and tinds that a very clear view is seldom armor is always visible. The mirror is now drawn chloric aCId), a little perlllanganate solution being added closely followed by rain. He also tinds that the dust back, and the suit of armor which the actor wears is until the liquid becomes rose colored, in order to de in the atmosphere at 1,000 meters is very tine and does seen. When the servant now dusts t he armor, it sud stroy any organic matter which may have found its not include large quantities ot coarser smoke particles, denly seems to become endowed with life and chases way into the water, as dust, etc. \Vhen cold 1 gramme as it does at lower levels. of potassium permanganate crystals is dissolved in the by Munn Company. •••• water and cubic centimeters of nitric acid added to it. * Copyrighted,and Scienti1lc 1897, DiversionB, & including TrickFrom Photograp" Magic :hy." l:ltage Wu· 50 THE Chilean government telegraph lines now com published.sions Just For use 20 ubic centimetersof vel· uitrate solution, prise about 7,500 llliJ.es. c thE!sIl

Bathing : Its Relation to Diseases of the muscles are developed, the skin is left tingling with a stined to be the prey of others should not be able to Respiratory Tract. healthy glow, but not the warm, soft, perspiring, sus defend themselves easily. Chronic catarrhal disease of the nose, throat, bronchi ceptible redness of the hot bath. Without committing ourselves to this somewhat or lung is rarely, if ever, the outcome of one attack of We are creatures of custom. The stoker can brutal hypothesis, it is a matter of common observa acute inflammation, properly cured. No; we get a stand the terrific heat of the engine room because tion that fear renders the individual more vulnerable history :in these cases of repeated inflammation, with he is used to it. The policeman grows hale and hearty to attack, and, for the. time being, subordinates the careless or neglected treatment, each a little more pacing the cold streets, because he is so constantly will to the influence of conflicting and often incom severe than its predecessor and none quite cured before exposed. So it is in this matter of cold bathing. The prehensible emotions. It is suggested that the kneel its successor had appeared, gradual extension of the face, neck and chest become accustomed to cold and ing attitude univerlSally adopted in prayer is to be as trouble, pat.hological changes, lesions forming, until dampness by a safe method-the daily cold, salt bath. cribed to the physiologic fact that strong emotions finally the disease is chronic, inveterate, and a long The skin is thereby stimulated and hardened by a sys cause a sudden trembling of the legs and oblige us course of treatment, operations and a change of climate tem, so to speak, of daily exposure, so that the sudden to sink to the ground. Darwin, in his "Expression are necessary to restore the mucous membrane to as contact with lowered temperature, draught or storm of the Emotions," attributed a preponderating import nearly as possible its former normal standard. I be does not shock it; hence no chill, and "colds " are ance to the will as the cause of expression ; but, as the lieve that in the majority of these cases the renewed avoided. author remarks, what many call free will is only a colds, the exacerbations which render catarrhal diseases The surface soon becomes inured to cold and the per fatal necessity, an indissoluble chain of causes and ef so prevalent and so intractable, are due, not so much ambulating shiverer, the man who invariably sneezed fects, of physical and mechanical actions ; of automatic to the variations in climate as to the imprudences when he stepped from the street car, to whom the fre and unconscious reactions, in the living machine. people commit, knowing these changes are liable. The quent nip of whisky seemed a preventive necessity ; Hence, in studying t,h e expressions of fear we must look three most prolific favoring causes of reRpira,tory disease the man who went cringing along the streets in winter to the refle:lline rvous apparatus, which alone canlexplain are injudicious clothing, superheated homes and hot with his head so buried in his overcoat that his best the explosive suddenness of the phenomena of acute bathing, local or general. The last (being my text) I friends could not recognize him out of doors, now dis fear. Physiologists recognize that stimuli accumulate am emphatic about, because I find in people who look cards his muffier, turns down his coat collar, holds his in the spinal cord, when becomes slowly charged like forward to winter with dread as a season of misery-a head erect .and exposes his face and neck to the blast, a Leyden jar, unt.il suddenly discharged by a contact succession of colds, sore throats, or coughs from fall to buoyed np by the crisp air, instead of shrinking from it or by some very slight impression. When we have spring-When I abolish the hot bath and substitute as before-now fairly reveling in the nipping breezes something in the throat which tickles us, the slight the cold, that they promptly become less susceptible ; that play against his throat and sting his nostrils. and at firstscarcely perceptible irritation by and by be colds become less frequent or cease altogether and my He ceases to be the perennial prey of the laryngolo comes intolerable, and in the functions of reproduc treatment for any existing chronic trouble shows an gist and the wilds of New Mexico shall know him not. tion the repetition of slight stimuli produces 'greater efficacy in marked contrast to what it had been ac H. Worthington Paige, New York, in the Southern and more and more uncontrollable reflex movements. complishing. California Practitioner. Such an explosion seems out of all proportion to the In speaking of cold bathing I do not necessarily mean momentary and trivial cause, but this is because we the full cold bath, for it takes a person of strong reactive •••• • overlook the fact that the force has been accumulating powers to take a cold morning plunge in winter with The Psychogenesis of Fear. until, to borrow an expression from physics, its tension benefit, although robust people and some not so hearty Fear is a psychical condition which has received is greater than the pressure of the will. It is, he ob seem to thrive upon their use. I do not think, how comparatively scant attention at the hands of psycholo serves, the rquantity, not the quality, of the stimulus ever, that they are generally to be recommended. gists, common as are its manifestations and obscure as which determines the intensity of the expressions. My special reference is to the bathing of the face, is its mechanism, says the Medical Press. Transcend Prof. Mosso suggests that nature has been unable to neck, and chest, night and morning, with cold water. ental philosophers regard fear as the automatic stim find a substance for brain and spinal cord which The addition of a handful of salt to the bowl of water ulus for a reflex co-ordination of movements intended �hould be extremely sensitive and yet should never, greatly enhances the effect and should not be omitted. to protect the organism against impending injury, but under the influence of strong stimuli, exceed in its A washcloth of Turkish toweling should be nsed, as a the moment we begin seriously to scrutinize the out reaction those physiologic limits which are best adapt sponge gives no friction. The water should be hy ward and visible effects of this condition it becomes ed to the preservation of the animal. Be this :as drant cold. The face, neck and chest should be briskly painfully apparent that, far from aiding escape from it may, fear may be described as a chaotic explosion but thoroughly bathed and then dried by activA fric danger, it is often per se the direct and immediate of emotions due to an irregular, and therefore imper tion with a Turkish towel and the bather dress rapidly cause of disaster. Angelo Mosso, in his very fascinat fect, supply of blood to the brain. Every action is or retire, as the case may be. ing treatise on this subject, reiterates Haller's view, preceded, every thought is accompanied, by vasomotor The very activity of the proceeding is in itself heaUhy that the phenomena of fear common to all animals dilatation of the vessels in the brain, the distribution exercise, which would doubtless not be taken were it are not conducive to the preservation of the timid, of the area of vascularization being determined either not for this incentive. The circulation is stimulated, but] rather to their [destruction, it being part 'of the by the controlling area of consciousness or by the re deep respiration is induced, the arm, back and chest law of nature, as understood by him, that animals de- percussive influence of some external stimulus.

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. In spiral arrangement. The handle section is wrapped a gravity normally holding the damper on the r.onnection with bicycles, and consists of a central loop around by tubing at whose inner end is a valve, by which strings, thearm hammer on its forward stroke releasing the and return lateral arms terminating in hooks. Hallway Appliances. the tube may be Inflated with air, water, or any material damper and permitting It to move by its own weight out NOTE.-Copies of any of the ahove patents will be AIR BRAKE ARM C ocK.-Adam Mc AL which will render the coils elastic. The improvement is of engagement with the strings. No springs of any furnished by Munn Co. for cents each. Please comprises a Intosh, Albany, N. Y. This improvement also .applicable to bicycle pedals, foot cushiOns, and for kind are necessary, theentire arrangement being so bal send name of the patentee,& title 10of invention, and date three-way cock in the signal pipe and an auxiliary cock many other uses. anced that the slightest touch of the key will actuate of this paper. opening and closine: in nnison with the opening and the hammer and damper, so that great lightneBB of closing of the signal pipe cock, the auxiliary cock being Mechanical. touch i� readily acquired by the performer. The im NEW BOOKS, ETC. and with the signal pipe. The connected with the alarm CRUSHING AND GRINDING MILL. - provement is adapted for nse with both square and up device Is of simple construction, and the arrange right pianos, and is designed to greatly increase the R S N RAME D William H. Coward, Erith, England. This mm has a MAXIMUM ST ES ES F ment is such that the pipe nozzle cock and the power and volume of tone of the instrument. I grinding or rubbing action as well as a crushing action, BRIDGES. By William Cain. New cock for the signal pipetrain cannot be closed without giv the roller and drum being caused to revolve at different SASH HOLDER. - Theodore Martin, York : D. Van Nostrand Company. ing an alarm to the engineer- and the condnctor of the surface speeds, means being provided to enable their Wallace burg, Canada. This device can be readily at 1897. Pp. 23. Pl'ice cents. train. 50 relative surface speeds and the distance between their tached to a window frame to securely hold either the The matter which forms the basis of the present book RAILWAY GAGE BAR.-Peter Olson, acting surfaces to be varied to suit the material operated npper or lower sash as desired, and to form a lock to appeared originally in the Van No�trand Magazine of Field, Canada. An adjustable tie rod is provided by on. Improved means are also provided for conveying prevent the sash being opened. It consists of a cramp- 1878, and was largely concerned with the comparisonof this invention for connecting the rails of a track, the the material to and repeatedly passing it beneath the ing cam lever with projecting lug, surrounded by a weights of bridge� and their most economical depths. length of the rod bemg adjustable to accommodate it to crushing roll, to increase the area of the gage plate when rubber ring on its binding end, while a retaining plate These subjects have now been practically solved by the different gages used on curves. It comprises two the crushed ore is to be concentrated, and to insure the lies parallel to the lever on the outside of the rubber bridge engineers and the result bas been the elimination bars having hooks adapted to engage the outer edge of return to the drum of the grosser particles which may rine:. The retaining plate hasat its rear edge a laterally of many types of bridge trusses once popular and the re the rail base, means for drawing the bars inward, while be carried off with the blast when the gage plate is not projectiug lug extending inwardly toward the lever and tention of certain leading forms that have proved mo�t other bars slide npon the firstones and engage with the used. in of and crimping and pinching the rubber ring on economical and otherwise desirable. The present edi inner edges of the rail base. With this device the ten rear it is more firmly held and pre- tion of this work confines itself to the discussion the SAW SET.- enry Neidhardt, Brook its rear side, whereby dency of the rails to spread on curves may be quickly and H vented from slipping in itsseat. types most used at present, and the aim has beenof to aid lyn, N. Y. This device comprises a standard which easily corrected, and without drawing the spikes from the student, in presentine: the subject in a simple, clear, supports an anvil, a pressure lever being pivoted in the SCUTTLE COVER.-William L. Springer, the ties, the ralls being drawn together by driving a and at the sa e time thoroug mann r. It will douht standard and a setting dog which is operated by the Chicago, TIl. A cover hinged on the skylight casing, ac- ".' � � wedge. less prove of mterest to all bridge engmeers. pressure lever. A holding lever is also pivoted ill the cording to this invention, has stays for connecting it RAILWAY SIGNALING. - Georges De standard and a lever engaging with the holding lever, with the casing, each stay being formed with two links A N EW WORK ON MECHANICAL DRAW- Bengy Puyvallee and Joseph Ambroise Meunier, Paris, pivotally connected with each other and with the cover ING. there being a yielding connection between the latterlever In 24 parts. By J. G. A. France. arrangement for notifying and recording and the preBBltre lever. The device ' may be operated and the casing, the links being arranged to fold when Meyer. Arnold Publishing Cum- An I been devised by these way signals on locomotives has with comparatively little power or pressure to qnickly the cover is closed and to hold the cover in a nearly pany. Price 50 cents. the placing of the signals vertical pOSition when the links are extended. 'fhe de inventors, which comprises and accurately set the teeth of a saw. The fifth and sixth parts of this interesting work on along the line and on the locomotives into mechanical vice is strong and simple, and permits the ready opening TOOL HOLDER.-John M. the general principles of machine design at hand, other, to warn the drivers when the Richardson, relations ",ith each of the cover to its full extent to form a convenient pas continuing the illustrated rules and computationsare for keeping a record of Daingerfteld, Texas. This is a device in which any form line is blocked, and at the same time sage from within to the roof of a building. .trength and form of general machinery, and with a such notifications. The invention also enables t raius to of tool, especially hatchets, garden tools, etc.,.may be AD. - AUg'llStuS E. Strang, Sa practical lesson in steam engine design in each number. place- the line signals into a position givmg notice that quickly and conveniently placed and firmly helt against BRDSTE lem, A.n iron bedstead with tubular side rails the line is blocked, to protect their passae:e from the turning or moving in any direction. The holder has a Oregon. THE ENGINEER'S SKETCH BOOK OF and angle iron end rails, according to this [invention, is rear, and to release the signals after passing a suffiCient slotted socket in whir.h a shank is arranged to enter, the MECHANICAl, MOVEMENTS. DEVICEFl, made very durable when the parts are assembled, while distance. shank having lugs for engagement with the walls of the ApPLIANCES, CONTRIVANCES AND slot in the socket, a key being shaped to fit the slot. A it may be readily taken down for transportation. The DETAILS EMPLOYED IN THE DESIGN clip, which may be integral with the key, prevents the side aud end rails are joined the posts by novel AND CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINERY to .• clamping devices which make the bedstead when set up P Bicycles Etc. latter from leaving the socket FOR EVERY PUR OSE. By Thomas , a very rigid and strong structure. Walter Barber, Engineer. Third BICYCLE CHANGE GEAR.-Bernt T. A:ricllltllral. edition, considerably enlarged, with Christian Fredrickson, Westby, Wis. This N edland and Designs. 2603.Illllstrations, De!'criptive Notes is a device applicable to any form of bicycles, a beveled PLow.-Richard H. Purnell, Rosedale, and Memoranda. London : E. & F. SUSPENDER D om gear having concentric rings of beveled teeth being at Miss. To facililate setting the plow blade at different E . - William Blo N. Spon, Limited. New York: Spon N this tached to the crank axle, while a shaft with beveled angles by tilting it on its connection with the standard, berg, New York City. The clip forming 'part of & Chamberlain. 1897. Pp. straps or 335. pinions may be connected or disconnected thereWith by the plow is made, according to this invention, with a suspender end is supported by two united P rice $4. tapes connected with the body portion of the loop. means of a pivoted lever having segment arms composed short depending bar [adapted for adjustable con This book cannot but prove of great value to every en rear of concentric and eccentric surfaces. The shifting de nection with a foot or sole piece, pivoted at its front end SKIRT HOLDER.- Robert M. Steindler, gineer and inventor. Every successful engineer is a boru a single lever, aud it is impossible to the lower end of the standard, the rear end of the vice is controlled by New York City. This design provides an elastic bicycle inventor; indeed, the daily work of an engineer in prac the pinions in engagement with sole piece having an npturned portion. The sole piece to have more than one of skirt holder of neat appearance and ready application. tice largely consists in scheming and devising from pre the gear wheel at the same time, the change being quickly extends for a considerable distance on a strail(ht line vious experience new and improved processes, methods BOARD.-RoswplI A. Dandaraw made from one speed to another. back from the blade, and the latter may be of the sweep GAME and detailt! for accomplishing them and for simplifying form or mouldboard form, or in the form of a share, and George E. Gordon, Rensselaer, N. Y. This board is BICYCLE HANDLE BAR AND TOOL and cheapen in/!:the old forms of machinery and the work shovel, sweep or scraper. made with a central raised barrier resembling a bar, and H. Granger, South Weymouth, Mass. they producP(1. In the work of designing machinery, HANDLE.-Karle a series of shorter barriers croBBing the main barrier, flexible or yielding hand I!rip is afforded by this inven the draughtsman has to rely mainly on his memory for Mllicellaneoll8. forming a group of pockets open upon one side. tion,A whereby the vibratory movement of the handle bar inspiration, and for lack of an idea has frequently to Smith, wade through numerous volumes find a detail or move or bandle will not affect the bands, tl:.e grip surface con PIANO ACTION. - Julius H. Block, PARCEL CARRIER.-John P. ment effecta particnlar purpose.to His labors, as well as sisting of a series of inflatable members preferably placed Mo�cow, Russia. This action has a gravity damper New Haven, Conn ..Thi s is a device designed for use in and to

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. SEPTEMBER 18, 1897. J Citutiftc �mtticJu. those of the engineer, would be greatly 8impli1ledby the process of theirmanufacture A. Ferrotypeplates present book, which is indispensable every draughIB made of thin sheet iron,covered 1 with a black, smoothare man. It contains 2600 engravings, givingto almostevery pos varnish, which is baked or enameled on. They are made I ------The charge insertion WIldethis .. head is One Dollar a ORDINARY RATES. sible mechanicalmovement or contrivance which is liable fortOf' each insertion ; about eioht a in large quantities by manufacturers. The prepared line Inside Palle, each insertion, - cents a line to becalled for in a drawing. Advertisements mmt be ..eceived at publicationwords to ojftceline. plate is coated with collodion and sensitized in a nitrate "15 Back Palle, each insertion, - a line 1897. Vol. ea.. Thur8dall appear in the fo!low of silver bath, just before exposure in the camera, and it - 81.00 THE PROCESS YEAR BOOK FOR momilng :" ot Advenisements, Special and Conducted bv William Gamble. iIngas 11I asis""". to is then immediately developed with a solution of sul- Hr:;,.�t!0::!" = ed. III. wllflk'. phate of iron and acetic acid. London : Penrose &; Compan y. New The above are c1Jarges per agate line-about eight r : Marine Iron Works. Chicago. Catalogue free. words per line. This notice shows the width of the ilne. Yo k G. Gennert. Pp. 127. Price $1. e a S." Metal Polish. Indianapolis. Samples free. TO INVENTORS • ��.!:'e�: �a: �� rat��a��: fl'n t,g;�e ':.��!: This Is probablythe most beautifulof any of the photo· .. U. ment, the�� letter ress. Advertisements must bp graphic annuals. It i. superbly printed on the llnest YankeeNotions. Waterbury Button Co., Waterb'y, Ct. An experience of nearly flfty years, and the prepara .. as 1 E rsday coated paper. There is a full page plate illustrating Handle & Spoke Mchy. Ober Lathe Co. ,Chagrin Falls.O. tion of more than one hundred thousand applications r::�T��p � 1:t¥i� f��<;:U::: :�l's ::u�?U some of the lluestwork of the year in photo-engraving Improved Bicycle Machinery of every description. for patents at home and abroad, enable us to understand . .• the laws and practice on both continents, and to possess and photo-color work. The articles are very practical The Garvin Machine Co • Spring andVarick Sts N. Y. unequaled facilities for procunng patents everywhere. foot power aud cannotfail to be of great use the process worker. Concrete Houses - chea.per than brick, Buperior to A synopsis of the patent laws of the United States and Screw ... to Star * The annual is a snperb picture book, and shows that stone. " Ransome," 757 Monadnock Block, Chicago. all foreign countries may be had on application. and per ...cutting each year process work is obtaininga ftrmer foothold. The Norwich Line-New York to Worcester. Lowell, sons contemplating the seCUring of patents. either at G8J.·dner, Winchendonand Keene, N. H. From Pier home or abroad, are invited to write to this office for Lathes ��:i:' A PRACTICAL TREATISE 5:30 •• W, prices, which are low, in accordance with the times and ON MINERAL North River. M week days only. 9 and '-Inch Swing. AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS. By P. our extensive facilities for conducting the business. t OILS The celebrated " Hornsby-Akroyd" Patent Safety Oil New and Original Features Iltyd. ltedwood. London : & .• I. E. Engine Is built by the De La Vergne Refrigerating Ma Address MUNN CO office SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. F. &; Send fo r Catalogue N. Spon, Limited. New York : chine Company. Foot of East I38thStreet, New York. 361 Broadway, New York. B. Spon & Chamberlain. 1897. Pp. Seneca Falls Mfg. Company, The best book for electricians and beginners in elec- _ �!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!�695 WatorSt.,Seneca Falls,JIi."f, xiv, 336. Price $6. Every kind tricity is " Experimental Science," by Geo. M. Hopkins. D X E I N ef This is an importantwork and devoted particularlyto By mail. , MUDD & Co., publishers. Broadway, N. Y. IN E OF INV NT O S •. 30'1 the Scottish shale oil industry, and will doubtlessprove nr Send for new and complete catalogue of Scientillc For which Letters Patent of the of valueto the oil manufacturers of the United States. and other Books for sale by Munn Co., 361 Broadway. The chapters deal with the geology and geographical New York. Free on application. &; United States were Oranted distribntlOn of oil-bearing shales, the theoretical and practlcalside of re1ining, distilliug, etc.; ammonia water, SEPTEMBER 7, 1897, the laboratory,etc. There is alsoa list of patents relat EACH BBARING THAT DATE, ing the Scotch mineral oil industry. AND to lSee note at end of list about copies of these patents.]

Adjustable table. E. Bennett ...... 589,Mll Aerator, mllk, W. H.E. Young ...... __ ...... 589,774 SAVE � YOUR FUEL if J. H. Woodbury ...•.• 589,772 (stove pIpe) RADIATOR. SCIENTI FIC AMERICAN HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. 11�f:� s!�\��!:��:r�. By using Alloy, silicon. G. De Chalmot, ...... 589,415 our Tube., Names and Address must accompanv all letters _ With Hs 120 Cross Animal holding apparatus, J. Ralston ...... 589,615 ONE or no attentionwill paid thereto. Tliis isfor OUI Annealing plant. I. Freeman...... 589.597 stoveor tnrnacethe does work of BUILDING EDITION information andnot be for publication. Annunciator system,If. E. Owen et al...... 589,747 TWO. Drop tor . postal proofs from References to fOl'lDer articles or answers shouJtl A,,!e,buggy, L. PresnallH...... 589,480 . _ men. SEPTEnBER. give date of paper and pa� or number of question. Axle lubricator, M.T. T. Watts ...... 589,451 prominent 1897.-(No. 143.) Axle skein, A. A. March ...... 589,605 TO INTRODUCE OUR RADIATOR, Inquiries not answered m reasonable time should Bag. See Bicycle tool bag. be repeated : correspondents bearin mind that Ball. See Return ball. thefirst order trom eaehn elghborhood TABLE OF CON'l'ENTS. some answers require not awill little research, and, Band cutter and feeder, Olson Issscson...... filleda& WHOLESALE price, and No. 1. Platein colors, also another perspective elevation thongh we endeavor repl y all either by lette, Barrel. etc., G. W. Bigley ...... &;...... secures or in this department.to each mustto take his turn Barrel head, T. R. Howard ...... •... 589, an agency. Write atonce. and lloor plans of a residence at Bensonhurst, Du yers . Bearing, axle box, W. B. Smith ...... 589, wishing to purchaseany articlenot advertised O L. I., recently erectedfor Walter Jones. A in our columns will be furnishedwith addresses of Bearing, ball, H. Leltelt ...... 589.474 ROCHE8TER RADIA T R COMPANY, Mr. Bell, bicycle, H. S. Pullman ...... 589,752 design treated in an attractive style ofarchi houses manufacturing or carrying the same. . 589,743 Special Written Information Bicycle. J. J. Naregang ...... as Furnace St.. ROCHE8TER, N. y. tecture, with Colomal feeling and classic detail. on matters of Bicycle. W. J. Pine ...... 589,750 personal rather than general interest cannot Bicycle air pump, G. Foote ...... 589,711 Architect andbuilder, WalterJones. expected wlthontremlmeratio n. be Bicycle crank hangerJ. , Burnham & Alsup ...... 589,496 No. 2. Colonial residence atMr. Springfteld , Mass.. re Scientific American Supplements referred Bicycle crank sbaft, Flint & Gregory ...... 589,709 A tomay be had at tile office. PrIce cents each. Bicycle handle bar. C. C. Candy...... 589,413 cently completed for N. N. Fowler, at a 10 handle bar, S. Palmiter ...... 589.671 Woodworker Doo s referred promptly supplied on receipt of Bicycle s' $13,000 Mr. � Bicycle lock, E. J. Baker...... 589,491 cost of complete. Two perspectiveele price. to Bicycle lock, W. Melvin...... 589,(;\0 vations and 1100r plans. Guy Kirkham, Minerals sent 1:or examination should be distinctly Bicycle rest, E. Church ...... "Mr. markedor labeled. Bicycle saddle. H. A. Lerch ...... 589,661589,4&1 architect, Spriugfteld, Mass. Bicycle saddle, W. W. Shoe ...... 589,581 Tools-- • No. 3. ResIdence at Scranton, Pa., recently erected for Bicycle saddle. C. H. young...... 589,521 You may have plenty Mr. Thomas R. Brooks. uuique design. (7206) S. ask� : Will you kindly Bicycle stand or rack, J. De Mers ...... 589.643 lOgues of Metalworking Tools,of Cata. but A M. T. A. �:� Two perspective elevations and lloor plans. give me in Notes and Queries of SOIENTIFIOAlfERICAN r��ln��' :,;.�I��:l�J:Dwyer: ::::::::::: we doubt very much your having �ig�gl:Btnder, musiC, G. Jack .••••.....•.•.•••.•.••...... 589,504: good CatalOgue a Mr. John A. Duckworth, architect, Scranton, a recipe for makingrubber cement such as is used for Bit holder, W. H. Mohr ...... 589,� of n d e Pa. repairing bicycle tires ? A. Recipes for cements to ��'tb� ��:�� !fn��&�!F: B�'f';;:��:::::::::: �:� Woodworkers' Tools, No. 4. Elm Park Methodist Episcopal church and par mcnd bicycle tires .are givenin the .. Selected FOl'lDulre " Boiler. See Stand boiler. Stand or range boiler. andthere may he times when such a catalogne would be sonage at Scranton, Pa. Two perspective ele 1070 1102, Boiler tubes, machine for removing incrustation columns of our SUPPLEMENT, Nos. and price from. J. L. Lockhart ...... 589.551 handy. Our new Catalollue Is just out. contains vations and 1100r plans, also two perspective 10 cents each prepaid by mail. No. 1102, Bolt machine, C. Lanz ...... •.•...•• ... pages,over 1800 tIlustratlons, and wtll be sent free400 to elevations of the parsonage, with 1100r plans. also has information on methodsSUPPLElIlENT, of repairingtires, illus· :gg:o�:��O!g��'h� ii:Lawton: :: �:: anyaddress uponreceipt of cents. Architects, Messrs. George W. Kramer Co., trated. Boot or shoe shapingm!��r or treeing::�y: machine. G. H. 25 & Clark...... • 589,696 New York City. (7207) D. asks : Has the curious Boot or shoe tree, J. E. Lawton ...... 589,731 Ohas. A. Strelinger ...... •...... The 00. No. 5. English dwelling at Overbrook, Pa., recently M. 1. 800t or shoe tree, Mobbs & Lewis 589,666 DETROIT, behavior of the gyroscope been fully explained ? A. Yes; Boot or shoe treeing machine. G. H. Clark ..... '" 589,697 MICH. erectedfor Mr. Smucker. An attractivedesign Bottle, antiretilling,A. Lemieux ...... •..... " . . . .. 589,604 treated in tbe English style, half timber and fully and completely by the aid of mathematics. In Bottle. non-rellllable. J. Moussette...... 7'1 general.it is due to the fact that the disk is rotatingin Bottle, non-relllling, N.O. F. T. Hunt...... Physical and School Apparatus stone. Perspective elevation and floor plans, B r 4Jl5 also interior view. Architect, Mr. William L. two directions at the same time, one as it spins rapidly �gm� W. .A'. ��an: :::::::::::::: on itsaxis, the other a falling motion around the point Bottle stopper,:tggg��: C. De Witt ...... :::::::...... 589,704 THE THERMOPHONE Price, Philadelphm, Pa. Bottle stopper, G. F. Johnson ...... 589.505 A new instrnment for No. 6. Cottage at Knghamton, N. recently erected of support upon the pin. The result is that it makes a Bottles. etc., meanl3 for preventing fraudulent Y., 2. rellllingof, A. & L. Braly...... 589.406 Measuring Temperatures for Mr. G. North, at a cost of Two spiral motion of descent like a winding stairway. Is $3,200. there such an instrmnentas the multiscope ? If so, by B ee Will take temperature of any "erspectiveN. elevations and floor plans. de °'i;o:. pe��IT'g�'i� · �/'g'kl��i�gt� m��� thing at any rangeor distance. A whom, when, and where was it invented, and what is Brake. See Vehicle brake. Wagon brake. cula.. &ign WIth many excellent features, good eleva Brush, dusting, C. Libe ...... 589,550 pr- .. t..... the meaning of the word ? A. No such word is given in Brush holder, H.J. Reist ...... 589,7lJ.I S. RITCiCHIE '" SONS, tions and well arranged plans. Elfred G...... 589,540 E, Mr. the CenturyDictionary. "Multiplying glass " and "poly Burglar alarm. J. Towler ...... BROOKLINE. Bartoo, arcbitect, Binghamton, N. Y. Burner. See HydrocarbonP. incandescent burner. MASS. scope " are given. All three would imply the same Cabinet, F. E. Case ...... 589.463 No. 7. Modern cottage at Nyack, N. Y., recently erected Cake icing machine, T. L. Green ..•...... o ••••• 589,718 • thing-seeingmany objects. The name is applied to a ...... ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• for tbe Rev. Edward Mitchell, at a cost of Cake turner, Ramey & Eye ...... 589,753 HICH glass flat on one side, while tbe other, at llrst curved Calcium carbld, composition of matter for manu- : SPEED INDICATOR : $2,500 complete. Two perspective elevations factUring, S. Blum ...... 589.592 like a lens, has been ground into facets, or llat places. . � n and 1100r plans. unique design for small Camera, magazine, H. Locke ...... 589,475 :S:h ��tr� e:A• · A On looking through it at a candle, for example, as many Can. See Oil can. W. : required without1 bearing cottage. Mr. - George F. Morse, architect, Candlestick, miner's folding, R. Clinch ...... • Reads either right or lett .• lights appear asthere fiat places. It Is used as a toy. o ••••••••••• . Nyack, N. Y. Car coupling, J. R. Beard ...... 589,591 • 0 mark may be Instantlv • . are Car coupling. Benton, Sr ...... 589,5911ib'9 .�9:l the word you suggest were formed, it should . . . . • moved to startllljl pOint. . No. 8. Modern suburban vUia at Chestnut Hill, MIlOS., If be Car coupling. A. J. Glenn ...... 589,714 • Workingpa rts incased. spelled " multascope." Car coupling, A. H. & W. Tabbert ...... 589,539 • erected for Messrs. Merriam, Isbenbeck Al . Car coupling, W.J. W. H. Wolfe ...... 589,457 vord. A design well treated in the modern& (7208) B. asks : Kindly inform Car, electric motor, H. P. Brown ..., ...... , ..... 589,543 : l."s� STARRETT &9 ;3, Athol. Ir.As� 'l·. : W. M. Car fender, Groat ...... 589.651 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• American stylewith Colonial detall. Two per me through your paper of tbe best formula for a developer f E. d spective elevations and floor plans. Architect, 8:�, :�g3�i;" s��'rt:y: :::::::::::::::::::::::::: for lantern slides. Also the method used coloring Car unloader, F. J. Weber ...... i:::.l589,516 CREENERD ARBOR PRESS J. H. Morse, Boston, Mas8. them. Please mention the best and latest bookin on the Cars, combination truss rod and corner brace Saves marring, upsetting or sprirurlng the No. 9. A Mr.residence at Binghamton, N. Y., recently for, F. Heidelberg ...... arbors. Saves cleaning out- the centers and makingand coloring of lantern slides. A. Valuable in Carbureter, D. Best ...... 509589,432,634. d e e erected for Miss Q. M. French. Perspectiveele formation about making and coloring lantern slides is Carpenter's combination gage, A. Binkerd ..... 589,688 ��g��. ol�;,s��:s :� �g�� vation and floor plans. A very attractive de , Carriage, horseless. P. Flucks ...... 1.\ ...... 589.710 in sizes. contalned in our SUPPLEMENT Cash register, A. Macauley ...... _ ...... 589,476 4:Diam. of Dlaw. of Length. sign with excellent elevations. Nos. 577, 594, SCIENTIFIC699, 961,AlfERICAN 1062, 1082, and 1116, r n r e l{o. Work. Arbor. Arbor. Weight. Price. 10. 657, . 2��f� l�� y�rlB� 3:i��,'X:S:�:l�tt, ::::::::::::::::: 1 ,13 No. An actress' home at Chevy Ohase, Md., illustrat price 423,10 cents each by mail. Chair. See Dental and surgical chair. =::.t 2 8 7 55 ing the residence of Miss AnDle Lewis. Two Churn. N. Hreen et al ...... 589.717 �g f" t1 � (7209) a ks : Does a base ball curve Churn, P.J. Mathis ...... 589,736 perspective elevations and 1100r plans. J. W. '19stamp catalogue824 of machinists'77500 tools. Mr. s Cigar and cigaretteP. holder. combined,. A. Seiden .. tOf' Louis D. Meline, architect, Chevy Chase, Md. horizontally, i. laterallv, afterleaving the hand of a spiner ...... , ...•••••...••...... 589,623 "SendFARQU HAR, 38 e., Cigar tip cutter, C. E. BiIlin s ...... 589,@ Federal St .. Boston, Mass. kindly ex • 1 No. 11. J!:alf page design of the New Rathsapotheke in pitcher, beforestriking its object it does, e n c . f Hoskins ...... 589.47 Bremen. plain the cause, whetller it is the 1·rotary If motion of the g:f:p� �� JI�o"r �l:.:;p� . . 12. Clasp, Walker ...... 589,'50 No. Pulpit of the Cathedralof Sainte Gudule, Brus ball or what. A. The ball curves as described. Infor Cleaner.J. See �'lue cleaner. Knife cleaner. Pipe sels. mation on this su bject, illustrated by diagrams, etc., will cleaner. Clevis, W. E. A. Pipber ...... 589.478 No. 13. Miscellaneous ContenU! : New York as a furni be found in SCIENTIFIC No. 5, vol. also Clock case. S. Ingraham ...... 589,436 AMERICAN,410. 10 55; ture market.-Advantagesof fresh airin apart SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 402 and Price centseach, by t W. :'��'�:'.: �:� 8�':,�ee:, ::::::: ments.-Exteriorplaster for dwellings.-Rules mail. Cooking1� utensils,'il��h��?�� ventilating.�. device for, C. Hoopes ...... 589.727 for making good monar.-Premature occupa asks : a make . . . (7210) C. A. C. How c n I Cork extractor, M. Redlinger ...... 589,574 tionof new homes ; a test for relativehumidity Corn husker and stalk cutter, G. C. Janney ...... 589,782 starch for starching ROOts in a steam laundry, so they s d . Rimmelin ...... 589,'82 of habitable apartments.-Ventilation of apart alone will not make them stiff g �:� §�� 6!��J ��ii�g.n ments.-Does your faucet leak?-A new record will be stiff The starch S �g�n . enough. Also1 , please giveme a receipt for making a 8�!'g�� .f: �J�i!I��:::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::: �:� ing thel'lDometer, illustrated.-Beautlful work . ... collars. Infol'lDation onstarch Cream separator. Collins &IHartmann ...... 589.641 polishfor shirtsand A. 589,67' in wood llnishiog.-Slate roofs.-Dec-co·re-o, 577; Current generator, alternating, F. H. Sleeper .... ing willbe fonnd in No. recipes for Cur s • illustrated.-Berkfeld filter, illustrated. SUPPLEME·NT, C�'�t B��:t.I.�� :.�:. �:.����.� . 589,556 glosses (liquid and powdered) are given in the " Selected •...... "!' ••••• Curtain flxture, Barnard�.� & Ruppert 589,633 The Scientillc American Building Edition is issued Formulre"columns of the SUPPLElIIENT, Nos. 1127 and Curtain flxture, E. M. Winfrey . ... _ ...... 589,042 year. Single copies, cents. Thirty 1129. 10 Cutter. See Band cutter. Cigar tip cutter. monthly. $2.50 a Price centseach, by mail...... 25 Cycle, circle, E. I. Brannan ...... , 589,.os two large quarto pages, forming a large and splendid . 589.499 (7211) D. asks : Can you Dental and surgical chair, H. H. Elbreg ...... MAGAZINE OF richly adorned with B. S. inform 0 r l �:!� ARCIDTECTURE, g�J'J�h:,\'�� :I';'lt ��:'IF. 8g�k�n�: �� .�� elegant plates and line engravings, Illustratingthe most me whether Ih(' method of developing photographic Door spring, J. M. Henton ...... 589,6.';6 interesting examples of Modern Architectural Construc platesprepared with ertbyrosindiffers from theordinary Drapery suspending deVIce, S. W. Cushing ...... 589.703 Dumping box or bucket. Peterson ...... 589,749 tionand allied subjects. All who contemplate building, method or not ? A. There is no special developer Dye, red, J. Ville...... M. W. 589,766 needed; an ordinary metol bydroquinone potashor soda Edging, garment, H. Haase ...... 589,720 or improving homes or structures of any kind, have in ...... 589,795 541, Egg beater, E. J. Scope ...... this hand80me work an almost endless series of the developer will answer. (See our SUPPLEIlENT, Nos. Electric contact. auxiliary, W. M. Brown...... 589,�12 714 and Price 10 cents each, by mail.) Keep the Electric meter, Schumacher & Zamel...... 589,672 latestand best examples fromwhich to make selections, 1050. Electric motor start1llgbox, B. Hirst ...... •. 589,433 thus saving timeand money. tray covered and as free from any light as possible, only Electric switch. B. Smith etR. al...... 589,582 Electrical distribution.J. multiple series system of. imageat very brief intervals. 2. . The Fullness, Richness, Cheapness and Conveulence examiLing progressof D. Haskins...... 589,'29 of this work have won for it the LARGEST CIRCULATION What Is the simplest way prepare formic aldehyde ElectricC. distribution system, C. D. Haskins ...... 589,430 to 1 l I Publication in the world. Sold by No simple way. Canbe bonght from dealersin pho 589,700 of any Architectural A. ID:�a1 g: ��f;� �� g�: �o"��U[or' closilli,'ii: all newsdealers. MUNN CO., PuBLISHERS, materials in New York Cityeasier than make. MattuHath...... 589.667 to 8. & Broadway, New York. to.Of what ferrotype plates composed, andwhat is the (Continued on 190) 361 are page

Elevator .top, P. Altizer ...... 589,682 J...... 589,4,92 Eliminator or water•...•.•..•• separator,.•••...•••••.. S. Bancroft•...... • •• 589,5&4 STEAM ENGINEERI Enamel, E. TraiIler . (Stationary. Locomotive, Marine); Ilechanical fLi;=:!'�'__ End "ate, J. C. Milne...... 589,665 Drawing ; Architectural Drawing ; )lachine t'lo'w.:r.�-!!!� Engines, electrical igniter for gas, E. R. Moffitt.. 589,509 De!'lign ; Electricity; Architecture j Plumbing; Envelop, .afety, M. J. McConnell ...... 589,("00 Evacuating device, A. Akeson ...... •...... 589.775 31 COURSES , �:� Engineer:��\�r:�1,ing ; BuneyiDg and Mapping�Y;�:'��: )fetal �i�� G� ��i�iiig: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Pattern Cutting ; Bookkeeping ort and ; Extractor. See Cork extractor. S Fastening device, W. Garl 589.525 English Mining ; Metalj h h WI... Faucet, H. C. HoytC...... · ...... •...... •...... 589,472 Branches ; Prospect'g. '...... !!! �l!.ivh. GUARANTEED SUCCESS. a r · ::::::: :l:1� . �� ::, �� 6I�"' k� ?��::::::::: reei Moder.I . J:��: n B n ::: �:�� •• AttVI . ., 1111111... 11. �i�� ?s�r��g d�V�e, ]j��s. Y(;Uiig::: Circular Free:.... State rubjed ,"au wid tostudy. ]j'ender. See Car fender. Sc oo.., ...... 589,.1)46 -.tenaatlo Correlpoad.eaee h Box 9.'::h!e .Fertilizerdistributer, J. CrownOver B. G. 589,687 li'irearms, lever lockingmeans for, T. Bennett 428 POWER., POWER., POWER ! �'ire escape, C. Harvey ...... 589, Fifty er no ex f'nse. Buy Telephones .. . � . 589,569 p cent. increase at additional p MICHIGAN COLLEgE OF MINES Fire escape, E.Muller ...... THAT ARE GOOD··NOT .. CHEAP THINGS." State technical school. Practical work. Special W. . VIDTaR VAPOR EIIOIIlE facilA ities for men of age and experience. Elective sys �1�: :!�:::iie: it:.y'.' Carey:::::::::: Tbe differencein and co.t guarantee little. our We guarantee '5 $150 �?;ie�·t!�lg . f::�589.640 WANTED.•• our apparatus I. eustomers tem. weeks a year. Non-re.ident tnitlon a year. �·bhJflSh and animal trap. combined. Cartier ...... SleamLOCAL and AGENT VaporS Launches agaln.t 10 by patent .uit Our guaran· plate and means for holdingJ. same, J. John- B ...... 589,729 Row and 5ail oats. tee and ••In.trument. are •. F�R?�a\\l�W!'Da:� �'ii':H, Pre.ident, Houghton, Mich. stOll ...... Send for catalogue. WESTERN TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTIONbotll good. CO. Floor clamp, joiner's. M. White ...... 58\J,518 Specify . •• ...... 589,589, 58\J,aoo e w t WASHINGTON. C Blls. Building. �'Iue cleaner. L. J. WolfA...... on an ed. 250·254 South Clinton St., Chicago. D. Flushing apparatus for water closets, etc., -- .. Largest Manujacturers . . THOS. KAIIEII. ao. .. - oj Telephones :::::::. ':::W. ::::. A. �:Ws Wabash . exclusively the United States. Fly iiiiilard.::. . 64.66 Chlcago. .". , in Bliss School of Electricity ��:;�aior':E: W: ...... 589,558 av., Tbe only institution teacbing practical electricalengln Fly wbeel, Campbell Murray...... Deats �team. eeriDIl exc]usively. Laboratory equipment excellent Folding gate, Hummers& ...... 589,503 'l'bls Wind, or Horse Foot, pneumatic,B. Roberts ...... 589,537 Pow€r. We oner the Cour.e. open October 1st. Catalogue on application. "T. I PRINT Furnace charging apparatus,. . charging. . .. box. . for,. . S... 589,768 WEBSTER 2J.1!actual horse power Entireyear. Primary, inter C. Wellman ...... 589,468 MY to 11300. )i'urnace'1'. & door, H. automatic, Fahrmeier. Warren . GAS ENGINE mediate. college preparatory.y- Specialty, & for fu>an18h-Amerlcan.. Open all year. li'urnace port end, metallurgical, S. 589 69 $1�O, leso l0; di.count for cash. OWN $250 Wellman ...... '1\.... &...... (J. H. .7 u Hemp8tead (Lon" 1:sland) 'tIchool. Gage. See Carpenter's combination gage. Nose o, i� Cards, clrcu· �?i�.�e �:tt::i��'i.')r��J'le �¥,ji lars, with $ 5 GaJi!'f;pparatus, S. H. Strasser ...... 589,447 �� o��iri�� :n: :�t� n8D ��u�� Press and save Gas, device for indicating escape of, M. O'Dono- lIade for Gas or Gasoiint;,. money. van ...... 589,745 IT TVritefor Special CatalO(1Ue. Gas generator, acetylene, G. Taylor ...... 582,799 Gas generator, range, M. Velez ...... WEBSTER M'F'G CO., : ... 5&1,486 Gas, process of and apparatus for .generating...... 1074 West 15thStreet. acetylen'!>. J. Gallagber ...... 589,713 CHICAGO. PIERCE 2 ACTUAL H. P. C. . PRICE, Complete, Gate. See ...nd gate. Folding gate. Railway Made for Gas or Ga.ollne.$13:5.00. gate. Swinging gate. ENGIIliES TO Generator. See Current generator. Gas gen- MARINE 4 eratur. H. P. Globe or sbade holder. F. Dirke 589, 7 16, 18 and 21 foot Lnnnch Ont- Governor. gas engine. F. W.A. Spacke•...... •...... 589,54� fitscomplete. h. .Izes ...... 589,63., Stationary to AU Governor stop motion, G. F. Boos ...... Simplest Carbu·. lITSew! jlYr Circular2:5 oj me Grain pipes. swivel for pneumatic, F. Weber. . . 589,800 rAter. Wonderful P...... •J. 589,621 PIERCE ENCINE CO.wanted. Grain separator, W. Russell...... Graining tool, M.J. J. Davis ...... 589,467 ;��tgl'Bu�:�� 17 N. 17th St., Racine, Wis...... 589,629 Grate bar and shaker therefor, Stroh 58 67 the J'e mill for crushing ores. A. 9 7 .Ii.no\ v Greenhouse, Witte ...... 589,401, quil'emenl8 of a EqualA in efficiency to a W. H. Grinding machine. J. J.·.Brannigan . . _ .... Ga. Engine. STEAM five stamp battery, and at Gun, mag-azine bolt, R. �. Ashton ...... 68U,� 'I'...... 589,'t:'itJ P. Olds Son Engine Works, Lansing, Mich. Experimental & Model Work act Hair singer, electriC, D. Seide ...... 1=. & BoxU8. o . aM advieejree. � . 589,536 Oirs. o t �f �e � Harness attachment, A. ...D. .Reynolds...... Gardam& Son, 46-61 Rose St.,N.Y. � �� T AM P { � Harrow, J. �. Weckman8...... 589,517 DRY BATTERIES. -A PAPER BY L . S ...... ; . 7 fh� ; �� . 589 7 and mInIng pense. Harrow. disk, Sharp...... , , 9 K. capitalist. Send for catalogue. e C. 8. c . 589,6'28 Bohm, treating of open cirCUit batteries, historical d ALOO VAPOR LAUNOH GATES IRON WORKS, Dept. C, �:��:t:� ��;� �o��;e:' a�8.�t��rii; 'Ii: E: batteries. modern dry batteries, Hellesen's batterYry 650 Elston Ave.. Chicago, U, S. A. MILL Loger...... 589,439 e n i c f . . .•. 657 . 589, tf:-�� iir �:;!�{ H E::1NT �;rs�IFIC atf1ME�h'RIC tA SUPPLEMENT,u ln s� �;�t�i��g I� �c�_ arvesting machine bundle.. carrier,...... M...... Kane...... •• No.1 Hay C. S. Sharl? ... . : . 589.7� A N Price tedder, 10 cents. be had at tbl. office and from00 all1. news- Headlight. dash electrIC, RlIby, Jr ...... 589, '1' 0 J. 783 dealer . ______Heater.e See Pail beater. •. BARNES' H '}�i¥f. 'W%.j3b��;��.� i i .��. .� . 589,771 from 1, :��: �.�� .��. :�..: 589.501 Motor controlled movemen 12 to Heel attacbing macbine, C. W. Glidden ...... TH lM P V D 16 to 60 ft. bow. Valve New Friction Disk Drill. 589�612 E RO E GAS E N GI N E. Lannche.. 'l'winScrew. a .peclalty. J; 2. 3. 6, FO R LIGHT WORK. Horse detacher and wagon brake, W. Ostendor1f Two cylinders in one casti�. 7, 12, and 20 b. p. No IIcen.ed en�ineer or pi ot re- Horses, device for regulating gait of, C. If ...... ' ...... C. 589,564 e �,::;g�ha S e g speed instantlT changed from Jerome...... g�;'i�� ft��w:i��:n J'r 1t�g,�"!:�a. ¥'�':J�=�ee�?e Has theslt Great Aduantages: · ::: . :: :: :l:� made. ('an beused wherever� -::� powfg: lIT Sew! Stamps flYr 1897 Oatalogue.��::i�� The can be 0 to 1600 !ont��Ij1:s: Wiesenfei'i.: : er Marine Vapor EngineCents Co., in ft . Jersey Av., Jersey City, N.J. � '3��;'��:al ��:?;�1� Hottig�:�:�g:: water bag nipple, J. Llnes ...... 589,734 is required. Either sta- Ten ::-beuImallest=-t!� or·lar�st drills within its range-a.WOD . Notionary or marine. No fire. derful time and great driD House. See Greenhouse. hent. No smoke. Noli .. Sendfor Hydrocarbon incandescent burner, Slinack 589,446 ceused en�ineer required. 6CODnmyin catalogue. savinI' in lee Cream cabinet, C. Meincke ...... V. H. 589,568 brea.b.ire.W. F. " INO. BARNES CO., Indicator. See Speed indicator. Station indi- y- Send jor cataloyue. 1999 Ru"y Rockford, cator. SINTZ GAS ENGINE CO • • NITOR��OMOGUL St., Ill. In.ect proof roller or pede.tal, W. M. Curry ... " ...... H. & A. 589.461? Grand Rapids, lronin� machine, J. Richardson ...... 589,57,') Mich., S. A. C. U. Jack. See l.ifting jack. . ::;�L�� Joint. See Rail jOint. merlcan ompson COBURN Parlor, BarnTRACK and Knife. See Pocket knife.a e ]I th Fire Door Hangers It�i��h��tm!c�n� f:. ��·IUiig:s: iien;;haii::: �:m (Original Thompson Indicator). i �:g+1 a a h All Styles. t:�:1��t�� :vf:�·8�·o�: ��W��tierBoii:::: . ,'.. Sp��!��?��d i� fst;:c{a�ry !�p�� ¥o:::��· :::: ::: :::: :::: ::: �:�� r h d e Latest Improvements. t::�: : : P- Send for Book. �r�;�::��l\i: �; �� d��11ov!�t;::Ji�, f>:D � g� � Lamp ch�m.ney, Collinge ...... •... 589,416 world-WIde reputation. Coburn Trolley Track Mfg. Co. Lamp, llilDlUg, R.J. Miller 589,441 lIT Sew! jor Oatalogue Holyoke, Mass. A. : : :: :: : : : :: �:� : o. •. :::: ::: : :: : : ::: :: : AMERICAN STEAM GAUGE CO., N. Y. CAMERA EXCHANGE. Lead,t��'i, manufacturing."\v��! wbite, H. Woltereck..... 589,801 34, 36 38 Chardon Street, 50% Saved on all makes of Cameras MANUFACTURE OF STARCH FROM . .. .. 589,5:.6 & C. fI • Leatber blaoking machine. C. B. Kimball . .. .. BOSTON . MASS · r �:r.1i� an�'fua:c'l,ll,:��:r.: t":m��h�:��::' Maize. -By J. Krie�mer. Full details of the process.AMEU trfti':,t;:j��k�� 3. ��x.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: \-V ith oneSUPPLE illustratIMENTOn.. Contained in SCIF.NTIFIC Large as.ortment alway. on hand. office No.1 Price cents. '1'0 be ti��i�� ��;.�Ii�e�.I��::::::::::::::::::: :P,*,ograpbs, 6rapbopbonts, DevelopVng, Printing. leAhad � at thi� and from all012. newsdealers. 10 Lock. See Bicycle lock. Sash lock. :l:� Photo supplle. of every de.crlptlonetc. le ·· ··· . . 589,585 at prices. ct;t�r. s;r.;�� :�iibricato;.:·· ······· ·· ProjtctOSCOptS, ., nttosCOptS, B'"""lowest Sew! t�� ...... • 589.449 III Ust. 20.stamp jor bargaIin LUbricat0 .W. H. R. Thompson.... Addre 'A & ...... 589,5 RECORDS, FILMS, ETC. Manbole., Hetfewald ...... � y- 36 N. Y. CAMERA EXCHANGE, 43 Fulton•• St., NEW YORK �'. . . e illustrated catalogue .ent free on receipt tool�n�W$! ::�Wel�de�e��tE: :::: pag of 2·cent .tamp. Mai,;,;nviile.:: ::::::::::::: :l:�7�4 w t ab a ��.i' e nt � i OI�: gl: · · 589. 1 The Edison Phonograph Co.,427 Vine SI.,Cincinnatl,O. SpeCial Machinery, Dies Tools ... ::e"ir� �':.� �� t�i!:o�. g�; :�� %\� .:� t d� � c �: j: w: 0 and ; .; ...... •. . . . 98 new Tool Catalo"ue i. a veri i n . .. . 589,5 'g,; table 1897Tool Encyclopedia. com· Met�� ,'-e'Ei,'-ctrlc mete;': . . plete Tool List for Metal WorkersA e I NICKEL Sub Press Dies � and Mechanics of all kind.. Hand- :��or� �e':W��: :notor. ForPunching aml .Forming Sheet Metal ...... 589.616 a'l� AND lo r Mower. L. J. Ring ...... �'a Electro-Plating ��":�:'�l� ��'\�M }3o,';�f �:r(n�� Mowing and reaping machine, L. Northern...... 589,611 A SPECIALTY. book wlB be refunded with tIr.tor Mo n J. . .s� Apparatus and Maltrial. der amonntlngto '10.00 or over. ;� 6o�I�� . �':��.� �� . ��.��: • 589.00 �� ...... � ...... •...... � Bil! OEO. OR.ISWOLD, Music pulpit, Palmer 589,748 � ·'anson TOEVanWinkle M. Montgomery & 00. Musical instrumentT. J. attachment, stringed, L. & ��@ � J. 589.658 si Co., "'t.John St.. MAKERS AND JOBBERS IN FINE TOOLS · g ISS \l �/fr Mu!f.\'�r��striiD.ieiit:· ;'iectrQPueiiiD.ati;;: ii: · W: � N"e'VRl'k, HA. "II� Y CITY. S.N. J. NEW VEN, CONN. 0 R K 'stringed: ·P. 'E: · 136Liberty St., 105 FULTON STREET, NEW O Mu��Yii;8irunl'ent: M: Carstensf :: ��:m ii 37 S. Canal St.,Y. Musical instruments, detachable pedal or. 3b & Refrlgerall ng and }ce ...... _ ...... 589,6« Cbicago. & tri*''' ;tl nell & Brebmer...... Der-me-... al- 11 n t.. Making Machines. Musical lnstruments,E. feed mechanism for ELECTRO MOTOR, SIMPLE, HOW TO �� t'� ROCK DRILLS Na chanical,l Cuennet...... 589,.21589 495 Compr ion .y.tem; .peclally de i or tack headingL. apparatus, , ••• .. A. .H. Brigham...... make.-By G. M. Hopkins. De.crlption of � .mall elec .i"ned for sm work, and adapted Neck band adjuster, J. Redwine ...... 589,754 a to aSi'll.st to small space. U 'lObemost compact AIR COMPRESSORS Nose gage, combination,T. S. 589.549 tro motor devised and constructeda witb View C. Hirschberg...... macbine ever built. No Piston SIMPLEST, MOST EFFICIENT and DURABLE. Nut lock, P. Birmingham ...... 589,689 inll' amateurs to make motor which might be driven Rods. No Fly Wheel. Entire Nut lock, W.J. Comra with advantage by current derived fromto bHttery, and ...... • ...... which would have 8. 8ufficient power operatea a foot plant self contained. Construction Nut lock, H. R. Eby ...... 589,54;;589.596 .lmpllcity it.elf. Low first cost. Nut lock, H. Evans . 589.424 th r ) ...... •...... �� ft�{1 1��� 2�i�\��.r��°SC� '��b%�E�:: in ce (RAND DRILL CO. Nut lock, R. D. Hardy 589,599 ICAN SUPPLEMENT. No. Plice cent To be �;a�r:�� fnq��i��·:OII�� Sew! flYr Catatogue . �� i · : ::: �:*� 64- 1. 10 •. HYGIENIC REFRIGERATION CO., 100 Broadway, New York. 'It,�� had at tbis office and fromall new.dp.alers. can.�"f.1'� �Ii, {):n�e�rtil��:::::::::::: : 116 .• Oil H. F. Maranville...... 589.7:15 Liberty St N. D...... •• and Oil can, True ...... 589.515 Sear. BldgY., Boston,Ma ... Oil can and funnel, W. W. Krack ...... E PL�TINGWANTED. �06 Queen's Patent "Triple Plate " c 58\l,659 NICKL 8�e �g��e��r!r :'!,�'ili��·b!Xt.�. cc.Tr,�iniier: ::: ORDERS(X(CLlT(D1N ANY QUALllVO!\Q\!.A�i"T: NO O E "POISON IN toepler-Holtz Electrical Machine. Oyster opening machine. Essex Reame ...... :l:gi589,MB St TTYS MASS£.TT CO. [CTOR� M NoR THE BOWL". l a n & l . & R OCHLv excuse for smoking foul pipes, Can be used at all . ::::: 29 NORT H WA 5HINGTON 5T. L NY The "Mallinckrodt" Patent Nicotme Absorb- �:�s�:p:;{o �l. ��aN. ��..... ��.. ..: :. ::.. m Peanut � �:�589,483 ent and Ventilated Tobacco Pipe � roaster, Rossi...... • � :I'i,�� i�e�g:� Pen, fountain. S. W. Frazer.. . . 589.561 aU kmos and sizes. will render .moklng. a . .. foof � � healthy enjoymen, . r Pen, fouutain marking, W. Graves ...... 589.716 wells house, ...•...... 589.401 r It and you will becomeTry rt� t �&��ra� Pen reservoir attachment,J. M. Alves drillingfarm, City andfor Village application. We Pencil box, A. Thompson ...... A...... 589,762 ELLDRILL!NG MACHINES 44� • convinced. See notille. 00 a complete liIM �9 Water Works, Facto· t:I carry Pbotometer, L. �·uelling . . . . 589 SCI. AM.ofA'Ug"U8t7. 97. Electrical ami ...... •...••...... •...... , IJh Piano attachment,J. C. Polk 589,751 ... d Manufactured only .....••..••.. ��nts Pipe cleaner, MilwardC. McGee ...... • 589,'j(() e ie . Irrigation,ries, Ice Plants. Coal Brew·and The Harvey & Watts Co:: Station E, Philadelphia, Paby. & 589 55 and·No. lianalStreet, New York. Planetarium. J. McWade ...... Mineralr s Prospecting, Oil and • .• ...... , 2 QUEEN CO Inc. E. 589,502 W 275 • iled Planter marker attachment. B. Guenzel. ... Gas. etc. Latest and est. ITlU"",trated Circ'Ulars S. a t & • ...... 589 H9 A." n. tOi l Chestnut St . Planter plow attachment. M. C. Conoley years experience. ma on pplica io Plastic material, method for . B US30 Philadelphia, Pa. of. .sud.... means.. . . WRITE mouldin". W. G. Bri

Railway tie. S. K. MllIer ....••...... •.•...... if 589. AGENCY WANTED for a quick eellillJl specialty. .JUST PUBLISHED. , W. . 66t Address Earle. lliONassau Street, New York City. Rallwa;v ..traveling...... contact...... for electrIC...... 589' 6. Worker's •• • 452 Metal Handy-Book Wel.s ...... • ll .e ...... : . 589 51 PRACTICAL RUNNiNG OF DYNAMOS RECEIPTS AND PROCESSES. g� � i.; :T I'Z;e ��er:" A little the care and the locating and rem· OF 1t:z., d�� booklet on Refrigerating machine...... compre.sed ...... ••• aIr. H. B. edylng of tronbles In dynamos andmotors. Being a collection of Chemical Formnlasand Practical Roelker ...... , . . . 589 Manipulations for the working of all the Metals and ...... 620 Price 10 Cents. Alloys. Including the Decoration and Beautifying of Regi.ter. See Ca.h regl.ter. S J:"s�E�f:��. ���: ...... Catalogue of Mechanicaland ElectricalBooks Free. articles manufactured therefrom. a. well as tbelr pre· 589.!!22 PHILADELPHIA BOOK CO. , It:rri't'�PJ;,r. I':� . . . . �. '12 .ervation. Edited frem varlou. sources by William Remedies. device for applying. P. J. Fouquler . 589 Philadelphia, Branllt editor of "The Techno-Chemical Receipt Book"1.'. Return ball. A. A. Ifreeman...... 17 Sonth Ninth Street, Pa. and '''l'he Metallic Al oy: Illustrated by 63 engrav 500 Shorthand by' Mail I •. " Roaster. See Peanut roaster..... •...... ing.. One volume over pages.l2mo.elegantly bound Roll truing de ICe J. Phillip 589.�� Ie8Bon Free. ��College,t!lta� �� 500 V B•. 11._ !Shorthand scarlet cloth. gilt. closely printed. containing a vast Rope hauling mach ine. W. Lantz (rei.sue)..... Potts Wllll&mapnrt. .Pa. Inamou nt valuable matter on all tbe Metals and AIl·.ys R .��. PROPOSALS. not to beof found in any other book In tbe English lan ��. 589.65' guage. °'ii::ltfd::�.��: ��: �:. �'. FILMS &, MACH INE S RUl � ,.., W-.PrIce $2.50.free of postage to anv address in the world. �.��: .��: 589.642 �/v _ A _� ", ��T S; ..��.� . ��I.�� .�. �: .��: FOR ANlr'Y1ArED PHO TOG RAPHS NEW RIDGE, OOMMISSIONERS' W- circular of pages. showing the full Con lP. )( �L" N"' r EAST RIVER B pro Salts. proce of and apparatus...... for•• ...... electrolyziug... 589.523 • "omce. New York. August 31. 1897.--Separate tents of tMs "aluable book. will be sent free TablfoJ.. ee of •• A 24 wt fu.ed. Boel.terli...... 589.603 part of the worta who J J. Pattern and Model Work, Optical. posals will be received by the Oommlssioners of the and fur� Sash Jock. A. Haegeliu ...... E xperlment a I R. 589,001 etc., Instruments. blcyc e sundries. New East River Bridge at their office at No. :'�g,�� II Sash ral.er. Boyte & Houston ...... i 49 �it�t EMPIRE NOVELTY WORKS, E. 30th St.. New York. Chambers street.New York City, at o'clockIn •. the �1."Z:HENRY CAREY BAIRD CO. Sau.age.... linking..... ortwl.ting. .. machine. W. F. Schon. 402 2 &; land ...... , ...... 589.578 afternoon of Wednesday. September en· PUBLISHERS.BoOKSELLERS ...... 589.719 MAC:HINEI!!�Corliss EnalneI!t.Brewe"' dorsed "Proposal for Oonstructlon of 22,Brooklyn 1897 (or INDUSTRIAL &IMPORTERS Saw hack. G. W. Griffin . . .. and T Walnnt St., Philadelphia, Sawing and planing device. combination. Bottlers•• Machinery. THE VIL JjlB New York) Anchorage of New East River Bridge." 810 PRo, U. S. A. Coom ...... C. ..S... 589.009 I-C- E MFG. CO Clinton Street, Milwaukee. Wis. for furnishing materials for and constructingthe an· Sawing machine. wood. Proctor & Neudorlf ...... tJ99 chorage. of the New East River Bridge. In accord· IT COSTS NOTHINC TO TRY ! Scale. spring balance computing. F. C. Hoyt .....• 589,793589.602 . . ance with the proposed form of contract and the steam Scorer. quadruple. T. Robinson et a1 ...... 589.577 SPECTACLES t : E ��L. ��:i�: plans and specifications therefor. All bid. shall All nserscan savetlme e J. for new optical catalogue. Wabas�ve . micagO. D.be money and trouble with the ...... 589.529 2'i'1 enclosed In sealed envelopes, addressed to Simplest. safest and most �� b��h��lt·�:::er ...... Baird. President of the Board of OommlsslonersA. of exlst- Separator. See Cream .eparator. Gram separ the New East River BrIdge. and pre.ented to him :!.��'ll'i"i'Nl1lZ se':�e. purlfyln Adeney & Parry...... 589.460 on that day and at that hour at said office, and such STEAM TRAP Sewing looped fatric.• machine for. J. G. Powell. 589.511 bids will be opened In public meeting by the Oom· Guaranteed never to Sewing machine bra! ding attachment. M. E. missioner. on that day at o·clock. wear out. Look at tbe Tynes ...... 589.764 Ooples of the speclllcatlons2 and the general drnw cut and see how it's �::t�1 :::�t:�:.f:�:\\.":'��.f.tE�B�i-t�::':':·. : Ings of the work. with the proposed form of bid .i ESTABLISHED 187L e a d contract ma" be seen and further Information willnn .. ' : �:ll:l �g� �v�PI""!n �an�� Shaping or treeing machlnt3 B. Noyes...... 589.744 be given at tbe ofllce of the Chief Engineer. No. J...... S4 one year and I'll furnl.h3 tbe trap free. See llIus. Sharpener. scls.ors. J. P. So1 lers ...... 589.626 B kl notICe Sci. Am. July ,!. 1897. Sole American Mfr...... 589.500 B upon Wm. S. S. 4th �t., Phila.. Pa. Sheave. A. Clark ...... ';:o�:i8 � b�' made a form pr,!vlded Haines, 136 J. 589.777. 589.778 Shirt. G. D. Elghmie ...... tberefor and those proposals w\1l bl> oonsldered e Shoe. rider's, J...... 589.443 onl B. Rath bun...... 589.617 �',*e.. which are romplete.v In proper form. comply with - Signal box. Robbins ...... 1IIlKY A. C. . TYPE. WHEELS. MODELl LIXPE.RIMENTAL WDRK 1MAlL1W.H the requirement. herein stated, and are olfered by ' . 'WOODEN TANKS. Signaling apparatus... . and. cirCUit...... electriC.. .H. _N OVElTIES . ETC. NE.W YD aTENCIIL WaRKI IDD UaeAU 8T N.Y. . E . 589.746 parties of known reputation. experience and reo . For Railroads. Mills and Mannfactories. Owen et a1 ...... • : :: 589.648 FOR SALE. Valuable woodworking machine for ::::: Builders of Steel Towers and Tanks. Sink. G. Ferdig ...... 589.444 v . ',". . La. Red Cypress Wood Tanks a specialty. Skin Q eningL. machi�> C. E. Sackett putting picture frames together of any sl oblong or S'E::��I�II�der wl11 be required to deposit. with his W. P ...... 589.467 h f � proposal In the office of the Commissioner.. cer II: · Sled propeller. wagoner...... 589.514 a .. E. CALDWELL CO., Slicer. J. E. & H.C. R. F. Stuart �:tfc�·��£. .:lI�"!:3. �!�'foe:, f:'x ��{vest�t�W."i tlfied check for $10.000, payable t� the oMPr t 217 E. Main Jiltreet,Louisville. Ky. Sole cutting out machine. boot or shoe. J. J. Riohard Dee7es. as Treasurerof the New EastRlvEOr 0 SO SIMPLE A CHILD CAN USE THEM Breach...... 589,409 FOR SALE.-A First-class Foundry and Machine Brldl22 Rid', for thp Brooklyn and New York anoboragPS. D1ustrated Catalogue...... 589.759 e I 1'!n��p'trJ�f hoth bid f�r. mu.t be made separately. Stave forming device. T. J... Sullivan...... If SUNART PHOTO CO. Stock and die. G. G. Doyle ...... 589.640 ��;:"�lD::n��a"��U"�;t..g� �: Pe The Commissionersare reserve the right to rejp.t buildings witb fine tool.. Perfect eq:lfpment. J.ocated1881 Rnd all of the p,""po.R1. oft'ered. and to Rooent "":0 N. Y. e 0 ...... •••. .. 589,758 D. BAIRD. "n1 �t:¥c:�i-vr.::, a� �:t'i,�P8�'iitaib In manutacturlng center.110 Bu.lness establisbed pro)JO!1aloft'erp d. ' President. 5 AQUEDUCT STREET. ROCHESTER...... 589.631 . ANDREW Stove. C. T. An:freas ...... Applicantmust bave .• .. and devote time to bu.i THURBER, Secretsq. Stove, G. I,aube ...... 589.473 ness. Address W. C 000 773, New York City. 1'. B. " Stove i e. R. McPhalll ...... 589.b'lO I. .HOX THE IN D U S T R I A L " f, P OXY-BYDROGEN COMPOUND JET. ��::t ��e��h:-o�.����·:::::::. ::. ::.:: 1 I b ...... 589.726�:= �g'!:i�lel �t��:1c�;,�&i. ��: Je r�� g� Stuffingbox valve, Hodge &. Geer...... 589.730 fitted to almost any good magic SwiDJrtng gat e, W. H. Jones ...... • SwitCh. See Electric switch. ISO VIAR" lantern. etc and will produce a · · · ·· · EXPERIENCI. e � : .·...... ·.: VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., w�C�� le� e�� latet,'il��' ChaCo. s. �:�i:�:h��i��l�{�S � � �:� ::: any years with the 'l·elemeter. C. Gulliksen...... 589,527 Friction Pu Ileys, Clutches Elevators i' s er 'l'elephone boxes. electric switch. and cutout for. & ol I'iI:{)G�� r. 'l':.'!i::::r�t�t ...... 8 PROVIDENCE R. I. A. C. Robbins . . . .. �'Ws• Stereoptlcens, Maltic Lan- r.:I:&�g�:·s��\'!::r.�::�Tgpr.; . e s V u • c�ro��r: Strowger ' � �'::SC';-rtlo� 'i.';.Worth�� ?o�� proje" h 589.798 1';13 andP127 Street, New•• Tel: �'i !� tro:n.Diitter·f;;r i" YOl'k ('it�;. p . .. ·.igna. .. boxe.:. ·. .i..Cc:. . 500.619 PATENTS Robbins ...... I 1.'elephonic measured. service system, Hayes. " TRADE MARKS. Wales ...... Temperature regulator. R. W. King ...... DESIONS. 'l'ent, H. Jensen ...... •...... COPYRIOHTS ...... HEAVEN ITS WONDERS AND HELL " r.1:.�at��.,"tta,M�!:�l'l'°�Jite� uenzel ...... by Emanuel Swedenbor,g. tbe gra dest, most Interest d &0. Ing. lnstrnctlve. and ratIonal book ever written on the f� :�e;cJ!'e::::" ::'f!��g�,,& Time recorder...... watchman's..•...•..•...... electriC..••..C...... H. .•Phln.•••.•. subject. More be learned about genuine religion q!.:lI�:g:�l� ney •• prcbably patentable. Commnnlcatlons strictly Tip ap{>lylng machine.C. A. Seeley...... and the future lifecan thau from whole IIbrarie. of book conlldentlal. Oldest agencyfor securing patentl Tire, bIcycle. C. Hooper ...... �g=·J'��?��n c America. We have a Washlnirt9n Office. �lSun.proof-weather.proof. Go farther, 8h:r!�Cfsr.: �mr..1e�gr:: In Co. I I , l s S2�� Patents taken through wear longer. hold their colors better than ��: c� �:��etlg·e �«�!t�� 6: Grani: ::::::::::::: 8pecialnotice In the Mnnn 81; receive strictly white lead-any other palnts:- Tire. Inflatable. W. White ...... �:,r:aJc'i,h��'in��G. .�::�I'n� e . WO RKERS SOIENTIFIO AMERIOAN, I . ��'i! k';Ugho:n:: :' :: I Tombstone or monument.• Hammond & Taylor . . . Chisels. Gonges. Turning Tools. IJeantlfolly Illustrated, largest circulation of . Carving ToolW"s .. Pattern MakeListrs any_scientificjournal, weekly. terms� . . : for .PrIce '!J'earl ... . BUCK . BROS. Ganges. 11.50six months.ATBNTS SpeCimen copies and .HAND �g�: t. :rw�W��t·.::·.·.·.:·.·.·.:·.·.·.:·.·.·.:·.·.·.:·:::. ..:. : "end . -� BUCK BROS., Millbury. Mass. BOllIX sent free. Addrela l.·rack sanding.... device...... for. .street...... railway. . ..E.. CAS T STEE:L ON l'MUNN �II I\\�" C. Collins ...... cars...... 589.417 I &; CO. I LIQUID Trap. See �'ish and animal trap. . 361 Broadway, NeW' IiPAT Patton'sIN TOJ&� PASTE OR �ModelAIN FOID!.T o ':::. ':::. ':::. ':::. :: �:� Jerk. Honse Palntlnl!" (capable r.� gil:· 'W. X�Re.;r;ioj,.' . V8u USE GRINDSTONES = color combinations), Master Painter's : �o!...... ::: .. 589.693 P I 01 OOtooon t l.'rolley. Canales j � Y� � Trolley for1<'. electric W. railways. underrunning. S. H. If I ��:! o�:� ,r;� :o!r:fct"Tor�....e�� ·Crow::::.: of Tr 71��r;Iieei,' ei"Ciriccar: Crawford &; I JAS. E. PATTON (lO., IUlwaakee, W U. 8. A. 0 ...... �:�589,773 .... l.·rus T. Woodward .. I...... UwnWIIIIIRIUIDIIUI IIIUIII "IQllD10""gm· ... r.��:I��•• '::l.!'.'tH. I'g��t�. Jc .f�. rs�� :::::.i;8iJ:42:i: �:= Turntable. J. M. He...... %...... 589.724 ��1:[��m�jJg;�'!:t��w��ffc1��·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.·.: ! . 589.636�: r . laY I . Typesetting and line casting machine...... C. J.. Botz... . . �phates.!!r�� ..reen� Colfee,Q � Wet �!Feeds.J�� tlalt,� l.· ewrlter roll. M.t C. Mengls ...... 589.663 • � . SUlfar,Chemicals. In opera �;: ��\i":�:i � ��:\.� � �� .��.�� ""A NTED tion. Send 6th etc. 15 YearscataloQue. V s . 479 fur iUustrateaBannibaf, Experimental Work for Patentees. Metal Pattern and S. E. WORRELL, Mo. �:�'i� �Ib'i-'":��'k�s� 1\��: . I .�: .�: ��.�.::::::. ' WJ Model Making. Will manufacture patented M. A. SMITH29-31 & Why : : Manufacturer.. �:l::gl�e':{�I'f. �: ����.::::::. :'.: :'.: '::.: '::.: 7ny specialties. All work guaranteed. Street, Philadelphia. Not Make Rubber Stamps ? t JilPORTINGSHOES �� g�g�:k�� o:.. t:p ��·skaar::·.::·.::::·.·.:·.·.·.:: CENTURY MACHINE COMPANY, k I Wagon. convertible. H. Goodwin ...... 376 West Broadway, New York. fh':," �'J:':n�.f� ��!:.t�b,F.J� ,8�:=. ;��I��r�free. C G. Chlcalfo. Slm le .rocess. Largeprofits. �:fi.°t�e�::y �O� t��t::::::::::::::::::::::: BARTON C 338 Broailway, New York,OfIr.ulan U. A...... Gi MFG.P & , Washll machine. F. D. Harding ...... _ S. :!t c . . BRASS BAND A First Class Cigar Railways. � : Instruments, Drums, nifonns, Eguip- S3.50 :�: glg::t ��:. �: f: J�!!:li:::::.·::.·::::: :::. ments Low and Water pipe system. E. W. Gile...... for Bands and DnlmU Corps. made in the shape S6.50 Water power apparatus, O. Woodard ...... est prices ever quoted. Fine Catalo · Hand D ynamo, i J. . s Illustrations. it gives� ,4,nd00 of J:�n,� . � mailed free a stogie- �:;':," � f��;�� . .��. � .�� '.: Music Instructions for Amateur.. Bands. S8.50 Wave motor. Wrlj!ht...... & Plane. P. h Inclined � �AT".�: LYON &; BEALL 33.35 Adami lit., Ch;cago. S4 00 �:ln�'tN�to��'g8:?c s o .�: ��:.: . ��e�� ::TIi�t�:l" ·J'rote��t'::ei.'''··''''''· Wheel. C. Guider ...... e l • Rov ltlaeS Wheel. J. C.E. Michie ...... 500 E1 ctrl·Ca otMrefIOtI6ZUu • . INVESTORS Stamp for eata1.oaUe Q/ l � for sale the Enlllish and other THE CARLIFIS LE FINCH Sixth .St., Cincinnati. , ;�a:::fil�:�fJ��t�PG�E�K��'i'l::. �: ��::::: ::: We offer a co., O. Window and. casing for cars. etc.. Welling. ign ton...... C. A. .... 589.{()3 fore patents on an article, the manu is there. WASHBURNE ' S PATENT S � Box ��a :f:�r�:t:!� :� facture of which has provt'n very remun with 100ill, $1.SO. PE g �:"c .�. I'i:�WCk8:·.:·:::::.::: Direct or from dealen. Wire. or .teels. machine for putting tips on ends 589.580 erative in the United States. For partic of covered, C. A. Seeley...... THE R. a W. JENKINSON CO., Wrench. See Nut wrench...... Wagon...... wrench.... . ulars address O. T. Co. , 858-364 Dear Wrench. H. Altholf ...... 589.681 W. Pittsburg. Pa...... 589.663 Wrench. Noble & l.·usslng ...... born Street, Chicago, m.

DESIGNS. . . Badge. H. M. Caldwell...... How to Build Home,--.-...... •...... a Bicycle support. B. Felton ...... 27.621 Bicycles. etc .. pedalF. for. B. H. Davies ...... 27.63127.632 ��"et�p;��:� �:�:.��::::::::::::::::::.: �:[f:l Tbose lDtendlng build lind the very best practical sug . gestions and examplesto of Modemwill Architecture in the bandsomest Cane mill base...... 27.626 Architectural Magazineever published g��n��:·1'�e�N. Sanders�:.��.':��: ::::::::::::::::::: �:� �I"ev�� a �:� g���:�e�w� 'i'g�ri;::::::::::::::.: "The Scientific American We ef piate. W. Bayhou.e ...... 27.630 �j,&e�:&�¥.�rBiink,j:::::::::::::::::::::::. :: . : Building Edition." tl:Jf:.'!y ...... �::i Colored Scale face plate. J. Swihart...... Ea H. . . 21.627 Ch number . illustra�ed with a plate and numerous Stove, heating, S. Boal. tUrect from Stove or range. Kline & Prizer...... 27.62827,629 handsome euravlnnI made photographs of together with Interior views, lIoor plans, descriptiOn, cost. buildings. Registers an accurate account of work donI! on print. locat.lon. r a printed of the specillcatlon &bd drawing of owners' and architect.' names and addres.es. Tbe Illustrations �� ef :��arl� �ac�m:� 'C��,l'l.:'fi �"r.'�MI�a anyA patent in1S63copy tileforell"olng list, or any lI.atent in print include seasbore. southern.colonial and city residences. churches, repeats automatically. W"Simple. Send accurafe.for ctrcUlar. durable. Spe Issued Since will be furnl.hed from thl. office for schools. public buildings. stables.carriage cial couuters to order. 10 cents. In ordering, please state the nanleand number. houses. etc. C. J. ROOT, Bristol, Conn, U. S. A. of the patent desired. and remit to Mono & Co . 361 All who contemplate buildlnl!'.or improvmg bomes or structures Broadway. New York. Special rates will be !!ivenwhere of any kind. have in tbis handsome work an almost endless series a large number of copies are desired at one tIme. the latest and best examples from WHich to make selections, thu.s saving time and money. of may new be obtained bt the in' CENTS. Canndlao n palcnts l t PUBLISHED MONTHLY. SUBSCRIPTIONS $2.50 A YEAR. SINGLE COPIES 25 ��rs[. ��rd�a ��:y �:�f�:I�.'!�':�:�f .:, Semi-Annual Bound Volumes, each. Yearly Bound Volumes, $3.50 e e r:��: S2.00 each. M..��t':t::".f'pat,entsllu�li l �. IIUI;J'�r: �w�� :� n Ot.ber:foreian obtaIneG. FO� �� a.t �. �w: York. &lao be =a- MUNN I; 00., Publishers, 361 Broadway. New York

ORDINARY RATES. - Inside Palre, each Insertion, • ') cents a line 3 Back Palre, each insertion. •• line (Old Process Oround Flint or Quartz) (ribUnt Bi(vdt ,1.00 Ii. .. SpecWi and Tested and True. =�r =;"ed �f AaverU M>enu. H�The � above are ebara'es per agate line-about elllht words per line. This notice shows the WIdth of the Ime. FO:AKING Porcelain, Paint, Laundry and Scouring Soaps a!ld Is set in agatetype. Enlll'Bvings may head adver SOLo:! MANUPACTURERS, tisements at the same rateper agate Une. by measure· e dv e :.':,��fve':i" �� \r.faft�Som!. .:;.rt!:� � T'l: �� T E BRIDIE ORT WOOD FINISHINI COMPANY, mornln" to appearIn the followingweek's luue. H P NEW MILPCRP; froNN_ 240 Pearl Street, NEW YORK. 2111Eut lAke Street, CHICAOO. Works : New MIHord, Conn., and Branchville, Conn. To Inventors and Manufacturers ! Going to Build ? Worklnlr or Placlnlr Yon will need Hardware. The bestcoSts little have unusnal facilitiestor more than the pOorstull' ottenused To get The Easiest Runninlr Wheel in the World. ValuableI Patents In United States, Great Britain, e s 80 n . 17' &na and otber forelj{U countries. Correspondence Invited. �':. t�: iJo�f: ol'Wesi�::.�? a �':O;': h't!i: Oataiogue. will be sent free upon application to BARGlClI'I . for E. C. care MAGNOLIA METAL Co., '" Co., Chambers Street,New York. MILLER, West Street, New York THE BLAOK ERIE, PA. !l66 &; !l67 37 MFG. 00.,

JESSOP'S STEE LT HB\�\R Y FOR TOOLS. SAWS ETC W'!! JESSOP 6< SONS L:� 91 JOHN ST.NEW YORK InterestlnllHALF Ahlstor CENTURYof the cyrle OF from CYCLE8.-AN Its Orl n up to the t � t:: P.��::.'..:�I':r " �n31�S!n��0�.ri¥,6'e �r?�C�Te. modern wheel. Cycle buildlnlla .clence. pornts ��:Im provement. The pneumatic tire. hand andof foot cycle. With 9 illustrations. Contained In SCI1llNTIFIC A cents. �:::�';.1l�..st'i,f:�:£d �-J:tl :te wsaJ1u":r!? XWITH RaV AUTOMATIC(Ub ADJUSTABLEts VACUUM ATTACHMENT. Impossible high In vacuum. Lite proloto Dlledrunindefinitely. too are near perfection in COLUMBIall as AS Roentgen Ray Apparatus : adjustment and finish when Coils (Induction and HIRh Fre they leave the Columbia Flnoroaeopea, qnency). Mo works as human ingenUity tor-Generators, etc. can make them, and are MINIATURE ready to be ridden on the Candelabra,INCANDE SeriesSCENT, Decorative, LAMPS, Battery longest journey or put to the EDISON DECORATIVE " MINIATURE LAMP DEPT. severest test. Harrison, (General ElectricCo.) N. J. 1891 Columbia Bicycles $75 TO ALL ALI KE. STANDARD OF THE WORLD _.'..-_---

1891 Hartfords • • $50 Hartford Patten 2. Women'. 45 Hartford Paffem I, lien's 40 MAG IC STAlE ILLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC DIVERSIONS, INCLUD- , POPE MFG. CO •• Hartford. Conn. JOOd every ,. tbOM OOIdn, from t6 IiColumbias not properly repn:seuted A. 1nbe.t lIu�•• of &I ,boel ln tbe wor1d:madeco IT. OD We are in your vicinity. know. TRICK OT hay. ebetmproyed En,Ush$.1.10 by mo.t .kllful workmencae let us PH O.�,� """"" ,, late.,In country. Luta. tbe UllJImpoJ'tH. Kanpr'lO fu' color Com,,"...... letl. lDylitble OD tbe IUllde.Top., three row. book.ItICCb1llJ. aod oJ8- ALBERT A. HOPKINS. HENRY RIDGELY EVANS. IIlbt and beaY)' IOle., be" ��.:... to The N..IO Pollce �. � oak leather boUollUf. wWthI Aw!lert EE. the prleebe.t. .boo IOId AIIJ· 568 Pages, 420 Illustrations. �t We at.sell shoel dlreet from our facto". tbroup ll ltorel In prluelpaleltle, and 6"OOO retall de&len THE Price, by mail, $2.50. tbrou,hot1ttbe tbe count..,.. " " " " " tbe IMpat mUlufa.eturefi aDd l&1lera men'. Ine Ihoes lu world HIS work on Magic. Stage Illusions and Trick t BetD, r& ID reuonof wby eTery palr of \.he DouJ'11 Ule Motor o!J�;Jc��tury Photogrllphy appeals to the professional and the (9 Sboe. II a bargain. Don'tW. be L. decelyed. .... - BY ANYONE. amateur alike. and will prove a welcome addi DoUilas name price1I. &&mped =-- FOR ANY WORK. � W.on L.tbe bottom 91 eyery&nd sboa. tion to any library anti will be read with interest by I NOUSHiiU Seutto any pan • � younlr and old. The illusions are well Illustrated by en ot price and centsoftbeU.S for . _-= :=- N� ��ng�� rON��nglneer! d· d· Cos �b� gravings which fully explain the nature of the tricks. 20, t of � 'CONOMY, ��:�'i:' Great attention paid to the exposes of large and Im R£LlABILlTY,·1. hour indicated¥ame.:-i is SIMP�,leITY. SAFETY ...an to each H. p, portant 11lUElons. These have been, In many Oatalogu.. Umon4als. eu., bI/resring add cases, CHARTER GAS ENGINET CO .• Box 148, STERLING, ILL. furnished by prestldigitateurs of the highest standing. Some of the most IlIl'\tOrtant tricks of Robert Houdln, Bautler de Kolt&, Kellar and Herrmann are explained. Conjuring tricks are not neglected, and Fire Eaters, FISOHER'S Sword Swallowers, VentriloquisU!. etc., all come for a share of attention. Several chapters deal inwith ClROLE Ancient Mllgic and the section relating to .. Science in DIVIDER AND ANGLE PROTRAOTOR the Theater " deserve the attention of all theater h I goers. The section devoted Photographic Diver � � !,::��'l,� I�b��ftl� to .. h �1J!�:re��I:'��l"': sions " Is very complete, illustrating the most Import b means o'ftllepolu ts, which marked and"t1l,'lI l1li 'lIs a very useful and tlme-savinllare uovelty. "s" ant forms of trick photographs which the amateur lnstrnment clotb covere cket case.wltb dlreo- I � E can make. The method of taking and projecting I. Str�et 1:! "o�� " moving photographs Is described In detail. Other ��"}�f:��:;.OO·4ff�! Gunl, Buggiel · interesting features Include an Introduction which STEREOPTICONS, LANTEIrNS Btevel_, WateDN H"me.. , 8calesSe'Wmror :\laehiDf'S�ll Tirletie. OrJr&!l1:\m.d PianOil�(l otber.rtlel. S.re.,Tooli gives the history of the great necromancers and conjurors of modern timps. with special refer MAGIC LilY and all accessories -4 rICH School and Church En-tor S�"" At I P free CHlCAGO 8<:.6.1.. <':0 ,Chle�KO 111. ence to amusing incidents and anecdotes In their lives. There Is a so a vaiuable BlbliOjJ1'8phy tertalnments and adult l ;C-,.. of Books on Natural Maglo. An Illustrated circular giving specimens of the engravings. and ;uvenlle ...f f amusement and The together with a ull table of contents, will be mailed free to any address. The book is a Instruction. �bjt;'.. large octavo handsomely bound. Microscopic 2 and Is strnment. for Ii!a� os physicians andIn. ':;;;- Falcon Camera CONTENTS. tor free �,..!l caw/o{/1!eill trate .. f .. edCHAS. BESELn,to lB82. and FOR 3� x 3� PICTURES. INTRODUCTION. BOOK III. Manufacturer, 216 EstablishedNew York. N. Centre Street. PatenteeY. our SCIENCE IN THE THEATER. Uses Chap, l.-Beblnd tbe Scenes of an Opera Honse IlYSTSBIES KODSBN KAGIC. a B.� �� t·a:t�W�e:� Light-�f BOOK01' S��ecreu.�:- Chap.b�':;. 5.-Tbe Nautical Arena. Cbap. A Trip to the Moon. Chap. 7.-CyclorBma. Cbap. Film Cartridges CONJURORS' TRICKS ANDI. STAGS ILLUSIONS. -Fireworkswith Dramatlo Acce8sorles. 6. h S. For J2 O�� o� :��-;; BOOK IV. �rl:f.��<:'':.� l��,m�rr��e AUTOKATA AND CURIOUS TOYS. Jt� �::nll�ro:a�;J:.'!o':-�e��a��FYr;i:':.t Exposures and era and Hword Tricks. Ch 7.-VentrlJoqnlsm and Chap.l.-Automata. Chap.2.-CUrlous1'oY8. Cbap. � ap. .-Shadowgraphy. B.-Miscellaneous Tricks of an Amnslng Nature. th"a��9��lI1�n��ci. S BOOK V. LOADS IN PHOTOGRAPHIC DIVSRSIONS. BOOK Chap. t.-Trick PhotoJ{raphy. Chap. 2.-Chrono DAYLIGHT. ANCJENT MAGIC.II. photography. Chap. B.-ProJectingMoving Pictures. Chap. 1.-Temple Tricks of the Greeks. Chap.2. Improved safety shutter, set of three stops. fine Miraculous Vessels of the Greeks. Chap. S.-The APPENDIX. o achromatic lens, view finder and socketfor tripod ��:�� 't�the SteamEnglue. Chap. '.-Greek Lamps, Additional TricksaDd Bibliography of n screw. e . Natural Magic. Books �Bookl.t Fru. $2,853.00 In Prizes EASTI.. KODAK CO. For Pictures. MUNN & CO., Publishers, 36J Broadway, New York $.,47Kodsk5.00 In Oold. City ()HNSON '" Prl!��!·.l'enth and Lombard � elp 00.'8 IN,K, York ROO HESTER. N. Y. • ••I-.:.; -...;:-a-oYI...;'lI"<��I<,l-"';"�..;'1�.:'..u.. Sts.,ENEUPhllad J hla, Duane,New tll!��l!!!mand47 l!�B<»eSf; opp.