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Die Wicklungen Elektrischer Maschinen

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Die Wicklungen Elektrischer Maschinen Umrechnnngstafeln1 MafJeinheiten mechanischer und kalorischer GrofJen Kraftelnhelt dyn N kp 1dyn = 1 10-6 1,020·10-8 IN lOS 1 1,020·10-1 1kp 9,807·106 9,807 1 Drehmoment, A.rbelt, Energle, erg Nm kpm cal kcal kWh Wllrmemenge 1 erg= I dyncm= 1 10-7 1,020·10-8 2,388·10-8 2,388. 10-11 2, 778 · 10-14 1 J= 1Nm=1Ws= 8 107 1 1,020·10-1 2,388·10-1 2,388·10-' 2,778·10-7 lkpm= 9,807·107 9,807 1 2,342 2,342·10-8 2,724·10-6 1 cal =8 4,187·107 4,187 4,269·10-1 I 10-8 1,163 · I0-6 1 kcal = 4,187. 1010 4,187 ·108 4,269·102 108 I 1,163 · I0-3 1kWh= 3,600·1018 3,600·108 3,670·106 8,600·106 8,600·108 1 Leistung erg/a w kpmfs PS I ergfs 1 10-7 1,020·10-8 1,360. 10-10 1 W = 1 Jfs = 107 1 1,020·10-1 1,360·10-8 1 kpmfs 9,807 ·107 9,807 1 1,333•10-B 1 PS 7,355·109 7,355·108 75 1 Bezeichnung t•on Vielfachen und Teilen der Einheit' T Tera- = 1012 h Hekto- = 101 m Milli- = 10-3 G Giga- = 109 da Deka- = 101 u Mikro- = 10-6 M Mega- = 106 d Dezi- = 10-1 n Nano- = 10-9 k Kilo- = 103 c Zenti- = 10-s p Pico- = 10-12 1 tiber die Schreibweise physikalischer Gleichungen s. DIN 1313. 2 Vgl. DIN 1345. 8 I cal = 1 Gramm-Kalorie; 1 kcal = I WE = 103 cal. ' Vgl. DIN 1301. FufJnoten zu S. 643. 1 Vgl. DIN 1301, 1339 und 1357. 2 Induktionskonstante (Permeabilitii.t des leeren Raumes) p.0 = 4 n · I0-9 Hfcm = 1,256637 · 10-8 Hfcm. 3 Influenzkonstante (Dielektrizitii.tskonstante des leeren Raumes) e0 = 0,88543 · 10-18 F/cm. Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der elektrischen Wellen im leeren Raum: c = 2,9979 • 1010 cmfs. Es gilt p.0 • e0 = -\-. c U mreehnungstafeln 643 Maf;Jeinheiten elektrischer und rnagnetischer Grof;Jen 1 1 elm = 1 elektromagnetisehe Einheit im CGS-System 1 es = 1 elektrostatisehe Einheit im CGS-System Praktlsches MaBsystem , ___c_G_s_-M_a_B_sy_s_te_m---,- __1 GroBe Ab Ab- Vergle!ch belder E!nheit I kii;-~ Einheit kiir- E!nheiten zung znng Elektrisehe Q 1 Coulomb = l As C l elm - 1 C = 10-1 elm Ladung Elektrisehe u l Volt V 1 elm - 1 V = 10s elm Spannung c Elektrisehe I l Ampere = 1 s- A 1 elm - 1 A = I0-1 elm Stromstarke Elektrisehe s 1 Amperefema - 1 elm Stromdiehte v Elektriseher R 1 Ohm= l A Q 1 elm - 1 Q = 109 elm Widerstand Spezifiseher lOhmem 1 elm l!Jem= elektriseher = 109 elm Widerstand . A Elektriseher G 1 Siemens = 1 V s 1 elm - 1 S = 10-9 elm Leitwert s Elektrisehe l Siemensjem l elm - 1-- 1Q- 9 elm em = Leitfahigkeit " Vs Induktivitat L !Henry= lA H 1 elm= 1 em - 1 H = 109 em As Elektrisehe c 1 Farad= l y-- F 1 es = 1 em - 1F=9·1011 em Kapazitat Vs Vs Magnetisehe B 1 elm = 1 GauJ3 1--- 108 G 1 ema, G em2 - Induktion 1 = 1 Tesla = (FluJ3diehte) m2V~ =IT Magnetiseher f/J l Vs = l Weber Wb l elm = l Max· M l Vs = 10s M InduktionsfluJ3 well= 1 Gem2 A A 4n Magnetisehe H l -­ - 1 elm = 1 Oersted Oe 1-=-0e em em 10 Feldstarke Magnetisehe v lA A 1 elm= 1 Gil­ Gb IA =4~- Gb Spannung bert= 10e ·em Vs H 109 G Absolute ~ 1 ~ 1 Oe - 1 em =4n- 6e Permeabilitat2 ACm v v Elektrische E 1- 1 elm - 1 -- = 108 elm em em Feldstarke C As Elektrisehe D 1 clli2- = 1 cffi2- 1 elm Versehie bung Durehflutung e l Ampere A l elm - 1 A = I0-1 elm F As Absolute Di- e 1 -- = l ---- em Vern elektrizitats­ konstantes 41* Tafel zur geschichtlichen Entwicklung der elektrischen Maschinen und Transformatoren Umlaufende Maschinen Allgemeine Grundlagen und erste 1){aschinen. 1825 Der Englander W. STURGEON erfindet den Elektromagneten. 1831 Der Englander M. FARADAY entdeckt die Gesetze der magnetischen Induktion. 1832 Erste Wechselpol-Wechselstrommaschine mit hin- und hergehender Bewegung von dem Italiener S. DAL NEGRO. Ein Unbekannter P.M. beschreibt den ersten umlaufenden Wechselstrom­ erzeuger. Der Franzose H. PIXII fertigt den ersten Gleichstromerzeuger an, der zur Stromwendung die Amperesche Wippe verwendet. 1833 Der Englander "\V. RITCHIE erfindet den Stromwender. H. F. E. LENZ entdeckt mit seinem Gesetze die Umkehrbarkeit von Motor und Generator. 1834 JACOBI treibt auf der Newa in St. Petersburg ein Boot elektrisch an. 1843 Der Deutsche E. STi:iHRER baut die ersten mehrpoligen Maschinen. 1850 Magnetelektrische Maschine der Compagnie l'Alliance nach NoLLET und VAN MALDEREN. 1856 W. SIEMENS gibt den Doppel-T-Anker an, der den ersten Nutenanker darstellt. 1866 W. SIEMENS entdeckt das dynamoelektrische Prinzip, wodurch der GroB­ maschinenbau ermiiglicht wurde. Gleichstrommaschinen. 1860 Der Italiener A. P ACINOTTI baut eine magnetelektrische .:\'Iaschine mit geschlossener Ringwicklung und mehrteiligem Stromwender. 1869 Der Belgier Z. TH. GRAMME vereinigt in seinen Maschinen den Ringanker PACINOTTIS mit dem dynamoelektrischen Prinzip. 1872 Der Deutsche F. v. HEFNER-ALTENECK gibt den Trommelanker an mit einer Einschichtwicklung. 1882 Die Zweischichtwicklung wird von dem Amerikaner E. WESTON zum Patent angemeldet. Erfindung des Nntenankers der neuzeitlichen Maschinen durch den Schweden WENSTROM. 1883 THURY stellt vier- und sechspolige AuBenpolmaschinen mit Trommelankern her. MoRDEY gibt die Ausgleichsverbindungen an. 1884 Der Hollander MENGES gibt die Kompensationswicklung an. 1885 Die Kohlebiirste wird in England und Amerika geschaffen. R. H. MATHER gibt die W endepole an. Die Firma ,Alioth" fiihrt die Schablonenwicklung ein. 1887 Der Deutsche W. LAHMEYER entwickelt die Maschine mit eisengeschlossenem AuBenpoljoch. 1891 Einfiihrung der mehrgangigen Wellenwicklungen durch den Deutschen E. ARNOLD. Systematische Behandlung der Ankerwicklungen beginnt mit E. ARNOLDS Buch iiber ,Die Ankerwicklungen der Gleichstrom-Dynamo­ maschine". Tafel zur geschichtl. Entwicklung der elektr. Maschinen unrl Transformatoren 645 1895 Dreileitermaschine von den Osterreichern ALBERT v. ETTINGSHAUSEN und F. PICHLER. 1899 Aufgeschnittene Gleichstromwicklungen von dem Siidtiroler G. OsSANNA. 1903 Der Amerikaner NoEGGERATH gibt eine Unipolarmaschine an. 1904 Querfeldmaschine des Wieners E. RosENBERG. 1908 Theorie der Stromwendung von K. PICKELMAYER. 1929 J. M. PESTARINI erhalt einen Preis fiir seine Arbeiten iiber die Metadyne oder die Zwischenbiirstenmaschinen. 1938 ALEXANDERSON und EDWARDS berichten iiber die von General Electric Company in Amerika entwickelte Verstarkermaschine Amplidyne. 1947 Der Deutsche 0. ScHMUTZ meldet eine Unsymmetrie-Verstarkermaschine zum Patent an. S ynchrone W echselatro'f1111'fUUJchinen. 1887 Der Deutsche F. A. HASELWANDER baut eine dreiphasige Ringanker-Innenpol­ maschine. TESLA meldet einen Zweiphasenmotor zum Patent an. BRADLEY entwickelt einen Mehrphasengenerator mit angezapfter Ringanker­ wicklung. 1890 Der Deutsche M. v. DOLIVO-DOBROWOLSKY verwendet zuerst Mantelspulen. 1891 Drehstrom-Kraftiibertragung Lauffen-Frankfurt a. M. 1895 C. E. L. BROWN fiihrt die Schirmtype ein. 1901 C. E. L. BROWN erfindet den Walzenturbolaufer. 1905 Durch die Arbeiten von A. B. FIELD wird die ·wirkung der vom Nutenquerfeld herriihrenden zusatzlichen Kupferverluste in Wechselstromwicklungen erkannt. 1911 RoEBEL von Brown, Boveri & Cie gibt den Kunststab zur Verminderung der zusiitzlichen Verluste an. 1926 his 1937 Behandlung von Ausgleichsvorgangen bei Synchronmaschinen durch die Amerikaner R. E. DOHERTY, C. A. NICKLE, R. H. PARK, B. L. RoBERTSON und G. KRoN. lnduktionamaachinen. 1885 Der Turiner GALILEO FERRARIS baut ein Modell eines asynchronen Mehr­ phasenmotors. 1887 Zweiphasiger Induktionsmotor mit kurzgeschlossener Phasenwicklung von NICOLA TESLA aus ~miljan (Jugoslawien). 1889 M. v. DOLIVO-DOBROWOLSKY baut den ersten Drehstrommotor mit Einfach- Kiifiganker und entwickelt auch den ersten Motor mit Doppelkiifiganker. 1893 Polumschaltbare Ringwicklung der Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon. 1894 Kreisrliagramm von HEYLAND. 1897 Polumschaltbare 'rrommelwicklung von R. DAHLANDER. 1900 Kreisdiadramm von OssANNA. H. "\V. HOBART beginnt mit der Benutzung des ·wirbelstromprinzips im Bau von Kiifigankern. 1916 Induktionsmotoren mit Wirbelstromlaufern. 1929 Induktionsmotoren mit Doppelstablaufern. Stromwenderrrwtoren fiir W echsel- und Drehatrom. Die Erkenntnis, dal3 ein Gleichstromhauptschlul3motor mit Wechselstrom betrieben werden kann, stammt aus der Mitte der achtziger Jahre. 1883 Nach ELIHU THOMSON laufen Stromwenderanker in Wechselfeldern in der Schaltung von Repulsionsmotoren. 1889 Der Franzose LEBLANC gibt den asynchronen Einankerumformer oder Stromwender-Frequenzwandler an. 1890/91 Der Deutsche GoRGES erfindet den Drehstrom-Reihenschlul3motor und den standergespeisten Drehstrom-Nebenschlul3motor (WINTER-EICHBERG, LATOUR). 646 Tafel zur geschichtl. Entwicklung der elektr. Maschinen und Transformatoren 1901 Standergespeister kompensierter Induktionsmotor nach HEYLAND. 1902 Laufergespeister kompensierter Induktionsmotor nach OsNos. 1900 ... 1904 Die heiden Osterreicher F. EICHBERG und G. WINTER schaffen einen kompensierten Repulsionsmotor, den WINTER-EICHBERG-Motor. 1904 Einphasen-Repulsionsmotor mit Doppelbiirstensatz nach M. DERI. 1905 Maschine von LYDALL (SIEMENS-BROTHERS) und SCHERBIUS. 1910 Laufergespeister Drehstrom-Nebenschlul3motor nach ScHRAGE und R. RICHTER. Drehstrom-Reihenschlul3motor mit Doppelbiirstensatz nach M. SCHENKEL. 1925 Kompensierter Freqenzwandler von J. KoziSEK. Umformer. 1853 W. SIEMENS baut einen Gleichstrom-Gleichstrom-Umformer, die ,Teller­ maschine". 1874 Z. TH. GRAMME schafft einen Einankerumformer mit Ringanker und zwei Wicklungen. 1887 CoERPER fiihrt Einanker-Umformer mit einer Ankerwicklung aus. 1891 W. LAHMEYER baut Gleichstrom-Gleichstrom- und Drehstrom-Gleichstrom­ Umformer. Auf der elektrotechnischen Ausstellung in Frankfurt a. M. lauft ein Drehstrom­ Gleichstrom-Einankerumformer mit einer Wicklung (M. v. Douvo-DOBRO­ WOLSKY). Transformatoren 1831 FARADAY verwendet
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