Refugees Rejuvenating and Connecting Communities An analysis of the social, cultural and economic contributions of Hazara humanitarian migrants in the Port Adelaide-Enfield area of Adelaide, South Australia (Full Report) Multicultural Communities Council of South Australia (MCCSA) Refugees Rejuvenating and Connecting Communities Research Team Dr David Radford is a Prof Branka Krivokapic- Senior Lecturer (Sociology), Skoko is a Professor in University of South Australia. Management at the School of David researches and Management and Marketing, publishes on the challenges Charles Sturt University. and opportunities of migration, Her research focuses on the with a particular focus on regional and rural Australia, refugee-background and non- global countryside and European migrants, in rural immigrant and refugee and urban communities. entrepreneurship. Dr Heidi Hetz is a sociologist Dr Hannah Soong is a interested in refugee sociologist in education in storytelling and (self-) University of South Australia. representation. Heidi teaches Hannah’s research focus lies at UniSA College and works in the nexus of education as a research assistant. Prior and migration experiences to 2015, Heidi worked and of migrant and refugee- volunteered with newly arrived background students and their refugees for several years. families, with a specific focus on their transnational mobility experiences and sense of belonging. Dr Rosie Roberts’s Dr George Tan is a research research is located at the associate at the Northern intersection of cultural Institute at Charles Darwin studies, cultural geography University. International and migration studies with a migration is a key research focus on middling forms of focus of his, particularly in transnational migration into international students, skilled and out of Australia and the migrants, refugees and asylum lived experiences of migrants seekers. over time and space. Recommended citation: Radford, David; Krivokapic-skoko, Branka; Hetz, Heidi; Soong, Hannah; Roberts, Rosie; Tan, George. 2021. Refugees Rejuvenating and Connecting Communities: An analysis of the social, cultural and economic contributions of Hazara humanitarian migrants in the Port Adelaide-Enfield area of Adelaide, South Australia (Full Report), University of South Australia, Adelaide. © 2021 Copyright University of South Australia. Short Extracts from this publication, excluding illustrations and images, may be reproduced without authorisation on the condition that the source is acknowledged. ISBN 978-1-922046-34-5 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.25954/6046cb68b02bb For access to the summary, full and web versions of the report please see: https://www.unisa.edu.au/Refugees.Rejuvenating.Connecting.Communities-Report Table of contents Acknowledgements 5 A word from our community partner: 6 Margaret Piper, AM, Commendation 7 Executive summary 9 Hazaragi language summary of the report 11 Chapter 1: Introduction 13 Refugee resettlement globally 15 Refugees in Australia 15 Refugee/asylum seeker discourses 17 Research design and methods 19 Design 19 Methods 19 Community partner: Multicultural Communities Council of South Australia (MCCSA) 21 Chapter 2: Background: Port Adelaide and the Hazara diaspora 23 Historical background of Port Adelaide Enfield 23 Establishment of the South Australian colony 24 Dispossession of Aboriginal people 25 Growth and development of Port Adelaide area 27 Migration to Port Adelaide/South Australia 29 The Hazara community: Afghanistan and diaspora 31 Hazara experiences of persecution in Afghanistan 31 The Hazara diaspora globally and in Australia 34 Concluding comments 35 Chapter 3: The Hazara community in Port Adelaide Enfield: Main socio-economic indicators 37 Afghan-born population in Port Adelaide Enfield LGA: Census data 2006, 2011 and 2016 38 Concluding comments 53 Chapter 4: Community support organisations and the building of social capital 55 The community organisation and volunteerism 56 Temporal dynamics of resettlement: Building and expanding networks 62 Concluding comments 64 Key findings 67 Chapter 5: Sport and the Hazara community 69 Giving back to the community 71 Building social connections through sport 72 Sport has the power to create a sense of belonging and connection 75 Women in sport 78 Multicultural AFL women’s sport 78 Concluding comments 82 Key findings 83 Chapter 6: Becoming ‘educated’: The spatial ecological impacts of a local community centre on Hazara women 85 Conceptual framework of space for educational and intercultural encounters 86 3 Spatial impacts of the community education centre: An ecological perspective 88 The case study of the community education centre 90 Beverley 90 Sameerah 92 Fahima 95 Concluding comments 97 Chapter 7: Economic contributions of Hazara humanitarian immigrants 99 Initial phase: Place activation 100 Hazara enclave economy 101 Expanding: ‘Breaking out’ of the ethnic enclave economy and anticipated directions of change 107 Prospect Road as a destination 108 Resilience of the Hazara business enclave and ‘breaking out’ into wider markets and non-ethnic clientele 110 Stakeholders’ engagement 113 Trade links and Hazara diasporic networks 116 Concluding comments 117 Chapter 8: Conclusion 119 Recommendations 121 References 129 Tables: Table 1. Top 10 LGAs in South Australia with Afghan-born persons 2006, 2011 and 2016 39 Table 2. Afghan-born persons living in Enfield-Blair Athol (SA2) as proportion of Port Adelaide Enfield LGA 40 Table 3: First ancestry of Afghan born in Enfield-Blair Athol 41 Table 4: Arrival of Afghan-born persons to Enfield-Blair Athol, recent arrivals compared to those arrived more than five years ago 41 Table 5: Labour force status (Enfield-Blair Athol) 45 Table 6: Industry employed in, 2006, 2011, 2016 48 Table 7: Top 10 occupations employed in, 2006, 2011 and 2016, Afghan-born population 49 Figures: Figure 1: Ethnolinguistic groups of Afghanistan 31 Figure 2. Enfield and Blair Athol statistical area level 2 (SA2) within the Port Adelaide Enfield LGA 38 Figure 3: Age-sex composition: Age-sex pyramid of Afghan born in Enfield-Blair Athol SA2 (shaded area is 2006, green line is 2011 and dark blue line is 2016 40 Figure 4: Highest level of school qualification (Enfield-Blair Athol) 42 Figure 5: Highest level of non-school qualification (Enfield-BlairAthol) 43 Figure 6: English language proficiency (Enfield-Blair Athol) 44 Figure 7: Engagement with education, employment and training (Enfield-BlairAthol 46 Figure 8: Employment type (Enfield-Blair Athol) 46 Figure 9: Hours worked in the last week, 2006, 2011 and 2016 (Enfield-Blair Athol) 50 Figure 10: Income earned in the last week, 2011 and 2016 (Enfield-Blair Athol) 51 Figure 11: Home ownership and housing tenure, 2006, 2011 and 2016 (Enfield-Blair Athol) 52 Figure 12: Community organisations and volunteering 66 Figure 13: The ecological mapping of the community education centre 89 Figure 14. Holistic approach to understanding humanitarian-background migrant contributions to local communities 121 4 Acknowledgements There are many people that we need to acknowledge for their generous help and support to make the research project a success. We express our gratitude to the Hazara and non-Hazara participants from the Port Adelaide- Enfield community who have generously given up their time to be interviewed for this research. There were a number of key individuals and social connectors within the Hazara and non- Hazara community who supported us including: Rahim Shah Zaidi, Hanif Rahimi, Yunus Noori, Mohammad Haidari, Jill Meldrum, Hamida Amiri, Meredyth Taylor, Christine Loveday, and Councillor Carol Martin. We want to thank Fida Hussain, in particular, who went out of his way to help and support the research team as well as provide valuable insight into the local Hazara community. A number of organisations were also instrumental in supporting the research including: Port Adelaide Enfield Council, Kilburn Community Centre, Mercy House of Welcome, Blair Athol Primary School, Lutheran Community Care and CaFE Enfield. We would like to acknowledge that the conversations with all participants have informed the findings in this report; however, as is the case in most research reports, some voices feature more prominently than others. We are especially appreciative to Helena Kyriazopoulos and Megs Lamb and the Multicultural Communities Council of South Australia (MCCSA). MCCSA have supported the research financially, but more importantly, provided wise advice and encouragement throughout the project. We are grateful for funding and administrative support from the URIPA Partnering Grant (UniSA) and for the institutional partnership with Charles Sturt University, without which the research would have not been possible. We want to express our thanks to Michelle Toft and Levenike Renner from the Port Adelaide Enfield Council and to the staff at the State Library of South Australia who helped identify literature on the history of Port Adelaide. We recognise the traditional lands of the Kaurna people, the land on which this research was undertaken. We acknowledge and pay respect to Elders past, present and emerging and to the continuation of cultural, spiritual and educational practices of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples throughout Australia. 4 5 A word from our community partner The Multicultural Communities Council of SA (MCCSA) has a forty-five-year history of service to migrant communities following its establishment in 1995 with the merger of Ethnic Communities Council (est. 1974) and