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Umrechnungstafeln1 Umrechnungstafeln1 Maßeinheiten mechanischer und kalorischer Größen Krafteinhelt dyn N kp , i 1 dyn = 1 10-5 i 1,020' 10-6 IN 105 1 ! 1,020' 10-1 1 kp 9,807 ·105 9,807 1 Drehmoment, Arbeit, Energie, erg Nm kpm cal kcal kWh Wärmemenge I 1 erg = 1 dyn cm= 1 10-7 1,020' 10-8 2,388' 10-8 2,388' 10-11 I 2,778' 10-14 1 J=INm=IWs=B 107 1 1,020' 10-1 2,388' 10-1 2,388' 10-4 . 2,778' 10-7 lkpm= 9,807' 107 9,807 1 2,342 2,342' 10-8 2,724· 10-6 I cal = 3 4,187 .107 4,187 4,269.10-1 1 10-3 1,163' 10-6 I kcal = 4,187' 1010 4,187' 103 4,269'102 I 103 1 1,163· 10-3 lkWh= 3,600' 1013 3,600' 108 3,670· 105 8,600' 105 I 8,600' 102 1 Leistung erg/s W i kpm/s PS 7 10 1 erg/s 1 10- 1 1,020' 10-8 1,360' 10- 1 W = 1 J/s = 107 1 1,020,10-1 1,360'10-3 1 kp m/s 9,807 .107 9,807 1 1,333 .10-2 1 PS 7,355' 109 7,355'102 I 75 1 Bezeichnung von Vielfachen und Teilen der Einheit' T Tera- = 1012 h Hekto- = 102 m Milli- = 10-3 G Giga- = 109 da Deka- = 101 IJ, Mikro- = 10-6 M Mega- = 106 d Dezi- = 10-1 n Nano- = 10-9 k Kilo- = 103 c Zenti- = 10-2 P Pico- = 10-12 1 Über die Schreibweise physikalischer Gleichungen s. DIN 1313, 2 Vgl. DIN 1345. 3 1 cal = 1 Gramm-Kalorie; 1 kcal = 1 WE = 103 cal. « Vgl. DIN 1301. Fußrwten zu S. 643. 1 Vgl. DIN 1301, 1339 und 1357. 2 Induktionskonstante (Permeabilität des leeren Raumes) flo = 4 n . 10-9 H/cm = 1,256637 . 10-8 H/cm, 3 Influenzkonstante (Dielektrizitätskonstante des leeren Raumes) BO = 0,88543 . 10-13 F Icm. Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der elektrischen Wellen im leeren Raum: 'I 1 c = 2,9979' 1010 cmI s, Es g1 t {to' EO =-c2 ' Umrechnungstafeln 643 Maßeinheiten elektrischer und magnetischer Größen l 1 elm = 1 elektromagnetische Einheit im CGS-System 1 es = 1 elektrostatische Einheit im CGS-System Praktisches Maßsystem I CGS-Maßsystem ~-IAb· - ~ Vergleich belder Größe ---- I Ab· Einheit kür-I Einheit kür• Einheiten zung !znng i Elektrische Q 1 Coulomb = 1 Ag C leim I - 1 C = 10-1 elm Ladung I Elektrische U I Volt V 1 elm 1 V = 108 elm Spannung C Elektrische I I Ampere = I B A leim 1 A = 10-1 elm Stromstärke A Elektrische S 1 Ampere/cms I­ leim 1~--- = 10-1 elm em2 Stromdichte V Elektrischer R 1 Ohm = I A !J leIm 1!J = 109 elm Widerstand Spezifischer 10hmem 1 elm l!Jom= elektrischer = 109 elm Widerstand . A Elektrischer G I SIemens = 1 V S leim 1 S = 10-9 elm Leitwert S Elektrische I Siemens/cm leim 1~=1O-gelm om Leitfähigkeit Vs Induktivität L 1 Henry = I T H lelm=lcm 1 H = 109 cm As Elektrische c I Farad = I V F les=lcm 1 F = 9·1011 cm Kapazität Vs Magnetische B 1- 1 elm = 1 Gauß G 1 Va = 108 G em2 ' em2 Induktion Vs (Flußdichte) 1-- = I Tesla = m2 =IT Magnetischer rp I Vs = I Weber Wb leim = I Max­ M 1 Vs = 108 1\1 Induktionsfluß well = 1 Gcm2 A A 4n Magnetische H 1- 1 elm = I Oersted Oe cm 1 cm =10 0e Feldstärke Magnetische v IA A 1 elm = I Gil- Gb 1 A = -~~- Gb Spannung bert = 1 Oe . cm H Vs G Absolute p l 1..!!..=~(} l-Cn} = I Acm Öe om 471: Oe PermeabilitätS V V Elektrische E I~ 1 elm 1- = 108 elm cm Feldstärke om C As C Elektrische D 1 elm 1- 1- = 1O-1 elm l-cm2 = 1 cm2 2 Verschiebung cm Durchflutung I Ampere A 1 elm 1 A = 10-1 elm F As 1 - 1--­ Absolute Di­ e cm - Vcm elektrizitäts• konstante 3 41* Tafel zur geschichtlichen Entwicklung der elektrischen Maschinen und Transformatoren Umlaufende Maschinen Allgemeine Grundlagen und erste Maschinen. 1825 Der Engländer W. STURGEON erfindet den Elektromagneten. 1831 Der Engländer M. FARADAY entdeckt die Gesetze der magnetischen Induktion. 1832 Erste Wechselpol-Wechselstrommaschine mit hin- und hergehender Beweglmg von dem Italiener S. DAL NEGRO. Ein Unbekannter P. M. beschreibt den ersten umlaufenden Wechselstrom­ erzeuger. Der Franzose H. PIXII fertigt den ersten Gleichstromerzeuger an, der zur Stromwendung die Amperesche Wippe verwendet. 1833 Der Engländer W. RITCHIE erfindet den Stromwender. H. F. E. LENZ entdeckt mit seinem Gesetze die Umkehrbarkeit von Motor und Generator. 1834 JACOBI treibt auf der Newa in St. Petersburg ein Boot elektrisch an. 1843 Der Deutsche E. STÖHRER baut die ersten mehrpoligen Maschinen. 1850 Magnetelektrische Maschine der Compagnie l'Alliance nach NOLLET und VAN MALDEREN. 1856 W. SIEMENS gibt den Doppel-T-Anker an, der den ersten Nutenanker darstellt. 1866 W. SIEMENS entdeckt das dynamoelektrische Prinzip, wodurch der Groß• maschinenbau ermöglicht wurde. Gleichstrommaschinen. 1860 Der Italiener A. P ACINOTTI baut eine magnetelektrische Maschine mit geschlossener Ringwicklung und mehrteiligem Stromwender . 1869 Der Belgier Z. TH. GRAMME vereinigt in seinen Maschinen den Ringanker P ACINOTTIS mit dem dynamoelektrischen Prinzip. 1872 Der Deutsche F. v. HEFNER-ALTENECK gibt den Trommelanker an mit einer Einschichtwicklung. 1882 Die Zweischichtwicklung wird von dem Amerikaner E. WESTON zum Patent angemeldet. Erfindung des Nutenankers der neuzeitlichen Maschinen durch den Schweden WENSTRÖM. 1883 THURY stellt vier- und sechspolige Außenpolmaschinen mit Trommelankern her. MORDEY gibt die Ausgleichsverbindungen an. 1884 Der Holländer MENGES gibt die Kompensationswicklung an. 1885 Die Kohlebürste wird in England und Amerika geschaffen. R. H. MATHER gibt die Wendepole an. Die Firma "Alioth" führt die Schablonenwicklung ein. 1887 Der Deutsche W. LAHMEYER entwickelt die Maschine mit eisengeschlossenem Außenpoljoch. 1891 Einführung der mehrgängigen Wellenwicklungen durch den Deutschen E. ARNOLD. Systematische Behandlung der Ankerwicklungen beginnt mit E. ARNOLDS Buch über "Die Ankerwicklungen der Gleichstrom-Dynamo­ maschine" . Tafel zur geschichtl. Entwicklung der elektr. Masohinen und Transformatoren 645 1895 Dreileitermaschine von den Österreichern ALBERT v. ETTINGSHAUSEN und F. PICHLER. 1899 Aufgeschnittene Cleichstromwicklungen von dem Südtiroler G. OSSANNA. 1903 Der AmerikanA!' NOEGGERATH gibt eine Unipolarmaschine an. 1904 Querfeldmasct,me des Wieners E. ROSENBERG. 1908 Theorie der ;:;tromwendung von K. PICKELMAYER. 1929 J. M. PESTARINI erhält einen Preis für seine Arbeiten über die Metadyne oder die I.wischenbürstenmaschinen. 1938 ALEXANDERSON und EDWARDS berichten über die von General Electric Company in Amerika entwickelte Verstärkermaschine Amplidyne. 1947 Der Deutsche O. SOHMUTZ meldet eine Unsymmetrie-Verstärkermaschine zum Patent an. Synchrone Wechselstrommaschinen. 1887 Der Deutsche F. A. HASELWANDER baut eine dreiphasige Ringanker-Innenpol­ maschine. TESLA meldet einen Zweiphasenmotor zum Patent an. BRADLEY entwickelt einen Mehrphasengenerator mit angezapfter Ringanker­ wicklung. 1890 Der Deutsche M. v. DOLIVO-DoBROWOLSKY verwendet zuerst Mantelspulen. 1891 Drehstrom-Kraftübertragung Lauffen-Frankfurt a. M. 1895 C. E. L. BROWN führt die Schirmtype ein. 1901 C. E. L. BROWN erfindet den Walzenturboläufer. 1905 Durch die Arbeiten von A. B. FIELD wird die Wirkung der vom Nutenquerfeld herrührenden zusätzlichen Kupferverluste in Wechselstromwicklungen erkannt. 1911 ROEBEL von Brown, Boveri & eie gibt den Kunststab zur Verminderung der zusätzlichen Verluste an. 1926 bis 1937 Behandlung von Ausgleichsvorgängen bei Synchronmaschinen durch die Amerikaner R. E. DOHERTY, C. A. NICKLE, R. H. PARK, B. L. ROBERTSON und G. KRON. I nduktionsma8chinen. 1885 Der Turiner GALILEO FERRARIS baut ein Modell eines asynchronen Mehr­ phasenmotors. 1887 Zweiphasiger Induktionsmotor mit kurzgeschlossener Phasenwicklung von NICOLA TESLA aus Smiljan (Jugoslawien). 1889 M. V. DOLIVO-DoBROWOLSKY baut den ersten Drehstrommotor mit Einfach- Käfiganker und entwickelt auch den ersten Motor mit Doppelkäfiganker. 1893 Polumschaltbare Ringwicklung der Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon. 1894 Kreisdiagramm von HEYLAND. 1897 Polumschaltbare Trommelwicklung von R. DAHLANDER. 1900 Kreisdiadramm von OSSANNA. H. \V. HOBART beginnt mit der Benutzung des Wirbelstromprinzips im Bau von Käfigankern. 1916 Induktionsmotoren mit Wirbelstromläufern. 1929 Induktionsmotoren mit Doppelstabläufern. Stromwendermotoren für Wechsel- und Drehstrom. Die Erkenntnis, daß ein Gleichstromhauptschlußmotor mit Wechselstrom betrieben werden kann, stammt aus der Mitte der achtziger Jahre. 1883 Nach ELIHU THOMSON laufen Stromwenderanker in Wechselfeldern in der Schaltung von Repulsionsmotoren. 1889 Der Franzose LEBLANO gibt den asynchronen Einankerumformer oder Stromwender-Frequenzwandler an. 1890/91 Der Deutsche GÖRGES erfindet den Drehstrom-Reihenschlußmotor und den ständergespeisten Drehstrom-Nebenschlußmot.or (WINTER-EICHBERG, LATOUR). 646 Tafel zur geschicht!. Entwicklung der elektro Maschinen und Transformatoren 1901 Ständergespeister kompensierter Induktionsmotor nach HEYLAND. 1902 Läufergespeister kompensierter Induktionsmotor nach ÜSNOS. 1900 ... 1904 Die heiden Österreicher F. EICHBERG und G. WINTER schaffen einen kompensierten Repulsionsmotor, den WINTER-EICHBERG-Motor. 1904 Einphasen-Repulsionsmotor mit DoppelbürBtensatz nach M. DER!. 1905 Maschine von LYDALL (SIEMENS-BROTHERS) und SCHERBIUS. 1910 Läufergespeister Drehstrom-Nehenschlußmotor nach SCHRAGE und R. RICHTER. Drehstrom-Reihenschlußmotor mit DoppelbürBtensatz nach M. SCHENKEL. 1925 Kompensierter Freqenzwandler von J. KOZISEK. Umformer. 1853 W. SIEMENS baut einen Gleichstrom-Gleichstrom-Umformer, die "Teller­ maschine" . 1874 Z. TH. GRAMMEl schafft einen Einankerumformer mit Ringanker und zwei Wicklungen. 1887 COERPER führt Einanker-Umformer mit einer Ankerwicklung aus. 1891 W. LAHlIIEYER baut Gleichstrom-Gleichstrom- und Drehstrom-Gleichstrom­ Umformer. Auf der elektrotechnischen Ausstellung in Frankfurt a. M. läuft ein Drehstrom­ Gleichstrom-Einankerumformer mit einer Wicklung (M. V. DOLIVo-DoBRo­ WOLSKY). TransforEnatoren 1831 FARADAY verwendet eine Anordnung bei seinen Versuchen, die sich grund­ sätzlich wenig von einem Transformator unterscheidet; ein geschlossener Eisenring mit zwei Wicklungen. 1851 Der Hannoveraner H. D. RÜHMKORFF verbessert den Funkeninduktor, dessen konstruktive Einzelheiten später heim Bau von Transformatoren als Grund­ lagen dienten. 1856 Der Engländer S. A. VARLEY stellt einen Transformator mit geschlossenem unterteiltem Eisenkreis und den ersten Manteltransformator her und erfindet die Scheibenspulenwicklung. 1877 JABLOCHKOFF schaltet die Primärwicklungen mehrerer Induktionsspulen in Reihe und betreibt von der Sekundärwicklung jeder Spule seine "Kerzen".
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