Literatur in Comic-Adaptionen Ein Aktueller Überblick

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Literatur in Comic-Adaptionen Ein Aktueller Überblick Literatur in Comic-Adaptionen Ein aktueller Überblick Diplomarbeit im Fach: AV-Medien Studiengang: Öffentliches Bibliothekswesen Der Fachhochschule Stuttgart – Hochschule der Medien Maike Herrmann Erstprüfer: Prof. Dr. M. Nagl Zweitprüfer: Prof. Dr. H. Heidtmann Bearbeitungszeitraum: 15. Juli 2002 bis 15. Oktober 2002 Stuttgart, Oktober 2002 1 I. Zusammenfassung 4 II. Abstract 5 III. Einleitung 6 IV. Kriterienkatalog 10 V. Literaturadaptionen 12 VI. Reihen 16 1. Illustrierte Klassiker – „Jane Eyre“ 16 1.1 Vorlage 17 1.2 Am Comic beteiligte Personen 18 1.3 Literarischer Vergleich 18 1.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 18 1.5 Stellungnahme 20 2. Walt Disneys Lustige Taschenbücher – „Die Leiden des jungen Ganthers“ 20 2.1 Vorlage 21 2.2 Am Comic beteiligte Personen 22 2.3 Literarischer Vergleich 22 2.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 25 2.5 Stellungnahme 26 VII. Romane 27 3. Briefe aus meiner Mühle 27 3.1 Vorlage 27 3.2 Am Comic beteiligte Person 28 3.3 Literarischer Vergleich 28 3.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 32 3.5 Stellungnahme 34 4. Doktor Jekyll und Mr. Hyde 34 4.1 Vorlage 34 4.2 Am Comic beteiligte Personen 35 4.3 Literarischer Vergleich 36 4.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 37 4.5 Stellungnahme 42 5. Die Entdeckung der Currywurst – nach einem Roman von Uwe Timm 42 5.1 Vorlage 43 5.2 Am Comic beteiligte Person 43 5.3 Literarischer Vergleich 44 5.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 46 5.5 Stellungnahme 50 6. Peter Pan 51 6.1 Vorlage 51 6.2 Am Comic beteiligte Person 51 6.3 Literarischer Vergleich 52 6.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 58 6.5 Stellungnahme 61 2 VIII. Krimis 63 7. Nestor Burma – Die Brücke im Nebel 63 7.1 Vorlage 63 7.2 Am Comic beteiligte Person 65 7.3 Literarischer Vergleich 66 7.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 67 7.5 Stellungnahme 71 8. Paul Auster‘s Stadt aus Glas 72 8.1 Vorlage 72 8.2 Am Comic beteiligte Person 75 8.3 Literarischer Vergleich 75 8.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 77 8.5 Stellungnahme 89 IX. Science Fiktion und Mystery 90 9. Mort – Der Scheibenwelt-Comic 90 9.1 Vorlage 90 9.2 Am Comic beteiligte Person 91 9.3 Literarischer Vergleich 91 9.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 94 9.5 Stellungnahme 101 10. Per Anhalter durch die Galaxis 101 10.1 Vorlage 101 10.2 Am Comic beteiligte Personen 102 10.3 Literarischer Vergleich 103 10.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 104 10.5 Stellungnahme 109 X. Kinder- und Jugendbücher 110 11. Wind in den Weiden 110 11.1 Vorlage 110 11.2 Am Comic beteiligte Personen 111 11.3 Literarischer Vergleich 111 11.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 113 11.5 Stellungnahme 119 12. Der Hobbit 120 12.1 Vorlage 120 12.2 Am Comic beteiligte Personen 121 12.3 Literarischer Vergleich 121 12.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 122 12.5 Stellungnahme 128 XI. Bibel 129 13. Jesus der Galiläer 129 13.1 Vorlage 129 13.2 Am Comic beteiligte Person 130 13.3 Literarischer Vergleich 130 13.4 Visuelle Umsetzung 131 13.5 Stellungnahme 137 3 XII. Anthologien 139 14. Hard Looks 139 14.1 Vorlage 139 14.2 Die Geschichten und ihre Umsetzung 140 14.3 Stellungnahme 156 15. Little Lit – Märchen & Sagen 157 15.1 Vorbilder 157 15.2 Die Geschichten und ihre Umsetzung 157 15.3 Stellungnahme 178 XIII. Nachwort 180 XIV. Literaturverzeichnis 182 Primärliteratur 182 Sekundärliteratur 184 Internet 185 Filme 188 XV. Erklärung 189 4 I. Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Umsetzung von geschriebener in graphische Lite- ratur. Für die Analyse wurden 15 Comics ausgewählt. Kriterien zur Auswahl waren die Aktualität und ein möglichst breites Spektrum an Stilen und Sparten. In dem Kapitel „Literaturadaptionen“ geht es um die Schwierigkeiten und Möglichkei- ten von Comics ein Buch zu adaptieren. Im Schlusswort dagegen, wird ein Fazit gezo- gen. Vor der eigentlichen Untersuchung der Werke werden die Schriftsteller, die Co- mic-Artisten und die literarische Vorlage vorgestellt. Einige Kriterien für die Analyse sind der Comicsprache entnommen. Hierzu zählen unter anderen das Lettering, Laut- malerei oder die Seitenaufteilung. Zusätzlich wurden Attribute aus dem Medium „Film“ gewählt, z.B. Perspektive, Einstellung oder Tiefensprung. Weitere Anhaltspunkte bietet die „Kunst“, um die verschiedenen Stile und deren Kennzeichen beschreiben zu kön- nen. Schlagwörter: Comic, Literaturadaption, Diplomarbeit 5 II. Abstract This work is concerned with the adaptation of written to graphical literature. The analysis is based on 15 contemporary comics chosen to cover a broad variety in genre and style. Chapter “V”, “Literaturadaptionen” discusses the difficulties and possibilities to adapt a book as a comic. The summary draws the conclusion on this discussion. Prefaced by an introduction of author, artists, and the book that the comic is based on, the analysis of each comic focuses on common criteria like lettering, sound words and breakdown. In addition, several aspects usually associated with movie pictures were considered: angle, setting, and depth of focus. Yet more criteria are drawn from the discussion of art to describe the characteristics of each comic. Keywords: comic, literature, adaptation, thesis 6 III. Einleitung Das Thema ist: „Literatur in Comic-Adaptionen. Ein aktueller Überblick“. Es stehen Comics im Mittelpunkt, welche anhand einer literarischen Vorlage entstanden sind. Aktuell bedeutet, dass es in dem Zeitraum, in dem diese Diplomarbeit geschrieben wurde, möglich war, die besprochenen Comics im Handel zu erwerben. Zuerst sollte jedoch geklärt werden, was ein Comic ist. Als Definition wird die von Scott McCloud1 angeführt: „Zu räumlichen Sequenzen angeordnete, bildliche oder an- dere Zeichen, die Informationen vermitteln, und/oder eine ästhetische Wirkung beim Betrachter erzeugen sollen.“2 Comics sind ein monosensorisches Medium der Populärkultur. Der Leser nimmt al- les über die Augen auf. Doch aufgrund der Induktion erlebt der Leser die Geschichte nicht in Einzelbildern, sondern fortlaufend, ähnlich wie bei einem Film. Auch Geräusche und Gerüche können wahrgenommen werden. Diese werden visuell dargestellt. Doch der Leser übernimmt dies in den Kopf und behält dies Panel für Panel, jeweils über den Rinnstein3 hinweg bei. Wie bei allen Medien gibt es zwischen Comics viele Unterschiede. Wie bei Büchern können sie Geschichten, niedrig- und hochwertiges enthalten. Wer sich die Angebote näher ansieht, wird feststellen, dass viele Comics alles andere sind als leichte Lektüre für Zwischendurch. „Maus“ von Art Spiegelman ist hierfür keine Ausnahme. Hinzu kommt die Vielfalt an Stilen. Jeder Künstler ist einmalig. Noch größer wird diese Aus- wahl dadurch, dass sich viele Comiczeichner nicht auf einen Stil festlegen, sondern mehrere beherrschen. Dem Comicleser wird ein doppelter Genuss geboten, Handlung und Bilder. Ein Comic ist mehr als „Einzelbilder eines Filmes“. Der Leser bestimmt die Ge- schwindigkeit der Rezeption selbst und kann beliebig innerhalb der Handlung hin- und herspringen. Schnitte, Perspektivenwechsel und Einstellungen können in Comics nicht derart abrupt und schnell eingesetzt werden wie im Film, um einen flüssigen Hand- lungsverlauf zu ermöglichen. Die Größe der Einzelbilder eines Comics können nach Belieben variieren und sind Ergebnis eines kreativen Prozesses, während sie im Film durch Technik entstehen. Manche Leser nehmen zuerst die gesamte Seite des Comics auf, bevor sie sich den einzelnen Bildern zuwenden. Daher werden Schockeffekte derart eingesetzt, indem der Zeichner das Umblättern mit einplant und den „Schock“ am Beginn der linken Seite anbringt. Stimmung, Geräusche und Ton werden visuell innerhalb des Bildes darge- stellt. Ein Vorteil gegenüber dem Film ist, dass bis heute im Comic mehr möglich ist, 1 „Zot“, „Destroy“, unter anderen Preisen den „Russ Manning Award“ und „Inkpot Award“. Internationa- ler Durchbruch mit dem Standardwerk: „Comics richtig lesen“ 2 Aus Scott McCloud „Comics richtig lesen“ S. 17 3 Aus Scott McCloud „Comics richtig lesen“: „In der Grauzone des Rinnsteins, greift sich die menschli- che Phantasie zwei separate Bilder und verwandelt sie zu einem einzigen Gedanken.“ S. 74 7 als in Filmen umgesetzt werden kann. Egal wie sich die Techniken von Special Effects weiterentwickeln, im Comic gibt es keine Grenzen, weder an Technik noch an Zeit. Und wer sich allgemein mit Comics beschäftigt, wird feststellen, dass es hier, wie bei allen anderen Medien, gute und schlechte gibt. Bis Mitte der 60er Jahre des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts waren in Deutschland Co- mics für Erwachsene nicht üblich und die für Kinder wurden als minderwertig und Schund betrachtet. Dies änderte sich mit den sophisticated Comics, den Graphic- Novels und den Autoren-Comics. Heute sind Comics in Bücherläden als gleichberech- tigt angesehen (immerhin wird damit Geld verdient) und in Bibliotheken zu finden (teil- weise stehen die Erwachsenen-Comic im Bereich „Kunst“). Obwohl trotzdem die Co- mics in Bibliotheken eher als süßes Bonbon zur Anlockung von Nutzern, zwischen ge- sunder, kerniger Lektüre in Form von Büchern, angesehen wird. Die Ausleihzahlen beweisen sogar, dass Comics die höchsten Zahlen an Entleihvorgängen bieten. 1965 und 1967 gab es die ersten Comic-Ausstellungen in Paris (1967 im Louvre). 1969 wurden von einem amerikanischen Gericht die Zeichnungen von Mort Walker offiziell als Kunst anerkannt (trotz dem „Comics Code“4). 1970 schlossen sich Berlin, Wien, Hamburg und Nürnberg mit einer Wanderausstellung der Westberliner Akademie diesem Thema an. Dadurch erkannte eine steigende Anzahl an Lesern, dass Comics berechtigt als „neunte Kunst“ bezeichnet werden. Sie dringen bis in die Malerei vor und über die Pop-art-Bilder Roy Lichtensteins macht sich heute niemand mehr lustig. Wo- bei darauf hingewiesen werden muss, dass bereits Lyonel Feininger der Bauhaus- Künstler eine Comic-Serie erstellte: „The Kin-der-Kids“, 1906. Im Gegensatz gibt es von Pablo Picasso das Zitat: „Das einzige, was ich in meinem Leben bedauere, ist, dass ich niemals einen Comic gezeichnet habe.“5 Doch auch andersrum ist es möglich. Wie man bei „Dr. Jekyll und Mr. Hyde“ feststellen wird, kann auch die sogenannte „große“ Kunst ihren Weg in Comics finden. Der Begriff „die neunte Kunst“ (nach Bau, Bildhauerei, Dichtung, Malerei, Musik, Tanz, Theater und dem Film) wurde von Morris („Lucky Luke“) eingeführt. Es gibt Comic-Museen z.B.
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