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Las Plantas Vasculares En Las Aguas Continentales Del Peru

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Las Plantas Vasculares En Las Aguas Continentales Del Peru LAS PLANTAS VASCULARES EN LAS AGUAS CONTINENTALES DEL PERU Francis KAHN, Blanca LE6N, Kenneth R. YOUNG (compiladorcs) IFEA LIMA-PERU Este Iibro se public6 con el apoyo financiero dei "Bureau Régional de Coopération" dei Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Francia y dei Instituto Francés de Investigaci6n Cientifica para el Desarrollo en Cooperaci6n (ORSTOM). Caratula: Elena Gonzâles © IFEA Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos. Casilla 18, 1217 Lima 18 - Pen! ISBN: 84-89302-13-8 Este libro corresponde al Tomo 75 de la serie Tra'l..aux de l'Institut Français d'Études Andines (ISSN 0768-424X) Agosto de 1993 INDICE PR6LOGO 5 PARTE 1: FANER6GAMAS y HELECHOS ACUÂTICOS DEL PERÛ Compendio a la parte 1 9 Capftulo 1: CATÂLOGO ANarAOO DE LAS FANER6GAMAS ACUÂTICAS DEL PERO 11 Blanca LE6N Capftulo II: LOS HELECHOS ACUÂTICOS DEL PERO 129 Blanca LE6N Capitulo ID: DISTRIBUCI6N GEOGRAFICA y CONSERVA06N DE LAS PLANTAS ACUÂTICAS VASCULARES DEL PERO 153 Kenneth R. YOUNG, Blanca LOON PARTE II: PLANTAS ACUÂTlCAS VASCULARES EN LIMA Compendio a la parte II 175 Capftulo N: PLANTAS VASCULARES DE LOS PANTANOS DE VILLA, LIMA 177 Asunci6n CANO, Blanca LE6N, Kenneth YOUNG Capitulo V: PLANTAS ACUÂTICAS EN LOS ACUARIOS DE LIMA 209 Federico GUTIÉRREZ, Kenneth R. YOUNG, Blanca LE6N PARTE Ill: PLANTAS ACUÂTlCAS VASCULARES EN LA AMAZONIA PERUANA Compendio a la parte ID 229 Capftulo VI: LAS PLANTAS ACUÂTICAS COMUNES DE LA AMAZONIA PERUANA 231 Blanca LE6N, Filomeno ENCARNA06N 3 Capitulo VII: LAS GRAMfNEAS ACUÂTICAS DE LA AMAZONIA PERUANA 249 OscarTOVAR. Capitulo VIII: MAURIfIA FLEXUOSA (PALMAE), LA MAs ACUÂTICADELASPALMERASAMAZ6NICAS 287 Francis KAHN, Kember MElÏA, Farana MOUSSA. Darwin G6MEZ REFERENOAS BIBLIOGRÂFICAS 309 fNDICE DE NOMBRES VERNÂCULOS 323 iNDICE DE NOMBRES LATINOS 327 fNDICE GENERAL 351 4 PROLOGO El presente libro sobre las plantas vasculares de las aguas continentalesdei Peru no pretendeser exhaustivo. Una primera parte incluye un catalogo de las faner6gamas y hclechos acpaticos y una exposici6ndesuspatronesdcdistribuci6n;planteaademasel problema candente de la conservaci6n de los medios acuaticos continentales y de su flora. La Segunda parte trata sobre las plantas vasculares acuaticas de la regi6n de Lima; la tercera se ocupa de la Amazonia. Las especies mas ubicuas aparecen en las tres partes. Hemos preferido conservar estas repeticioncs para mantener cl caracter practico de este pequeno \ibro: cl lector puede entrar en la primera parte y considerar todas las plantas acuaticas vasculares dei Peru,o dirigirse a las demas partes para limitarse a las floras regionales. Varios de los textos prcsentados retoman conocimientos ya publicados en forma aislada. Reunidos aqui en un solo volumen, constituyen una in troducci6n al estudio de la flora acuatica dei Peru ypaisesvecinos-Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela­ donde sc encuentran los mismos ecosistemas. Ademas, este Iibro pone a disposici6n de los estudiantes universitarios, profesores de secundaria y aficionados a la botanica, una informaci6n facilmente accesible por ser escrita en espanol, publicada y difundida en la regi6n. El "Bureau Régional de Coopération" deI Ministerio de Rclaciones Exteriores de Francia, impulsado por Pierre Usselmann, ha contribuido ampliamente al financiamiento deI presente libro. Agradecemos t<lmbién a Christian de Muizon, Director dei Instituto 5 LAS PLANTAS VASCULARES EN LAS Francés de Estudios Andinos (IFEA), quien acept6 publicarlo, Jean­ Louis Guillaumet, responsable deI programa sobre la biodiversidad y Presidentedela Comisi6nCientifica "Ciencias deI Mundo Vegetal" en el Instituto Francés de Investigaci6n Cientifica para el Desarrollo en Cooperacion (Orstom), nos ha brindado siempre su apoyo. Este libro es un testimonio mas de su incansable accion en pro de la publicacion y difusion de los resultados de investigacion dentro de los paises con los cuales colaboramos. Los diferentes capitulos presentan resultados obtenidos en el marco de investigaciones financiadas por la Fundacion Jessie Smith Noyes, el PewCharitableTrust, la John D. & CatherineT. MacArthur Foundation,elField Museumof NaturalHistory, el MissouriBotanical Garden, la Smithsonian Institution, los convenios ORSTOM/Museo de Historia Natural (UNMSM) de Lima, ORSTOM/IIAP de Iquitos y ORSTOM/SRETIE-MRT, Francia. Muchos colegas de las instituciones arriba mencionadas han sido consultados durante el desarrollo de las investigaciones y de la elaboraci6n de los textos: F. Alcântara, P. Aguilar, J. Alban, L. Brako, G.Camevali,E.CerratedeFerreyra,G.Couturier,T.B.Croat,M.Chanco, L.G. Davenport,G. Davidse, M.I. DeLa Torre, C. Delgado, M.O. Dillon, J. Engel, R Ferreyra, E. Forero, RB. Foster, R. Gereau, A Gonzalez, M. Grayum, M. Guzmân, N. Hensold, K. Hurlburt, D. Johnson, A. Gentry, G. Lamas, S. Luna, S. McDaniel, B. Millân, V. Pacheco, I. Ramirez, L. Skog, S.F. Smith, J. Solomon, R.G. Stolze, W.D. Stevens, T. Wachter, D. Wasshausen, J.J. Wurdack, J. Zarucchi. Los textos han sido revisados por P. Aguilar, G. Cremers, E. Cerratede Ferreyra,R Ferreyra, F. Kahn, B. Loon, B. Ollgaard, G.T. Prance, O. Tovar, W.J. Junk. Losdibujos Ygrâficosson deJ.-J. deGranville (Fig.64), B. Le6n (Fig. 11-18), Diane Lorenz, Anni Sloth y Kirsten Tind (Fig. 19,24-27) YO. Tovar (Fig. 53-58). Las fotos son de S. Laegaard (Fig. 2), O. Tovar (Fig. 21) YF. Kahn (Fig. 1,3-10,20,22,23,28-52,59-63,65-67). David Kahn ha condicionado plantas y acuarios para las fotografias. Annick Altuna se encarg6 de releer los textos y realizar el indice de los nombres latinos. 6 AGUAS CONTINENTALES DEL PERÛ LOS AUTORES Asunci6n CANO - Musco de Historia Natural, UNMSM, Ap. 14-0434, Lima, Peril. Filomeno ENCARNACION - Museo de Historia Natural, UNMSM, Ap. 14-0434, Lima, Peril. Darwin GOMEZ - Departamento de Ceograffa, UNMSM, Ap. 11-0674, Lima. Federico GUTIÉRREZ - FacuItad de Mcdicina Veterinaria, UNMSM, Ap. 41-0068, Lima, Peril. Francis KAHN-ORSTOM, CP 09747, 70001-970 Brasilia, OF, BrasiJ. Blanca LEON - Museo de Historia Natural, UNMSM, Ap. 14-0434, Lima, Peril. Kember MEJIA - IIAP, Ap. 784, Iquitos, Pcru. Farana MOUSSA - ORSTOM, CP09747,70001-970 Brasilia, OF, Brasil. Oscar TOVAR - Museo de Historia Natural, UNMSM, Ap. 14-0434, Lima, Peril. Kenneth R. YOUNG - Departmcnt of Geography, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. 7 PARTEI FANEROGAMAS y HELECHOS ACUÂTICOS DEL PERÛ COMPENDIO Pais de desiertos, de aItas montanas, pais amaz6nico cubierto porselvas tropicales, pais degrandescivilizaciones y vastos recursos naturales, el Peru. puede enorgullecerse de su riqueza biol6gica, y la diversidad desuspaisajes y formaciones vegetales, en manera alguna el menas importante. Las plantasacuâticas son solamente un reflejo de esta fabulosa riqueza. El catalogo comentado de estas plantas ocupa, él solo, una buena parte de la obra. Presentado en una forma directa -que era necesaria- y prâctica por sus numerosas claves de determinaci6n, dicho catalogo permitira que los botanicos se orienten en ellaberinto de las radiaciones adaptativas que condujeron a la conquista de las aguas continentales por las faner6gamas y los helechos. Esta presentaci6n de las plantas acuaticas deI Peru sera completada por el analisis de su distribuci6n y la exposici6n de los problemas vinculados a la conservaci6n de los medios acuaticos, que son probablemente los ccosistemas mas vulnerables. I. CATA.LOGO ANOTADO DE LAS FANEROGAMAS ACUA.TICAS DEL PERD Blanca LEON 1. lNTRODUCCION Las plantas vascu)ares acua tieas cump1cn un roI importanteen los ecosistemas acuatïcos, tal como demuestran para América deiSur los trabajos de Junk (1970; 1983) en la regi6n amaz6nica y Tur (1972) en Argentina. Para el poblador asentado cerca a los ambientesdonde habitan estas plantas, ellas juegan un papcl crucial en su economia, por ser fuente de matcrias primas para muchas de sus actividades (Femandez-Baca & Novoa, 1966; Heiser, 1974; Albuquerque, 1981; Tapia &Flores-ochoa,1984) 0 porqueenalgunoscasos tienenimpacto negativo coma malezas (Littler, 1968; Holm et al., 1969; Mitchell & Thomas, 1972; Lorenzi, 1982; Bristow et al., 5/0. La flora vascular peruana consta de aproximadamente 20,000 especies (Gentry, 1980), de las cuales un numero reducido, diffcil de senalar, vive permanentemente en ambientes acuatïcos. En el Pern, referencias a las plantas vasculares acuâtieas se encuentran en las obras de Herrera (1941) YWeberbauer (1945), quienes listan algunas especies. Mayores detalles floristieos sobre los ambientesacua tieos se encuentranenlos trabajos de Ferreyra (p.e. 1979; 1983),especialmente para los manglares y lagunas costeras. Sin embargo, en generallos estudios floristieos y limnol6gicos de ambientes acualicos son aun escasos y los pocos realizados cubren unas cuantas localidades deI pais (Maldonado, 1943; Barr6n, 1974; Müller & Gutte, 1985; Encamacion& Leon, 1985). Losusosdealgunas plantasacUélticas han sido mencionados en unos pocos articulos que tratan solo especies altoandinas <Parodi, 1932; Fernandez-Baca & Novoa, 1966; Tapia & Flores-Ochoa, 1984). Para las plantas con flores, la flora de Macbride (1936-1967) constituyen hasta hoy las unicas referencias ta-xon6mieas para la mayoriadelasespeciesacuaticas.En los ultimos15afiossehan 11 CATALOGO ANOTADO DE LAS incrementado las exploraciones botanicas en el Pero (Prance & Campbell, 1988; Gentry, 1989) y muchas de las familias y géneros de fanerogamas acuaticas han sido revisadas taxonomicamente (p. e., Cook & Urmi-Kônig, 1985; Wiersema, 1987; Hom, 1985); esto hace oportuno producir un catalogo que reuna la informacion
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