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Flora Y Vegetación Acuática En Áreas De La Orinoquia Colombiana

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Flora Y Vegetación Acuática En Áreas De La Orinoquia Colombiana FLORA Y VEGETACIÓN ACUÁTICA EN ÁREAS DE LA ORINOQUIA COLOMBIANA Andrés Vera Ospina Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología-Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Sede Bogotá, Colombia 2017 1 FLORA Y VEGETACIÓN ACUÁTICA EN ÁREAS DE LA ORINOQUIA COLOMBIANA Andrés Vera Ospina Tesis presentada como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Maestro en Ciencias-Biología Director Doctor J. Orlando Rangel Ch. Línea de Investigación: Biodiversidad y Conservación Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología-Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Sede Bogotá, Colombia 2017 2 3 “Nuestro país es sin duda uno de los mejor dotados y privilegiados por la naturaleza, dueño de una flora maravillosa, extraordinariamente rica y variada. Pero nosotros los hijos de Colombia, imprevisores como de costumbre, estamos dilapidándola, sacrificándola bárbaramente, sin tasa ni medida, talándola a golpes de hacha y de machete, y luego transformándola en grises volutas de humo y montones de ceniza por las quemas incontroladas. Como factores que somos del medio ambiental de las plantas, estamos destruyendo el ambiente natural de ellas en nuestro territorio y construyendo en cambio (¡qué triste cambio!) los desiertos que poco a poco sustituirán trágicamente a nuestra vegetación.” Armando Dugand Gnecco (Cespedesia 2 (6-8), 1973) 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi familia, por el constante apoyo en los momentos que más los he necesitado. A mi novia Karol Martínez, por ser luz y esperanza en mi vida. A mi director de tesis el profesor J. Orlando Rangel-Ch., por que nada de esto hubiera sido posible sin su ayuda y colaboración. Por la oportunidad que me brindó para aprender y superarme. A Mónica Alejandra Parra, por su ayuda para la elaboración del documento. A la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y a PNN por su apoyo para la realización de las expediciones. A Alexis Jaramillo por sus consejos y sugerencias. A Fernando Gopar Merino, por su apoyo incondicional y enseñanzas. Al profesor Gerardo Aymard-C por su colaboración en la determinación del material y sus palabras de apoyo. Al profesor Diego Giraldo-C por su colaboración en la determinación del material y sus enseñanzas. A mis amigos y compañeros de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. A todas las personas que colaboraron de alguna forma en la elaboración de éste trabajo. 5 CONTENIDO RESUMEN AMPLIADO .................................................................................................. 10 GENERALIDADES ......................................................................................................... 14 MARCO CONCEPTUAL ................................................................................................. 16 El concepto Planta Acuática .......................................................................................................... 16 Las Plantas Acuáticas ..................................................................................................................... 19 Distribución de las Plantas Acuáticas en el mundo ................................................... 21 Las Plantas Acuáticas en el Neotrópico .................................................................... 22 Las Plantas Acuáticas en Colombia .......................................................................... 23 Área de estudio ............................................................................................................................. 27 Región de la Orinoquia ............................................................................................. 27 Unidades fisiográficas ................................................................................................................... 30 Piedemonte .............................................................................................................. 30 Altillanura .................................................................................................................. 30 Llanura Aluvial .......................................................................................................... 32 Llanura Eólica ........................................................................................................... 33 Hidrología ................................................................................................................. 33 OBJETIVOS ..................................................................................................................................... 35 Objetivos generales .................................................................................................. 35 Objetivos específicos ................................................................................................ 35 METODOLOGÍA.............................................................................................................................. 35 CAPÍTULO 1. .................................................................................................................. 38 FLORA Y VEGETACIÓN DE LA ALTILLANURA .......................................................... 38 PLANTAS ACUÁTICAS DEL ALTO MANACACÍAS ............................................................................. 38 FLORA Y VEGETACIÓN ACUÁTICA EN LOCALIDADES DEL VICHADA Y GUAINÍA (ALTILLANURA).. 50 CAPÍTULO 2. .................................................................................................................. 61 FLORA Y VEGETACIÓN ACUÁTICA DE LA LLANURA ALUVIAL .............................. 61 PLANTAS ACUÁTICAS DE LAS SABANAS INUNDABLES DE ARAUCA.............................................. 61 CAPÍTULO 3. .................................................................................................................. 85 CATÁLOGO ................................................................................................................... 85 ANÁLISIS DE LA RIQUEZA Y DIVERSIDAD DE LAS PLANTAS ACUÁTICAS ........................................ 85 DISCUSIÓN- CONSIDERACIONES FINALES ..............................................................123 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .............................................................................................................132 ANEXOS FOTOGRÁFICOS ..........................................................................................138 6 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1. Información general de los levantamientos de vegetación acuática en la región del Alto Manacacías, Meta ............................................................................................... 40 Tabla 2. Distribución de la riqueza de las familias presentes en los ambientes acuáticos en la región del Alto Manacacías .......................................................................................... 41 Tabla 3. Composición florística y valores de cobertura en la formación de Selaginella calceolata y Aciotis acuminifolia y en las comunidades de Eriocaulon melanocephalum y Aciotis acuminifolia y de Eriocaulon humboldti y Aciotis acuminifolia. .............................. 43 Tabla 4. Composición florística y valores de cobertura en la comunidad de Cabomba furcata y Eriocaulon melanocephalum. ............................................................................ 44 Tabla 5. Composición florística y valores de cobertura en la comunidad de Eleocharis confervoides y Mayaca fluviatilis. ................................................................... 45 Tabla 6. Composición florística y valores de cobertura en la comunidad de Ludwigia nervosa y Nymphoides indica. ......................................................................................... 46 Tabla 7. Composición florística y valores de cobertura en la comunidad de Leersia hexandra y Cyperus haspan ............................................................................................ 47 Tabla 8. Composición florística y valores de cobertura en la comunidad de Rhynchantera grandiflora e Hyptis conferta ............................................................................................ 48 Tabla 9. Información general de los levantamientos de vegetación acuática en las selvas transicionales de Cumaribo, Vichada ............................................................................... 52 Tabla 10. Las familias más ricas en los ambientes acuáticos de las selvas transicionales de Cumaribo, Vichada. .................................................................................................... 53 Tabla 11. Composición florística y cobertura (%) de las comunidades acuáticas de Cumaribo, Vichada. ......................................................................................................... 60 Tabla 12. Información general de los levantamientos de vegetación acuática en las Sabanas inundables del departamento de Arauca ........................................................... 65 Tabla 13. Distribución de la riqueza de las familias presentes en los ambientes acuáticos en las sabanas inundables de Arauca. ............................................................................ 65 Tabla 14. Composición florística y cobertura (%) en la formación de Eleocharis acutangula y Eleocharis confervoides ................................................................................................ 70 Tabla 15. Composición florística y cobertura (%) en la formación de Ludwigia sedioides y Pontederia subovata. ......................................................................................................
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