From the south of France to Hackney: the introduction of the olive into South Australia
Craig Hill. Liquid History and Michael Johnston, Olives SA
Three questions • Why olives? • Horticultural experiment/acclimatisation • Not only olives: other exotic products • Why France? • Major source of all things ‘Mediterranean’ for the British • Why South Australia/Hackney? • Similar climate, topography, soils etc to Southern France • ‘Systematic settlement’ (Wakefield System linking land & labour): • ’Social experiment’; independent farmers, close settlement etc • Three ‘governments’: Colonial Government, Colonisation Commission, South Australian Company • Influential promoters of A&H esp citrus fruits, almonds, olives, silk, tobacco, flax By 1914, South Australia boasted about 100,000 productive olive trees, at least 5 commercial oil presses producing up to 100,000 litres of oil per year and an industry that some predicted would soon rival that of Mediterranean Europe! The first olives in South Australia 1836–1839 The first olive in South Australia, 1836 “ …in his reminiscences W.L. Beare, son of Thomas Hudson Beare, at the time second officer of the [South Australian] Company, stated that Charles Powell, gardener of the Company, planted fruit trees, olives and vine cuttings, nearly all of which grew; he also planted a mulberry tree on the island, which had come out on the Duke of York.” Arthur J Perkins, South Australia, An Agricultural and Pastoral State in the Making…
☛ The KI olive tree should be close to this historic mulberry tree Other olives, 1836–1837 • Early olive importations • John Morphett • Charles Everard • Captain John Hindmarsh • George Stevenson • …and possibly 3 others • Small number of trees, uncertain varieties/ quality • Stevenson’s Garden, North Adelaide 1881
Stevenson on olives The Olive is another tree well adapted for our climate, and in respect of soil, the sunny slopes of our hills are admirably suited to its natural habits… You all know the mercantile uses to which the olive is applied, the delicacy and value of its oil, and its use or abuse as a pickle. In a few years it is probable that it may be cultivated here to some extent; but at present I have detained you at sufficient length on what is certainly a tree that we can only plant for our children to gather fruit from. George Stevenson, Lecture to the Adelaide Mechanics’ Institute, reprinted in The South Australian Register…, 16 November 1839
[‘A few and favoured parts only of the globe can grow the olive ... those parts that can should grow the olive. South Australia can, therefore South Australia should grow it.’ Samuel Davenport, The South Australian Register, 1875] “about ten olive trees in the Colony” Dec1843 John Bailey and The Hackney Garden 1844–1858+ John Bailey • 1801–1864 • 1815–1838: horticulturist/botanist; Loddiges’ Nursery, Hackney (UK) Loddiges’ Botanic Nursery Garden, Hackney (UK) • Site founded in 1740s by Johann Busch • 1787–1816: Conrad Loddiges & Sons: Loddiges’ Paradise Field Nursery • 1816–1849: [Loddiges’] Hackney Botanic Nursery Garden: • Scientific approach to horticulture (including classification) • Specialised in importing (exotic species) & exporting plants (especially productive plants); reputation for packing plants for export • Imperial horticulture: acclimatisation • Experimental glass- and hot-houses; palms, ferns, orchids, etc; Wardian cases John Bailey • 1801–1864 • 1815–1838: horticulturist/botanist; Loddiges’ Nursery, Hackney (UK) • 1839: emigrated with family and staff to South Australia on Buckinghamshire, ; sponsored by South Australian Company and Loddiges • Introduced 6 olive seedlings etc • May 1839: appointed Colonial Botanist [responsible for ‘botanic gardens’] Bailey and the South Australian Company Bailey and the South Australian Company
Bailey in Adelaide • 1839: Hindley Street? [A]; plants to George Stevenson’s Garden [B] • 1839: First Botanical Gardens [1]; B abandoned as unsuitable 1 2
• 1839–40/41: Second Botanical A Gardens [2] with George Stevenson; abandoned through lack of funding A and disputes over ownership of stock • March 1840: Leased Section 239 [3] from South Australian Company; abandoned in 1843–44 as unsuitable
3 First Hackney Nursery and Farm, July 1841 3 Bailey in Adelaide • 24 June 1844: Leased south-western corner of Section 256 [4] from the SACo B • Specifically “to establish a 1 2 Nursery Garden” 4 A • To complement the adjacent SACo’s “Park Farm” A • October1853: Purchased land
• From 1851/52: progressive ill-health • From 1858-60 leased, then sold June 1872; subdivided progressively from 1876 3 Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, 1845–1858+ Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, 1844–1858+ Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, 1844–1858+ Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, 1844–1858+
Remnant olive trees Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, May1845
••.^5 '.- .s V-s"..: *-; cael-ulea odotata-alba ^ v comosa ttibenisa ceerulea sinica Acacia Eribotrya mosehata Ratuinculus racemose arahiw cs&rjilea, raoss-xed ,j:arema!a^,-.; ; -Aaiaticiu bornda Erytbrina edulis white Narcissus ; Sparadt Corallodendron,cora7 tree Pcenia latisUiqua * ; cfebbage /.angustifolius- bulblfera mduian cardinale "lophantha .cristagalli incomparabilis liliago arabtc * cinnamomea ullolica, gmn Euonymus •Pelargonium fi plena 'TuywH i
serecia Ja»&nicus, spindle tree capltalum prolific jonquilla . trfoAor w " New Music and Musical Instrument Appendages; ex vdri Davewuriira orientalis DIRECT. , ADELMOE.r"-.J^ vera jot. prbvipce Sternberg!?' YOrJm^SOURNE " Watson." , Isabella 77 Acer Hendersonii acmldbuble Eugenia ; posticus , Jtlfea commodious cutter . THE fast-Bailing Patronized the Hulsianum scarlet undersigned has on sale, at the published prices* hg,yJh^^Excellencyr ^jgrAorf-T^ platanoidea, tnaple jtcaibbi>' polyantha Sprecltelia ^^vAEPHA, a choice and valuable JEsculus Ficus T rpegtiifollum >geraniums Hp tazette the whole THE consignment of#Iiisic,gust ^ 4bpppgi« 37Honsj John Martin. master, having the i&orif- elbstlcai./ndfas rubber damask most celebrated compositions megalanthum N«rina ,, Suytyncwum unpacked, comprising '' for the above Port on her will sail of the masters'/and a judicious selection-of the orders, ands-eBpectfully informs them'tIM htttrihg spared WpPOCM^?um.^e/B«/ ffli^rpphyllo.,{vJfor«/ofi qUercifolium rubtginesa flefcuosa of cargo great ' engaged, s zonale Arc.. of the ;.- his &c. sarniensis Monday next, the Mh.instant most popular productions present day. neither'.:time nor expence to make collection^-as Agava Bay-fig .. Tigridia^ to -• American - strict Americana Sic., Arc. Rosmarinus For terms of ALSO, extensive ax possible j attentionto Fourcrova apply ^ byia Oinithogalum passageqnly,* shehopes \ pavoiiii of Instructions for the favours. Aloe Percskia common r'ose ; JOHN NEWMAN, Book Violin business to merit a continuance of their fotvar,} gigantea officinalis, Jecteum. Tritonia 1 Campagnoli's - forSouth Aloe Jlarbadoes Broker, Violin assorted J. is Australia.fbr Frasriuus aculeata, tnary icvolutpra . cioeata , Ship Strings, 6. appointed: PolelAgent Port'Adelaide. " South Rubus Bridges Wm. Macarthur, Esq., of Camden, New Wales; barbftdensie excelsior. ash tree poowhnrp Sternbergii squalida Guitar assorted also for 6. of and frutescfensFuacbia laurifolia fruticosus, common bram Oxalia tricolor • May 1st, 1845. Strings, Agent A.Anstey, Esq., Highercombe, > ' , Me AND Geo. Stevenson, Esq., North" Adelaide. saponaria cnnicn Philadclphus iioweriana Tullpa of extra hue red and black cbronarius, Braziliensis • FOR SYDNEY. A'Consignment sealing AAoysia globosn syr/noo apiifolivs, pdrstey gesnerianS THE "DORSET" * • Uavtd wax direct from the London and early orders will «,. a fsweet-scented Htantr made N.B.—To ... been manufacturer^ prevent disappointments gracilis capriua fatfo of the DORSET haying climate. citriodora, date cernuua IN consequence expressly for this be necessary. h,erbhte fulgens dactilifcrd, palm idesus, raspberry vertitalor than she will filled'Up .sooner was anticipated, 1 JOHN STEPHENS, Amorolia PhloiniB Aula •'flayE.w:VvV. virgatn 4 clear at this day (Saturday), and Commission and. laid out and. estimates Gardenia leonorus graveolena, rue udifiora ViesBeuxit thg'Custom-house Bookseller, Stationer, Agents *** Gardens Vineyards fruticota * gr Pinus Saliflburia . and proceed(to8eaon.Sunday. Old Waterloo-house; May 3d, 1845. given for planting. „ Aunona Borida.pleno, Capejasmin mauritiana jliucbjAijei Day cluster for.passage only must be made This cherimolia, cherimoyer Genista pinaster, puie adiantifblia, gincko. purpurea Watsonla Application ' stone Aalix broom pines, pine • rosea to Directors of the South Australian Asso in and sals at the Araliearia Italiaa, Italian . alitroidea Mining Catalogue ofPlatUscultivated for ' E. '|**HE hloeetpri Qleditechin Babylonica, weeping wU versicolor humilis v SOLOMON, Podalyria 1. ciation are open to offers for the purchase, by pri 1845. Cunninghaflrii. Office. Hackney-NiYsery, Adelaide, sericoa tow .*. Peenia Sj'dney Packet vate contract, of Lands and also Bay Pine. triacpntbus. fidgena containing Minerals, .osier forbyana, ; Rundle-street; to for information afforded fRtrt^EARiNG PLkiirlrSj; :J cxcelsa, HJorfoik Island Glycine Podacarpus ^^officinalis marginals prepared give premiums f Illawarra or ' Pine frutescens asplemfcilius Sambucus ,* £ minor them as to the where minerals can be found. Appi.es. Viola hfitive .Humeii > localities sinensis neriifoliue elder tree Mr J. F. BENNETT. - HENRY small blue Avtemesia ( pines .nigra, Polyantha rosea AYERS. Secretary, Golden nonpareil' , Early Port Adelaide. Grevillea Semprnvivunr 1st 1845. Ribston &c;, &c. .. abrotanum, southernwood Polygale Stephens-plhce May, pippin attenuate tree houseleek -— •' or robueta arboreum, Downtonpippin '-.j. vulgaris, worm-wood ; HERBACEOUS PLANTS. i. Peaches. m uywbrl Hedera myrtifolia Sida#. v Seed c«mv,- &c. been entrusted with the and Russet management v seed Alter ivy flpecjosa tillifolia Achillia caryophylJus, carnations of But Nonsuch Victoria"! Australian helix, the undersigned, superior samples HAVINGwinding up of the affairs of Wiiliam Hanipden millifolia by >.• : Protca SALE, i ">•>. Albert lings atgophyllus, mmh aster latifolia, (Irish ivy ) Solatium. pleno (^varieties) Pearmain / * Barley, Oats, Peas, Clover, &c.' ton and Finnis jointly, connected in three overland .j: silver tree bitter John ; 0*N Wheat, English "• argentia, dulcamara, stoeet montanus BRYANT. Gilliflower Double crimson China Azalia Heliotropium Agrostemma BUNKIN & expeditions from New South Wales to this Province.*'of iaciniatum coronaria indicus ^ Mobb's red Magdalen Indiea, phoenicia Peruvianum. .conocarpa cattle, and horses, I have it in power to early , sheep, my state, white do. Hibiscus PrahuB Spartium Althcea pUtto that on accbunt of these several Hawthorndean Bambusq SALE, at the stores of the undersigned, 1,500 ereiy liability expeditions, &c. redMontauban laurocerasus, common Spanish broom rosea either bills notes account of &c>, arundinacea\ mutabilis.cAaoyeaWema, jyijcjeum, hybrids sacks. by or promissory giren on Hibiscus laurel do. Alonsoa Kscholtzia three-bushel early Anne •. multinorum, Portugal FOR pubeseens )bamho° ; Jun. stock purchases, or claims, by parties for services during bicolor WE YOUNGHUSBAND, Apricots.' white nutmeg Betberis splendens Psoralea acoparium, do. English talifornica stock satisfied and 1 early the transit of the overland have been % croicea William-street, April '29, 1845. Breda aphylla Spiroea Anchusa King state, no communis, Barberry Syriacus do thus publicly that there are claims of any_kihd Royal.George Hefatrfhus Brussells fascicularis alba pinnatu coryinbosus capeftsis \ Jerusalem Royal Kensington J now reference to the befol^mentioned notice that have outstanding having admirable PunicR Sterculia Antirrhinum tuberosusj artichoke rTHiE undersigned beg to give they transactions. Moor park early Bignoriia purpurea \ '< a for the do. viotacea gppnatum, pomegranate acerifolia Humulus X from this date formed Copartnership Ne ultra yellow Capensis majas I am induced to make this statement to correct i|ny erro plus alba alba business under the firm of William red heterophylla, koromin lupulus, Kentish hop transaction'of general neous that in Newington capreolata Hydrangea Shepherd's • impression may; have gone abroad, conse bicolo Co'. do. - hortensis flava Stapelia & : Lychnis Younghusband, jun., of an assertion been made a certain Tasmanian early grandifiora quence having lately by late do. pleno ( double) bufohis, load coceinea chalcedonica W. YOUNGHUSBAND, Jun., Camden : Jasminoides Jasminiim plant xigned who has since left this Province. pale superb party do. hirsuta lutea Mentha GEO. YOUNG. seed- Frazer's common Pyrns _ FRUERICK If DUTTON. Ashford (Australian Brugmansia officinale, jasmin ANSBORODGHv ' rosea •>< mint Adelaide, 1st; May. 1*45. ling) Camden do. faBtuosA retolutuin Japonica, Japan quince grandiflora yiridis, Adelaide. April 25th. 1844. Quercua Mirabilis— Camden excellent suaveolen# J uglans variegata Apium " . Buxus walnut pedunculatus, English Sutherlandia pitroselinum six varieties EX ISABELLA WATSON." Cherries. Merchant Campbell's regia, IRONMONGERY PAY and be paid. oak Nolana Bigarreau .winter peacli sempervirens,eqmmon box Justicia fruticosa Arundo and on sale by the undersigned, a donax LANDED, undersigned, from the "Bust Club Blackheart adhatoda robnr Syringa atriplicifolia retiring Portugal Calycanthus __ JUST superior assortment of Ironmongery goods, indebted to him Rbamnus Persian lilac Bellis very THEHouse," requests that all parties White do. La Belle floridus, Virginia allspice Kerria Persica, paradoxa made expressly to* order for this Colony, among which ialaternus common lilac perennis will immediately settle their respective accounts, in duke Petit Mignon Camellia Japonica, corcharue vulgaris, prostrata found the May will be following:— order that he be enabled to squauk-up with his Gros do. alba rose Rhus Tacsonia Bouvardia Origanum may Morella pjeno, Japan Lagunaria Stubbs's Celebrated Files, creditors. . Kentish Teton de Venu* pceoniflora Patersonii juglandilolium pinnatistipula triphylla margorana ' - Tecoma : Cheiranthus Phormuim .... of band, cross JOSEPH BARNET. or Dent's late Lantana ty phinium,«wwinc/< Consisting pit-saw, frame, gutleting, Guigne gean Capparis • Rhododendron New and tenon. &c. Shepherd's plant Cammara Australia chieri-pleno tenax, Zealand flax cut, &c., spinosa, caper Primula • ; Chrysanthemum TO HE SOL">, Stead's, (3 varieties) Cassia I.avendula ponticum Tephrosia Saws: Indicum CnxsKWT.' Ashford lavender Rioes grandiflora sinepsis-alba, and tenon the two houses—one con Capensis spica, Cross-cut, pit, felloe, hand, panel, village of Watkerville, Thea blush-ranunculus veriB &c., 8rc. corymbosrts Lauras .aureum, /lowered IN sisting of five rooms and kitchen, and |he other of currant Chinese —— Castanea camphora, tree boliea, tea plant changeable pale huff vulgaris knives a and two There is half-an-aore of Fjgs._ camphor Smiths' rasps, files, and paring shop rooms. ground do. curled lilac Rheum blue Province Nectarines. ; cheenut terns SBng^ineum.retf, do., Thuja attached to each house, and a well of water on each Small vescaj nobilis, Bay Carron's assorted, to 3-inch good Robinia orientalis, arbpr vita f ameyellow rhubarb Boxes, lj of the Large white do. Cowpcr's Cautanosperimun Ligustrum rhpponticum, premises. hispida. rote acacia Tilia India yellow Salvia and backhands brown do, Elruge. A us t rale, Moreton Bay vidgare, privet Bullock-chains, dog-chains, American linden tree - Golden pseud-acacia, Europaen, golden yellow vulgaris An enclosed acre of Green lBcbia ckesnut Lonicera and Shovels, made extra strong to order ground. locust-tree Ulmus qutUed uihite Saccharum, sugar cane Spades For to Mr Brunswick Roman. Cataipa caprifouum, honeysuckle adzes particulars apply George Donaldson, Rosa elm officinarum Felling axes, broad axes, and blue Scarlet eyringifolia flexuoBUm campestris, English parviflora Stephens-place. Large arvensis do. J'ark's small best assarted, to 2-inch blue OeunotnuB inontana. tvych yellow Tropoeolum Sorby's augers, 28tli 1815. Early (Cape) Temple's Lophospermum April, ' red and Africanua scanaens bracteata, Macartney- Veronica.. semidouble quilled .tricolorum Patent cast-steel gimblets spikebits Large broad (Cape) Weeping " " ——' rose ligustrifolia, korimoko yellow Valeriane cast-steel Trowels BE SOLD or in one if Prolific Celtis Lyeium ' fl'-adest IVIf, (various J let, or more lots, required, rose Viburnum tdssefled ruber Almonds. nettle tree box thorn grevillea. climbing yellow I a farm/near the town, enclosed, with Australia, Europseum, do. laurestinus white Williams's London-made butchers' tools forty-acre Jordan cocdnea, do. tinus, Viola and other conveniences thereon. The title Filbert. occidentalis Maclura tea-kettles, and saucepans house, well, Indica Vinca lilac odorata Camp-ovens, is and the avellana Paper-shell, bitter Ceratonia aurantiaca m i image nails g«od land too. Coryhw ? alba 1 slate, lath, patent ' alba white changeable plena and —— Hurdle, do. sweet carob. St. John's \ orange \ shrubby periwin and For further particulars apply^to Mr John ctephens, tiliqua, Jem kit Hair brushes, mops Guava. Boursault \ monthly rosea f pink Neapolitana brooms, Commission Old Waterloo-house. Narrow-leaved Bread Magnolia ' Agent, Edwardsii f roses Cochleavia tricolor two and do. hitter Cereus annonafolia Virgillea^ Rules, four-fold Catley's purple horse radish — sanguined) capensis armoracea, Zingiber white flagellifoi mis grandiflora ' Tin and teapots TO DAIRY FARMERS. • rooenoides Dianthus plates.'panicans, Quince. mullasonii Shephard's incompar- officinalis, ginger English and French term of China purpurea Percussion caps. f"PO BE LET, for a five or seven years, 5 varieties able Yucca and a of other articles 2 8peciosi88tmu» Mamnaillaria Glass gunpowder, shot, variety 1 choice Sections of J and (400 acres) with an un Noisette aloefolia Loquat. triangularis 8tellata,.cac<«s _ "J Adam's ALSO, connected with the trade. of water, aud situate in the noisette hiimentosa V of interrupted supply running Raspberry, Maurandia lulea, yellow neeyie A large assortment annual Flower Seeds too nu WILLTAM of Rapid (near triquetra pARBY, daily improving neighbourhood B-iy Medlar* Red Charlwoodia Bareleyaua purpurea gloriosa j merous to particularize. Messrs Jones's with the of run thereunto Hindlry-street, Station), right AuBtralis pulehella Zixypllua and Medieago rose thorn Sheffield House, , Christ's Birmingham belonging. Mulberry. Ribf.s. arborea multiflora, climbing paliurus, J. B. having received, per Dorset, from Wm. Mae 3fr 11. IV. Store. Clematis Phillips's at the office of this paper. crthur. a of is : Opposite Apply Black Grossularia Nova Zelandiea Melia Esq., Catalogue the present season, now 14th, 1815. able to information as to' April Ni^ra Colutea aeederach, bead tree BULBS AND TUBEROUS-ROOTED FLINTS. give positive the'price'of trees, BE LET, the store and cellar at the back of the Pomegranates. IRubrum bladder sen- shrubs, or plants required from Sydney." ^ arborescens, aemperflorens Gladiolus • Agapanthus NOW OPEN, TO Observer Office, late in the of VVm. white nea •. occupation Red and Mcliantlius .umbellatus alatus " Youughusband, Esq. Inquire of Messrs Smart and Strawberry. frutesoens Next Door to the Observe}'" Ojfice. major Alpinia .blandus FUUIT TREES. Bayne, Solicitors, Stephens-place. Musa media Meepilus beg* to inform the and sapientum V^anana nutans campanulatus BROOKE Gentry [Plantain Kie-Apple. Colon ills gernumica, Medlar are informed that .they may of Adelaide and South Australia that he paradisjiica Alstmmeria communis CHARLES•Public NOTICE. HORTICULTURISTShe with a general coHecfion'hffrhft trees, .Roberts Ms glausa pyracantba aurea bybrida supplied has -succeeded Mr. Richard in. Tailoring, Tribe. Table Grapes. Morus:.. ornamental snrubs, and vine of all the best ANY lost a with a Orange cuttings business, next to the Ob person having bay mare, slit in ' Cotyledon pulehella psittacinus Grapery, and. Grocery door alba, white sorts at the garden at Highercomb, on moderate termB. \ the on the near BahiiTor Navel orange Black Damascus orbiculatuoi mulberry Allium near ear. a lump flank, and a flllly spothacea server Office, Hfrtfley-street. do. Muscat of Alexandria, Italics Parties unable to come, to Highercombe, may obtain to foal by her side may hear of her by applying at the Chinese^, Corylus Gotranii tristis C. B. has also engaged .Mr J. Edmunds undertake Black Prince them through Mr John Bailey, ofthe Hacknejr office of this . do. avellana.j^/irr/ roulticaulis e roseus Nursery, the of the Tailoring Mr Ed paper. Nutmeg Amaryllis is sole for their Bale in Adelaide.., management departjnent. Black rubra 1 who agent 18th 1845. Mandarin large do. Hamburgh pumdamut belladona in supplying a fit and on the most April, galeatus good . ; GEORGE ANSTEY. munds's-ability Do. small do. White do. Corynocarpua Myrtus blanda— -Heemanthus terms is so well known that comment is reasonable any do. Chasselas laevigatuB, kraktt communis, myrtle Highercombe, April 30,1845. RED LION, RUNDLK-STREET; Kissingpoint Anomatheca coceineus superfluous. Seville -do. boetiba Corypha . ' Wantage care and atten juncea Hedycliium CrBrhopeahy tinremitting punctual mitchell, formerly of John o'Groat's Citron • palm Nerium -merit of the Bengal ^ Chrystal Australia, fan corqnarium that ' Anjbmqne STEVENSON befnade to. business, to a-continuance very most to his odorum requests application tion FrancisHouse, begs respectfully inform friends long fruit Royal Muscadine Crataegus Hemoroeallis on bis hortensis for Cut bestowed , to Mr Bailey, Hackney Nursery, Vine liberal pafy-onajge, predecessor. that, obtained a license for the new oval do. hawthorn albo pleno MR having premises 4 Wortley-hall seedling oxycanthfl, varieties flava • and mhw ut • • 1 Nursery adjoining Mr Henry Martin, butcber, llundie-street, lie Lisbon lemon rosea ditto pi. oleander tings Figs, plants, grown gardens pink fi. -for ' AnthOlyza Hyacinthus North the BAILEY'S valuable CATALOGUE of solicits a of that so - Adelaide, and renewal - ready removing" during Plants, Support liberally granted lime Table and Wine. Cr6talaria' simplex ./Ethiopica orientalis, severalvarieties season. advertised in another part of this, paper, and to him on former occasions. , White fine 56—2 laburriifolia present MR Bergamot lemon grape, LC atropurpurea Arum, Iris .be be on on N. and wliich-an wili will in : cardinalis Appendix added, sale, B.'—Bed-rooms, stables, stockyard, are Do. do. 295—3 . shaddock MC CyUaiiB coloc&aiu geraianica next, at the Observer office, price 6d. course of erection. Jicotah ' Monday forbidden fruit -, alpinus, lahtirmm lacieum. COD . Black Frontignac Babiana 3d. 1845. pallida FISH, ——. " laburnum May : » do. laburnum, spectabiU Griszly flava pumila from the River in hours, every The of the hair all charms do. Murray twenty beauty , Pears.- ;,- White splendena: transcends^. Cupressua fragran* SuBiana 7 EX." : 171RESH .. DORSET." When BkUfa! art with Nature ; do. in/press grandiflorum Thursday morning. JUST, ARRIVED, sweetly bleiids^. Marie Louise , Red. aempervirens, Xiphioides -versieofor plicata G. BONE, PiOtk butcher, atithe Stores of the undersigned, a Hair Dresser, &c., Rundle-street, re Chaumontelle Blanquette (veryla£e> SsciTWUm lids SALE prime ' COOPER, ; rubtocyanea Mindley-shreet. • Olea Banana and f- ; keikatea lot Of Fruit, Plants, Honey. The A. • spectfully intimates to the Ladies and Gentlemen Crassane excelsum, sriUosa alba 1845. ON 1 April 29th, : Wine. ' . Vines for olive, fruits of Adelaide that he removed his .« • comprising— has business to new; Golden Beurr6 Daphne Europma, Csdla capillaris : ** and commodious the Gouais (La cognac odons, suieet sceated six varieties ReKOOBa Oranges premises^ on opposite side of the Jargonelle Folle) JEtbiopica - eacttu t where he solicits a Winter Bon Chretien- Verdeilno (Madeira) Deutzia Opuntia, Cauna Brass established* Lisbon -jLpmpns ' street, adjoining Mr Bulpitt's, con iutea;1 Adelaide Iron and Foundry (fast or / . '. Scyras aeabra eochineHifera Citrons tinuance of the public, patronage. A. C. :to state Autumn Bergamot .» Hermitage coccitiea patois ..v„„ begs " in the and Steam, Carbenet : EjMaiiufac St. .• Dolichos .. Braailiensia Colony)t Golderi Russett apples that having had:>eyteftsive practice as principal I-hair Germains Saiivigoon Indida; iridifiora . Malbeck ,V dillenii Swan-egg pears cutter and dresser at Marchee's Fashionable Establish &c.,&c. lignonuB Lachenalia tory. gigentia his 1 EcbiteB sincere for the > each' ment in the he can, T Aucardt ferox to thanks .Rakingpears, weigbing41bs Commercial-road, London, witlidut ' v Gnnuia. pendula begs Return : Tinta r. * since his v H, Ladies Plums. ?» .. New Zealand horridahorriu- . tias veoeired commencement WILLOUGHBY^ any undue pretensions, agBiire and'Gentlemen fx loBgifolium JWYATT^supporthe Pineau Gris ; Lencojum the :;; ; : ' of his dress the hair in ) Champagne longispinus vertnxm in business, and hojies to merit same by punctuality Bindley-street. ability to cutojr the most recent, CoeVgolden-drop'' f% jl pedunculatum Pineau x he red -• •«' blanc and to with which be and fashionable late v macrodasyB Crocus Liliutn and strict attention all -orders may approved, style. ' N.B.—The South American?.-; Pineau NoirJ Burgandy, # eocstw favoured.1 from one-to and grower of these and Mr Willoughby's pre A. C. can not only...undertake to make fronts.-and Early Epgifej$aMiu pohysji&a »«rnus candidum Engines elght^horsc^power,1 2—l. BG and brass of ewery1 has, vious and in a green gage. Grenache, " .ackermnli iron castings ^description. J.W. : vulgarise Dahlia- importations; .(a practical experienced nur-. ringlets natural
National Library of Australia http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page18834521 National Library of Australia http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page18834522 Bailey’s Garden 18441844-45, 1869… The South Australian Company and olives South Australian Company’s olives • Encourage diversification, support land sales “Having purchased a considerable quantity of land, which could only become valuable by cultivation, [the Directors of the South Australian Company aim]… to introduce a new description of emigrants – a farming tenantry, the flower of the yeomanry of the fatherland…” [SACo Prospectus/Deed] • Relatively low cost and risk • Success of early olive cultivation: •Agricultural & Horticultural Exhibition, 1844 •Evidence of Stevenson’s and others’ olives • Lobbying by George Stevenson South Australian Company’s olives 1. George Stevenson recommends importation of olives, mulberries, figs and almonds to William Giles (Colonial Manager, SACo), thence to David McLaren (Managing Director, SACo), 29 January 1844) • “…numerous sites on the Park Farm excellently adapted to the cultivation of the olive, mulberry and fig…” • “Should the Company however desire to make an experiment on a scale worthy of itself I would recommend that they should send to Provence both for the best mulberry and olive plants – a couple of hundred strongly rooted young trees packed carefully in boxes and forwarded so as to arrive here in May or June would be stock sufficient to begin with as they can be propagated with rapidity and certainty from layers…” • “Messrs Loddiges of Hackney are the best persons to apply to for further information and advice.” South Australian Company’s olives 2.South Australian Company orders and ships olives August–November 1844 • “…it may be necessary to get them from the South of France…I have written on the subject to a house in Marseilles…” • Robert, Gowers and Company, agents for P&O in Marseilles • Very probably on advice from Loddiges; very probably sourced through the National Agricultural College, Montpellier • “We have ordered 50 olive plants to be forwarded to us from Marseilles which should be sent by the first vessel after we receive them” 3. Olives sent from London on the Taglioni, 7 April 1845; arrived, 24 July 1845 4. Planted out adjacent to Bailey’s Hackney Nursery, August 1845 South Australian Company’s olives • Trees • Shipped as ‘truncheons’; lengths (approx 1.5m) of olive branches • Vernalized (chilled) then packed in charcoal, cotton, hessian and canvas • 51 truncheons shipped; all viable on arrival • Varieties: • 30 Oliviers Salonnen • 17 Oliviers Blanquet • 1 Olivier Verdale • 2 Oliviers Bouquettier, • 1 Olivier Gros Redonnau • Trusted to the care of John Bailey
SACo’s olives “The very great progress the olive trees received per Taglioni last July and placed under my charge has induced me to give the following report… It is known that the olive will retain its vitality longer than most trees when the branch or truncheon is severed from the parent tree but it gives me great pleasure to state that those imported by the Company have exceeded my most sanguine expectations. Many of them having made shoots from two to three feet in length and the few that have not grown yet are now full of sap to the top of the stem and during the coming spring I have no doubt will all grow and it would give me pleasure to be able to plant the remaining piece of ground next season if I should be able to increase so many from them.” John Bailey to William Giles, 7 July 1846 Bailey’s olives • Estimated 17,000 olive trees propagated (up to 1858) • SACo divests “Park Farm” from June 1845; progressively leasing and selling the remainder of Section 256 • Bailey purchases Bailey’s Farm outright, 1853; leases SACo olive grove; effectively assumes ownership • Protracted lease & sale of Bailey’s Garden (1872) and SACo’s olive grove (1878) • Stock sold or otherwise removed Bailey’s olives • Several remnant olive trees in Hackney
• Horticultural/commercial interest only • Propagation by ‘layering’ • Sale of trees • Use in contract plantings • Bailey had no or little interest in producing olive oil Bailey’s olives – Great Exhibition 1851 “The Committee has forwarded a small case packed in accordance with the expectations of Her Majesty’s Commissioners and containing olive oil. The produce of trees raised from truncheons imported from Marseilles by the South Australian Company in 1845.” Samuel Davenport to Sir Henry Fox Young, 9 November 1850
•Initiative of the South Australian Company •Olives processed by George Francis, future Director of Botanic Gardens
Bailey’s olives – major distribution, 1852+ 1845
1858
? Bailey’s olives – Adelaide Parklands 1854–1856 Bailey’s olives – Adelaide Gaol Bailey’s olives – Samuel Davenport, 1858/1864? Bailey’s olives – Thomas Hardy, 1852? The growth and decline of the colonial olive industry ?
1845 1878 ?
1864
? ? Other significant sources of olive stock Year(s) Imported by (from) Number of varieties Number of ‘trees’
1863–64 Davenport (France) 13 40{?}
1876–78 Boothby (Italy) 1 50
1877 Davenport (France) 16 46
1877 Davenport (Italy) 10 24
1883 Davenport (Spain) 3 8
1892 Perkins (France) ? 4? Olive trees, South Australia, 1870–1980 Olive oil production, South Australia, 1870–1960 Colonial olive oil • First viable presses • 1870 – 25 years after introduction • Uses for olive oil • Quality of colonial olive oil • Adulteration