From the south of France to Hackney: the introduction of the olive into South Australia Craig Hill. Liquid History and Michael Johnston, Olives SA Three questions • Why olives? • Horticultural experiment/acclimatisation • Not only olives: other exotic products • Why France? • Major source of all things ‘Mediterranean’ for the British • Why South Australia/Hackney? • Similar climate, topography, soils etc to Southern France • ‘Systematic settlement’ (Wakefield System linking land & labour): • ’Social experiment’; independent farmers, close settlement etc • Three ‘governments’: Colonial Government, Colonisation Commission, South Australian Company • Influential promoters of A&H esp citrus fruits, almonds, olives, silk, tobacco, flax By 1914, South Australia boasted about 100,000 productive olive trees, at least 5 commercial oil presses producing up to 100,000 litres of oil per year and an industry that some predicted would soon rival that of Mediterranean Europe! The first olives in South Australia 1836–1839 The first olive in South Australia, 1836 “ …in his reminiscences W.L. Beare, son of Thomas Hudson Beare, at the time second officer of the [South Australian] Company, stated that Charles Powell, gardener of the Company, planted fruit trees, olives and vine cuttings, nearly all of which grew; he also planted a mulberry tree on the island, which had come out on the Duke of York.” Arthur J Perkins, South Australia, An Agricultural and Pastoral State in the Making… ☛ The KI olive tree should be close to this historic mulberry tree Other olives, 1836–1837 • Early olive importations • John Morphett • Charles Everard • Captain John Hindmarsh • George Stevenson • …and possibly 3 others • Small number of trees, uncertain varieties/ quality • Stevenson’s Garden, North Adelaide 1881 Stevenson on olives The Olive is another tree well adapted for our climate, and in respect of soil, the sunny slopes of our hills are admirably suited to its natural habits… You all know the mercantile uses to which the olive is applied, the delicacy and value of its oil, and its use or abuse as a pickle. In a few years it is probable that it may be cultivated here to some extent; but at present I have detained you at sufficient length on what is certainly a tree that we can only plant for our children to gather fruit from. George Stevenson, Lecture to the Adelaide Mechanics’ Institute, reprinted in The South Australian Register…, 16 November 1839 [‘A few and favoured parts only of the globe can grow the olive ... those parts that can should grow the olive. South Australia can, therefore South Australia should grow it.’ Samuel Davenport, The South Australian Register, 1875] “about ten olive trees in the Colony” Dec1843 John Bailey and The Hackney Garden 1844–1858+ John Bailey • 1801–1864 • 1815–1838: horticulturist/botanist; Loddiges’ Nursery, Hackney (UK) Loddiges’ Botanic Nursery Garden, Hackney (UK) • Site founded in 1740s by Johann Busch • 1787–1816: Conrad Loddiges & Sons: Loddiges’ Paradise Field Nursery • 1816–1849: [Loddiges’] Hackney Botanic Nursery Garden: • Scientific approach to horticulture (including classification) • Specialised in importing (exotic species) & exporting plants (especially productive plants); reputation for packing plants for export • Imperial horticulture: acclimatisation • Experimental glass- and hot-houses; palms, ferns, orchids, etc; Wardian cases John Bailey • 1801–1864 • 1815–1838: horticulturist/botanist; Loddiges’ Nursery, Hackney (UK) • 1839: emigrated with family and staff to South Australia on Buckinghamshire, ; sponsored by South Australian Company and Loddiges • Introduced 6 olive seedlings etc • May 1839: appointed Colonial Botanist [responsible for ‘botanic gardens’] Bailey and the South Australian Company Bailey and the South Australian Company Bailey in Adelaide • 1839: Hindley Street? [A]; plants to George Stevenson’s Garden [B] • 1839: First Botanical Gardens [1]; B abandoned as unsuitable 1 2 • 1839–40/41: Second Botanical A Gardens [2] with George Stevenson; abandoned through lack of funding A and disputes over ownership of stock • March 1840: Leased Section 239 [3] from South Australian Company; abandoned in 1843–44 as unsuitable 3 First Hackney Nursery and Farm, July 1841 3 Bailey in Adelaide • 24 June 1844: Leased south-western corner of Section 256 [4] from the SACo B • Specifically “to establish a 1 2 Nursery Garden” 4 A • To complement the adjacent SACo’s “Park Farm” A • October1853: Purchased land • From 1851/52: progressive ill-health • From 1858-60 leased, then sold June 1872; subdivided progressively from 1876 3 Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, 1845–1858+ Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, 1844–1858+ Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, 1844–1858+ Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, 1844–1858+ Remnant olive trees Bailey’s/Hackney Garden, May1845 ••.^5 '.- .s V-s"..: *-; cael-ulea odotata-alba ^ v comosa ttibenisa ceerulea sinica Acacia Eribotrya mosehata Ratuinculus racemose arahiw cs&rjilea, raoss-xed ,j:arema!a^,-.; ; -Aaiaticiu bornda Erytbrina edulis white Narcissus ; Sparadt Corallodendron,cora7 tree Pcenia latisUiqua * ; cfebbage /.angustifolius- bulblfera mduian cardinale "lophantha .cristagalli incomparabilis liliago arabtc * cinnamomea ullolica, gmn Euonymus •Pelargonium fi plena 'TuywH i serecia Ja»&nicus, spindle tree capltalum prolific jonquilla . trfoAor w " New Music and Musical Instrument Appendages; ex vdri Davewuriira orientalis DIRECT. , ADELMOE.r"-.J^ vera jot. prbvipce Sternberg!?' YOrJm^SOURNE " Watson." , Isabella 77 Acer Hendersonii acmldbuble Eugenia ; posticus , Jtlfea commodious cutter . THE fast-Bailing Patronized the Hulsianum scarlet undersigned has on sale, at the published prices* hg,yJh^^Excellencyr ^jgrAorf-T^ platanoidea, tnaple jtcaibbi>' polyantha Sprecltelia ^^vAEPHA, a choice and valuable JEsculus Ficus T rpegtiifollum >geraniums Hp tazette the whole THE consignment of#Iiisic,gust ^ 4bpppgi« 37Honsj John Martin. master, having the i&orif- elbstlcai./ndfas rubber damask most celebrated compositions megalanthum N«rina ,, Suytyncwum unpacked, comprising '' for the above Port on her will sail of the masters'/and a judicious selection-of the orders, ands-eBpectfully informs them'tIM htttrihg spared WpPOCM^?um.^e/B«/ ffli^rpphyllo.,{vJfor«/ofi qUercifolium rubtginesa flefcuosa of cargo great ' engaged, s zonale Arc.. of the ;.- his &c. sarniensis Monday next, the Mh.instant most popular productions present day. neither'.:time nor expence to make collection^-as Agava Bay-fig .. Tigridia^ to -• American - strict Americana Sic., Arc. Rosmarinus For terms of ALSO, extensive ax possible j attentionto Fourcrova apply ^ byia Oinithogalum passageqnly,* shehopes \ pavoiiii of Instructions for the favours. Aloe Percskia common r'ose ; JOHN NEWMAN, Book Violin business to merit a continuance of their fotvar,} gigantea officinalis, Jecteum. Tritonia 1 Campagnoli's - forSouth Aloe Jlarbadoes Broker, Violin assorted J. is Australia.fbr Frasriuus aculeata, tnary icvolutpra . cioeata , Ship Strings, 6. appointed: PolelAgent Port'Adelaide. " South Rubus Bridges Wm. Macarthur, Esq., of Camden, New Wales; barbftdensie excelsior. ash tree poowhnrp Sternbergii squalida Guitar assorted also for 6. of and frutescfensFuacbia laurifolia fruticosus, common bram Oxalia tricolor • May 1st, 1845. Strings, Agent A.Anstey, Esq., Highercombe, > ' , Me AND Geo. Stevenson, Esq., North" Adelaide. saponaria cnnicn Philadclphus iioweriana Tullpa of extra hue red and black cbronarius, Braziliensis • FOR SYDNEY. A'Consignment sealing AAoysia globosn syr/noo apiifolivs, pdrstey gesnerianS THE "DORSET" * • Uavtd wax direct from the London and early orders will «,. a fsweet-scented Htantr made N.B.—To ... been manufacturer^ prevent disappointments gracilis capriua fatfo of the DORSET haying climate. citriodora, date cernuua IN consequence expressly for this be necessary. h,erbhte fulgens dactilifcrd, palm idesus, raspberry vertitalor than she will filled'Up .sooner was anticipated, 1 JOHN STEPHENS, Amorolia PhloiniB Aula •'flayE.w:VvV. virgatn 4 clear at this day (Saturday), and Commission and. laid out and. estimates Gardenia leonorus graveolena, rue udifiora ViesBeuxit thg'Custom-house Bookseller, Stationer, Agents *** Gardens Vineyards fruticota * gr Pinus Saliflburia . and proceed(to8eaon.Sunday. Old Waterloo-house; May 3d, 1845. given for planting. „ Aunona Borida.pleno, Capejasmin mauritiana jliucbjAijei Day cluster for.passage only must be made This cherimolia, cherimoyer Genista pinaster, puie adiantifblia, gincko. purpurea Watsonla Application ' stone Aalix broom pines, pine • rosea to Directors of the South Australian Asso in and sals at the Araliearia Italiaa, Italian . alitroidea Mining Catalogue ofPlatUscultivated for ' E. '|**HE hloeetpri Qleditechin Babylonica, weeping wU versicolor humilis v SOLOMON, Podalyria 1. ciation are open to offers for the purchase, by pri 1845. Cunninghaflrii. Office. Hackney-NiYsery, Adelaide, sericoa tow .*. Peenia Sj'dney Packet vate contract, of Lands and also Bay Pine. triacpntbus. fidgena containing Minerals, .osier forbyana, ; Rundle-street; to for information afforded fRtrt^EARiNG PLkiirlrSj; :J cxcelsa, HJorfoik Island Glycine Podacarpus ^^officinalis marginals prepared give premiums f Illawarra or ' Pine frutescens asplemfcilius Sambucus ,* £ minor them as to the where minerals can be found. Appi.es. Viola hfitive .Humeii > localities sinensis neriifoliue elder tree Mr J. F. BENNETT. - HENRY small blue Avtemesia ( pines .nigra, Polyantha rosea AYERS. Secretary, Golden nonpareil' , Early