President’s Message accessible to members and non-members alike. This is another area that we will continue to improve. I am pleased to report that your The research program is also flourishing. The New York Board of Directors had an Medal project is completed [pending finding any more extremely productive Mid- lost cards]. We are working through the publication year Board Meeting at this ~ aspects at this time. Other research projects currently in year’s convention hotel. I am - progress are: [ 1 ] Massachusetts Long Service Medal, [2] pleased to report that in Hawaiian Royal Orders, [3] DSC Citations - WW II to comparison to the same time ~ Afghanistan, and [4] Award of the Imperial Service period last year our Medal and Roll of the Volunteer Service Decoration. membership rolls are up. OMSA Internet and our strengthened advertising campaign [in Military Trader, The Research program received a boon this past year Military International, ANA Journal, MAX Show when the collection of long-time member Gary Hartman program plus several others] have paid off to the point bequeathed to the society his collection of Medals of the that 84% of those new members come from those two Netherlands. The collection was placed on auction and areas. netted the society over $28,000, which was placed into the Research Fund Program. This was a most generous Our financial picture remains healthy. We have sufficient gift from Gary and it was his wish that we do the best we funds to operate on a continuing basis and we are could with the collection to get the most benefit for the sufficiently covered in the event of a catastrophe to meet society -- the research fund seemed to be the best venue our financial liabilities. We will use some of those for the proceeds. financial resources to continue to improved membership services, for continued upgrading of JOMSA, continued All in all your society is flourishing. It is improving in improvement of the web site, and continued publications. membership services and, you will see more in the future. New member recruiting will always be an issue and we Our publications picture is also extremely good. Dick have the plan and monies in the budget to expand this Flory has done an outstanding job as editor of JOMSA area. George Notarpole is responsible for our as I am sure you will all agree. We will continue to membership ad campaign. Give him your ideas and improve the journal through Dick’s continued editorship. thoughts. There are at least three monographs in production covering the following areas: Gulf War Medals, Balkans OMSA is looking for an individual to act as our General Medals, and the Orders and Medals of the Kingdom of Counsel. The individual needs to be experienced in Afghanistan. Our advertising sales continue to grow with intellectual property law, preferably licensed in receipts in excess of $7000. California and willing to provide his/her services on a pro bono basis. Contact the President if you are As part of our requirement to maintain non-profit status, interested or know of someone who may be interested. we must show contributions to the public. To fulfill that OMSA has a very intensive publication donation program where we donate monographs, JOMSA issues, etc. to We also need to remember those fellow members who libraries and institutions across the country. If you feel have passed away this last year. Several were extremely that you have a worthwhile organization that can benefit active in the society, and their presence and guidance from being part of the donation program contact Alex will be sorely missed. Bendyna, Publications Chair with the name and address. At the mid-year Board of Directors meeting held recently The Board has also taken a hard look at our Ethics Code. in Atlanta, your Board unanimously approved a new As a result these protocols are undergoing a rigorous agreement to be signed by all authors submitting articles scrubbing -- more on this will come out later. or monographs to OMSA for publication. We believe that this new agreement will better protect the rights of The web site continues to expand in leaps and bounds each author while also better protecting our society from much thanks to David Winther our Web Master. David legal liability. did much "behind the scenes activity" this past year to (Continued on page 10) make the site better, more users friendly and more readily

2 JOMSA Portuguese Portuguese interests during World War I were mostly in Campaign Medal Bars Africa where the Portuguese colonies, southern Angola and northern Mozambique, were under attack by the Germans, or by native actions instigated by them. Humberto Nuno de Oliveira Hostilities with the Deutsche Ost Afrika forces in Mozambique started on August 25, 1914, with the I had the good fortune to grow up in a family of military Mazflia attack, and with the Deutsche Sudwest Afrika article makers. In fact my great-grandfather established forces in Angola on the October 18, 1914. Even after himself in the city of Lisbon in 1888 and until over a the Naulila incident on March 9, 1916, Africa’s conflict century later our family shop, Casa Oliveira, was one of against Germany was not enough to be considered an the best-known shops of that kind in Lisbon. It is probably due to this fact (and later upon my experiences in military service in the Army) that my interest in these matters, as well as my academic background, fueled my interest in military history. Medals, ribbons, bars, uniforms, patches, and insignia were common to me since my childhood and sometimes they also acted as attributes for imaginary friends with whom I randomly played. Early in my life medal bars were something that I found in wonderful wooden boxes in our family shop and they immediately caught my attention.

Bars were first used, as far as we know, on British medals, but their utility was immediately recognized by many other countries, including France, Italy, Spain, Germany and . Bars were introduced as little rectangular metal pieces to be placed on medal ribbons and to identify the location and/or the date of a campaign; furthermore their Figure 1: Portuguese replacement by, or coexistence with, palms, stars or crossed swords was also act of war. Those actions were merely considered as a possible. colonial issue. Nevertheless, Portuguese colonial campaigns have made their mark on the history of the Portugal in World War I Portuguese Armed Forces from the late monarchy period until the early republican stage. This was, in fact, only The purpose of this paper is to discuss the medal bars partially suppressed with Portuguese participation in the used to commemorate the Portuguese military actions in campaigns in France. World War I. It is quite possible that many collectors are not conversant with the contributions of Portuguese The campaign in France, although more visible, was forces in World War I, but some medal collectors may mainly chosen for political reasons. The new Portuguese have knowledge of the Portuguese Victory Medal (Figure regime~ used its war participation as a way to acquire 1). In spite of the relevance of the event for our country, some credibility among other nations. However, in spite the mostly French-centred view of the conflict almost of the formation of the Corpo Expediciondrio Portugu~s2 ignores Portuguese participation in World War I. That is in 1916 and the arrival of first troops in France on the certainly true in the case ofLiddell Hart’s 1972 work February 8, 1917, Portuguese participation was almost (page 401-404), just to name one by a well-known British lost due to the large British participation in France. As officer and historian.

Vol. 56, No. 4 3 General Ferreira Martins points out the organisation of smaller wound bars that bear the location and date when the C.E.R was entirely adapted to the British organization such wounds occur.

Portuguese Army Campaign The Medal Bars Commemorative Medal The medal bars were established by Article 2 of the 1917 The Portuguese Army Campaign Commemorative Medal Decree. They were issued in gold, silver and copper, (Medalha Comemorativa das Campanhas do Exdrcito depending on the type of medal issued and consisted of Portuguds) was established by Decree 2870, on a creased metal rectangle, usually 10mm in height, but November 30, 19163 and its regulations were determined sometimes 1 lmm, and with a variable width. The letters by Decree 2940 of January 18, 1917. Although created are struck in high relief and are framed by a rectangle during World War I, this medal should not be considered whose edge is approximately 1 to 1.5mm thick. Although as being established to commemorate that war. the Decree doesn’t state the width, Portuguese regular ribbons are usually 30mm width, and the bars are normally from 33mm to 35mm in width. Article 2, Paragraph 3 establishes that there is no limit to the number of bars that can be worn on the ribbon and indicates that the bars should be placed on the ribbon in chronological order from top to bottom.5 Article 4, Paragraph 1 states that regardless of the class of the medal, the campaign bars must be oxidized.

Wound bars should be placed under the bar of the relevant campaign, for each distinct action in which a wound occurred. They should be 3mm in height with a variable width (Article 5), but they are generally smaller than 5mm in height and 33mm in width.

The bars were authorized at various times from 1917 to 1928, and the ones issued during World War I are grouped into four distinct types: a) field action bars; b) sea action bars; c) general service bars and d) and unauthorized bars. Figure 2: Portuguese Army Campaign Commemorative Medal in gold. Field Action Bars The 1917 Decree states the reasons for the establishment of this medal (Article 1): the medal is to be presented to The field action bars are intended to cover the three all Portuguese servicemen who took part in a war, a operational zones where Portuguese troops entered the campaign, or a military expedition against enemies on conflict: (a) Angola (on the southwest coast of Africa); Portuguese soil or abroad.4 It was to replace the previous (b) Mozambique (on the southeast coast of Africa); and Medal of Queen Amelia (Article 6) for those who (c) France. participated in late 19th Century and early 20th Century campaigns. The medal has three classes: gold (gilt) Angola 1914 - 1915 (Figure 2), silver (or silver plated bronze or copper) (Figure 3) and copper (Figure 4) (Article 2). Article 4 The SUL DE ANGOLA -1914 e 1915 (Southern Angola) states that the gold medal is for generals and senior bar was established by decree 2941, January 18, 1917, officers, the silver for other officers and the copper for (Figure 5 and 6). The same decree established the possible other ranks. Finally it establishes expedition bars, and wound bars: NAULILA, TCHIPELONGO, MONGUA,

4 JOMSA