Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Da Amazônia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Entomologia – Ppg/Ent

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Instituto Nacional De Pesquisas Da Amazônia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Entomologia – Ppg/Ent INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA – PPG/ENT SISTEMÁTICA DAS VESPAS PARASITOIDES DO GÊNERO Callihormius ASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: DORYCTINAE) E GÊNEROS FILOGENETICAMENTE RELACIONADOS SIAN DE SOUZA GADELHA Manaus, Amazonas, Março , 2019 SIAN DE SOUZA GADELHA SISTEMÁTICA DAS VESPAS PARASITOIDES DO GÊNERO Callihormius ASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: DORYCTINAE) E GÊNEROS FILOGENETICAMENTE RELACIONADOS Orientador: Marcio Luiz de Oliveira (INPA) Co-Orientador: Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México– Cidade do México, México) Tese apresentada ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas, área de concentração em Entomologia. Manaus, Amazonas, Março, 2019 III SIAN DE SOUZA GADELHA SISTEMÁTICA DAS VESPAS PARASITOIDES DO GÊNERO Callihormius ASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: DORYCTINAE) E GÊNEROS FILOGENETICAMENTE RELACIONADOS Relação da Banca Avaliadora Dra. Vera Margarete Scarpassa Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Dr. Danilo Pacheco Cordeiro Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Dra. Rosaly Ale-Rocha Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Dra. Jeane Marcelle Cavalcante do Nascimento Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Dra. Itanna Oliveira Fernandes Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Manaus, Amazonas, Março, 2019 IV Sinopse: Foi realizada uma revisão taxonômica dos gêneros Callihormius e Aphelopsia, um estudo taxonômico de Platydoryctes, e um estudo filogenético com base em dados moleculares para Callihormius e outros gêneros filogeneticamente próximos. Quatro novos gêneros foram propostos, além de um gênero revalidado, e 14 espécies novas foram descritas. Palavras-chave: Ichneumonoidea, Aphelopsia, Platydoryctes, Panama. V AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) e ao curso de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, pela infraestrutura fornecida para a realização deste projeto de doutorado. Ao Instituto de Biología da Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (IB UNAM) pela infraestrutura e oportunidade de estagiar junto ao meu co-orientador. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pela bolsa concedida. Ao meu orientador Marcio Luiz de Oliveira pela orientação ao longo de todo o trabalho. Ao meu co-orientador Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón, não só pela orientação, suporte e conhecimento compartilhado, mas por ter me recebido em sua casa durante os estágios que fiz no México, e por ter se tornado um grande amigo acima de tudo. Aos curadores (Dr. Robert Kula, Dr. Scott R. Shaw and Dr. Marcelo Teixeira Tavares) e técnicos (Cristina Mayorga e Guillermina Ortega) que foram de grande ajuda no processo de empréstimo do material utilizado neste trabalho. Agradeço imensamente a toda a minha família que sempre me apoiou nessa difícil caminhada, em especial aos meus pais José Carlos e Ângela, além de minha irmã Seiara Meri. Aos amigos que conheci no INPA, desde os colegas de turma, aos colegas de Laboratório, agradeço não só pelos momentos de descontração, mas também pelas inúmeras discussões sobre nossos trabalhos, sempre muito produtivas. E por fim, agradeço a todos que direta ou indiretamente contribuíram com essa jornada que me propus a enfrentar em 2012, quando me mudei para Manaus para iniciar o mestrado, e que agora chega ao fim com esta tese de doutorado. VI RESUMO Doryctinae é um dos grupos com maior diversidade de espécies dentro de Braconidae e ao mesmo tempo, apresenta uma grande variação morfológica intraespecífica. Essa variação tem dificultado o estabelecimento das definições de gêneros e espécies dentro da subfamília. Um exemplo disso está em Callihormius Ashmead, um gênero pouco conhecido com dez espécies válidas anteriormente a este trabalho, e que atualmente, tem seus limites sobrepostos a outros dois gêneros, Aphelopsia Marsh e Platydoryctes Barbalho & Penteado-Dias que possuíam duas e três espécies válidas, respectivamente. No intuito de melhorar a definição destes gêneros, o presente trabalho revisou a taxonomia destes grupos com o apoio de uma análise filogenética molecular que pela primeira vez focou nos grupos em questão. Após uma primeira revisão taxonômica de Callihormius, realizada em um trabalho já publicado, e com o intuito de melhor compreender a definição utilizada na literatura, foi possível redescrever algumas espécies descritas e descrever novas espécies que seriam utilizadas na análise filogenética. Uma análise Bayesiana utilizando cinco marcadores moleculares, dois mitocondriais e três nucleares, foi realizada para tentar recuperar a monofilia dos gêneros abordados anteriormente. Esta análise demonstrou a fragilidade da definição utilizada para Callihormius na literatura recuperando o gênero como um grupo polifilético. Com isso, novos conjuntos de caracteres a serem utilizados não só para a definição deste gênero, mas também para Platydoryctes foram propostos. Em seguida, tendo como base os resultados da filogenia, foi realizada uma revisão do gênero Aphelopsia e também uma atualização taxonômica de Callihormius, apresentando uma nova diagnose, novas espécies para o gênero, e cinco novos gêneros derivados de espécies anteriormente classificadas como Callihormius. Um estudo taxonômico de Platydoryctes também é realizado, apresentando uma nova definição para o mesmo, além da descrição de quatro novas espécies. Desta forma, ao final das mudanças taxonômicas que se fizeram necessárias, Callihormius passou a ter nove espécies válidas e Aphelopsia e Platydoryctes passaram a ter três e oito espécies válidas, respectivamente. VII ABSTRACT Doryctinae is a highly species diverse group within Braconidae and at the same time presents a great intraspecific morphological variation. This variation has made it difficult to establish the definitions of genera and species within the subfamily. An example is Callihormius Ashmead, a little-known genus with ten valid species previously to this work, and which currently has its limits overlapping with other two genera, Aphelopsia Marsh and Platydoryctes Barbalho & Penteado-Dias that had two and three valid species, respectively. In order to improve the definition of these genera, the present work reviewed the taxonomy of these groups with the support of a molecular phylogenetic analysis that for the first time focused on these genera. After a first taxonomic review of Callihormius, carried out in an already published work, in order to better understand the definition used in the literature, it was possible to redescribe some species and describe new ones that would be used in the phylogenetic analysis. A Bayesian analysis using five molecular markers, two mitochondrial and three nuclear, was performed to try to recover the monophyly of the above genera. This analysis demonstrated the fragility of the Callihormius definition used in the literature recovering the genus as a polyphyletic group. Therefore, new sets of characters to be used not only for the definition of this genus, but also for Platydoryctes were proposed. Then, based on the results of the phylogeny, a review of the genus Aphelopsia and a taxonomic update on Callihormius was carried out, presenting a new diagnosis, three new species for the genus, and five new genera derived from species previously classified as Callihormius. A taxonomic study of Platydoryctes was also performed, with a new definition for it and the description of four new species. Thus, at the end of the taxonomic changes that became necessary, Callihormius happened to have nine valid species and Aphelopsia and Platydoryctes happened to have three and eight valid species, respectively. VIII SUMÁRIO 1. Introdução geral ................................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Himenópteros Parasitoides ............................................................................................. 13 1.2 Braconidae ...................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Doryctinae ...................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Callihormius Ashmead, 1900 ......................................................................................... 16 2. Objetivos .............................................................................................................................. 18 2.1 Objetivo Geral ................................................................................................................ 18 2.2 Objetivos Específicos ..................................................................................................... 18 Capítulo I .............................................................................................................................. 19 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 22 Material and methods ............................................................................................................ 23 Taxon sampling..................................................................................................................... 23 DNA extraction, amplified markers and alignment .............................................................. 24 Species delimitation .............................................................................................................
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