DOCSLIB.ORG

5. Assessing the Benefits of a Lower Carbon Development Pathway for Zanzibar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
5. Assessing the Benefits of a Lower Carbon Development Pathway for Zanzibar The Economics of Climate Change in Zanzibar 5. Assessing the Benefits of a Lower Carbon Development Pathway for Zanzibar Technical Report (Final Version) July 2012 for i Summary This report is part of the study The Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Zanzibar and describes the analysis relating to lower carbon development. ZANZIBAR’S VISION IS TO ERADICATE POVERTY, IMPROVE SOCIAL WELL BEING AND CREATE A STRONG AND MORE DIVERSIFIED ECONOMY Zanzibar aims to have eradicated poverty and developed a stronger, diversified economy by 2020, as outlined in its Vision 2020 (RGZ 2000). The MKUZA II Strategy (RGZ 2010b), which runs from 2010 to 2015, is key to realising such ambitions. The role of MKUZA II is to implement a range of policies and programmes that addresses challenges such as how to sustain economic growth, promote sustainable tourism, further increase agriculture sector productivity, improve social services and address unemployment. Impacts of climate change could undermine these development goals, and therefore action is needed to mitigate potential impacts through adaptation measures. Action to reduce the risks of climate change clearly needs to be considered within a future climate change strategy. However, within such a strategy, there is also an opportunity to promote a more sustainable, green growth pathway, through a focus on lower carbon development policies and programmes. This opportunity is real. A number of different countries in the region, such as Ethiopia, Rwanda and Kenya1 are all assessing how a move to lower carbon development (or green growth) pathway benefits the country in terms of long term sustainable growth, and positions them to access climate funding over the next 5-10 years. The same is true of a number of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), such as Mauritius, Seychelles and Maldives. Previous work in the East Africa region (Watkiss et al. 2009, 2011) highlights that pursuing a lower carbon development pathway is often in a country’s national interest due to the strong synergies with measures needed to promote sustainable long term development and help deliver robust economic growth. It is important, however, to recognise that Zanzibar has a unique set of characteristics not shared by other countries in the region. While it shares many of the challenges, it has its own distinctive situation as an island country, associated with energy supply, limited land availability, resilience to economic shocks, focus on tourism etc. In addition, it is part of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) whilst having its own autonomous government. Such characteristics mean that options relevant in other countries or regions may not be relevant in Zanzibar. THERE ARE SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT GOALS. A MORE SUSTAINABLE, LOWER CARBON DEVELOPMENT PATHWAY IS NEEDED Zanzibar has a number of challenges, listed in the table below, that need to be addressed if it is to meet its development goals. Such challenges are made more difficult by high population growth, natural resource depletion, future climate impacts and the unique characteristics of Zanzibar as an island country. A business-as-usual pathway could undermine development goals, as described in the table below. However, a move towards a more sustainable, lower carbon pathway could help address some of these challenges, and thereby help achieve development goals. This is because there are strong synergies between lower carbon initiatives and the policies needed to meet the challenges. Such a pathway could include promotion of renewable energy (enhance energy security), increased efficiency of biomass fuel use for cooking (to minimise impact on the sustainability of forest resources and wood supply), a focus on urban and transport sustainability (improve urban environments, reduce 1 Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy: Green economy strategy, published in 2011, can be found at http://www.epa.gov.et/Download/Climate/Ethiopia's%20Climate-Resilient%20Green%20economy%20strategy.pdf. In 2011, the Rwandan Government published its National Climate Change and Low Carbon Development Strategy (NCCLCDS). In April 2010 the Government of Kenya published the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS). All countries are now looking at implementation plans. ii transport fuel use and congestion), adoption of sustainable agriculture practices (leading to increased productivity, resilience to climate change, rural income generation through carbon finance) and promotion of sustainable tourism (reducing environmental impacts, increasing high value tourism). Meeting development challenges: business-as-usual versus sustainable, lower carbon pathway Development Sustainable, lower carbon development Business-as-usual pathway challenge pathway + Unsustainable supply of Access to reliable bioenergy + Forestry protection and improved efficiency and sustainable + Reliance on mainland electricity + Diversification to renewable generation energy supply + Energy efficiency promotion, reducing demand + Exposure to oil price hikes Agriculture + Low productivity + Adoption of systems for enhancing productivity + Reduced soil fertility productivity, carbon stocks and resilience + Further reduction in stocks and + Increased promotion of tree planting, forestry Forestry future acute fuel supply problems / and protection (via REDD+) and reduced protection higher prices demand side pressure (higher efficiency use) + Increase public transport / non-motorised + Congestion and high pollution provision Sustainable levels + Better maintained, lower polluting vehicle transport systems + Increasing reliance on oil stock products + Reduced reliance on oil products + Improved waste management (waste water / + Lack of waste management MSW) Urban + Unplanned development of + Sustainable building / community design environment urban areas (taking account of energy needs and climate impacts) + Unsustainable growth leading to Sustainable increasing environmental impacts + Focus on efficiency of resource use, and Tourism + Limited contribution to local benefits to local community community + Limited financing for inward Financing + New source of income via carbon finance investment It is important to highlight that many of the strategies of the Zanzibar Government already fully recognise these challenges, and the importance of an increased emphasis on sustainability. THE PROMOTION OF LOWER CARBON POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES REQUIRES AN UNDERSTANDING OF FUTURE EMISSIONS To assess opportunities for lower carbon development, the first step is to understand current GHG emission levels, and how these will evolve in the future. In the absence of an inventory for Zanzibar, emission estimates including projections have been developed in this study. Developing these projections also quantifies the challenges facing Zanzibar, for example in terms of energy demand growth, projected increase in vehicles etc. The emission inventory estimates for 2010 (shown below) highlight the important contribution from all sectors (apart from waste where the contribution is smaller). Total annual emissions are estimated at 763 Gg CO2 eq, resulting in per capita emissions of 0.6 tCO2. This is a low per capita value in regional and global terms,2 reflecting the very low consumption of fossil fuels for energy. 2 There are a number of subsector estimates missing from the agriculture and LULUCF sectors which could result in this estimate being 10-20% higher. iii 500 Waste LULUCF 450 Agriculture Energy 400 Total Emissions: 763 Gg CO2 eq. Emissions per capita: 0.6 tCO2 350 Sector shares: Energy 39%, Agriculture 28%, LULUCF 300 29%, Waste 4% eq. 250 CO2 Gg 200 150 100 50 0 CO2 CH4 N2O Total GHG emissions in Zanzibar, 20103 Emissions projection estimates are shown in the figure below. They show dramatic increases in emissions from the forestry sector (LULUCF) due to stock changes resulting from fuel wood demand. Transport emissions also increase significantly, driven by the strong growth in vehicle ownership. Finally, the agriculture sector shows increasing emissions growth due to increasing livestock numbers and fertiliser use. Overall, emissions increase by 190% over the 20 year time horizon from 763 GgCO2e in 2010 to 2213 tCO2e in 2030, leading to emissions per capita rising from 0.6 tCO2e to 1.02 tCO2e / capita. This per capita level in 2030 is still significantly lower than most other countries in the region. 2500 1.20 1.00 Transport 2000 Other 0.80 Industry capita 1500 Comm / Inst per eq eq. Residential 0.60 CO2 Gg CO2 Agriculture 1000 LULUCF 0.40 Tonnes Waste 500 0.20 tCO2 per Cap 0 0.00 2010 2020 2030 Projected GHG emissions in Zanzibar, 2010-2030 3 The following emission categories are not included in the base year inventory and projections: domestic marine and aviation, categories under agricultural direct soil emissions (N-fixing plant, crop residues, histosol cultivation), and the LULUCF categories of forest and grassland conversion, onsite burning of forests, abandonment of managed lands and CO2 emissions from agriculturally impacted soils, and waste emissions from water treatment. These omissions are primarily due to lack of data but will be included in the final report if data can be sourced. Modules 2 and 3 (Industrial Processes and Solvents and Other Product Use) have also been omitted due to negligible emissions under these categories. iv It is important to recognise that there are significant uncertainties associated with these estimates due to data availability issues and simplification of the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • World Bank Document
    Zanzibar: A Pathway to Tourism for All Public Disclosure Authorized Integrated Strategic Action Plan July 2019 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 1 List of Abbreviations CoL Commission of Labour DMA Department of Museums and Antiquities (Zanzibar) DNA Department of National Archives (Zanzibar) GDP gross domestic product GoZ government of Zanzibar IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labour Organization M&E monitoring and evaluation MoANRLF Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Livestock and Fisheries (Zanzibar) MoCICT Ministry of Construction, Industries, Communication and Transport (Zanzibar) MoEVT Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (Zanzibar) MoFP Ministry of Finance and Planning (Zanzibar) MoH Ministry of Health (Zanzibar) MoICTS Ministry of Information, Culture, Tourism and Sports (Zanzibar) MoLWEE Ministry of Lands, Water, Energy and Environment (Zanzibar) MoTIM Ministry of Trade, Industry and Marketing (Zanzibar) MRALGSD Ministry of State, Regional Administration, Local Government and Special Departments (Zanzibar) NACTE National Council for Technical Education (Tanzania) NGO nongovernmental organization PPP private-public partnership STCDA Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority SWM solid waste management TISAP tourism integrated strategic action plan TVET technical and vocational education and training UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UWAMWIMA Zanzibar Vegetable Producers’ Association VTA Vocational
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism in Zanzibar: Challenges for Pro-Poor Growth
    ISSN 1677 6976 | www.ivt.coppe.ufrj.br/caderno ARTIGO ORIGINAL Tourism in Zanzibar: Challenges for pro-poor growth Turismo em Zanzibar: desafios para o crescimento econômico pró-pobre Turismo en Zanzíbar: desafíos para el crecimiento económico favorable a los pobres Elena Rotarou < [email protected] > Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Economics. University of Chile (UChile), Santiago, Chile. CRONOLOGIA DO PROCESSO EDITORIAL Recebido 21-mai-2013 Aceite 10-dez-2014 FORMATO PARA CITAÇÃO DESTE ARTIGO ROTAROU, E. Tourism in Zanzibar: Challenges for pro-poor growth. Caderno Virtual de turismo. Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, n.3, p. 250 - 265, dez. 2014. REALIZAÇÃO APOIO INSTITUCIONAL PATROCÍNIO Caderno Virtual de Turismo – Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, n. 3, p.250-264, dez. 2014 250 ROTAROU Tourism in Zanzibar Resumo: Embora o turismo em Zanzibar sofra uma rápida expansão na última década, isso não tem sido acompanhado pelo crescimento econômico pró-pobre. Embora o turismo tenha trazido benefícios - como divisas, oportunidades de emprego e desenvolvimento de infraestrutura - também causou impactos nega- tivos, inclusive, a degradação ambiental e social de conflitos entre investidores e comunidades locais sobre a exploração de recursos. Este trabalho revisa a literatura disponível sobre o desenvolvimento do turismo em Zanzibar e seu impacto na redução da pobreza e conclui que, apesar dos esforços do governo, o setor de turismo tem poucas ligações com a economia local e, assim, tem um impacto limitado na redução da pobre- za. Algumas das razões para essa falha são os interesses econômicos de investidores ricos e funcionários do governo, a corrupção generalizada e a falta de políticas que ligam as comunidades locais com o turismo.
    [Show full text]
  • African Studies Abstracts Online: Number 6, 2004 Boin, M.; Eijkman, E.M.; Oberst, U.; Polman, K.; Sommeling, C.M.; Doorn, M.C.A
    African Studies Abstracts Online: number 6, 2004 Boin, M.; Eijkman, E.M.; Oberst, U.; Polman, K.; Sommeling, C.M.; Doorn, M.C.A. van Citation Boin, M., Eijkman, E. M., Oberst, U., Polman, K., Sommeling, C. M., & Doorn, M. C. A. van. (2004). African Studies Abstracts Online: number 6, 2004. Leiden: African Studies Centre. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/487 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/487 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). AFRICAN STUDIES ABSTRACTS ONLINE ISSN 1570-937X African Studies Abstracts Online is published four times a year on the journal´s website http://asc.leidenuniv.nl/library/abstracts/asa-online/ where it can be consulted free of charge. Editorial correspondence to: Afrika-Studiecentrum PO Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden Tel.: +31-(0)71-527 3354 E-mail: [email protected] Library address for visitors: Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, The Netherlands © 2004 Stichting Afrika-Studiecentrum AFRICAN STUDIES ABSTRACTS ONLINE Number 6, 2004 Contents Editorial policy............................................................................................................... ii Geographical index ....................................................................................................... 1 Subject index................................................................................................................. 4 Author index.................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Drivers of Tourism in East Africa: the Case of Zanzibar Town
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 7, July-2019 ISSN 2229-5518 The economic drivers of tourism in East Africa: the 941 case of Zanzibar town Wanjiku Joseph Thukia Abstract Understanding drivers of tourism is important in transforming actors’ perceptions and ultimately the industry for sustainability. Motives, historical forces shaping tourism policy, legislations and their actual implementations is less researched. This paper exposes drivers of tourism in Zanzibar. It explains how the contested natural, cultural heritage, revolutionary regime, neoliberal structural adjustment, legislations and policy changes in the archipelago shaping our understanding of tourism theory and practices overtime and space. It is founded that enduring political instability, conflicting institutional power struggles, and variable interests have created unique unsustainable tourism practices and trends in the island. Overall, the paper contributes to an understanding of the use of post-structural critical theory and political ecology approach in rethinking the future of tourism policy and legislations with references to island destinations in developing economies. The result showed the tourism industry has a great contribution to the socio-economic development of Zanzibar. These contributions include the following; generates employment opportunity, sources of income and foreign currency, expansion of the market for small business and traditional goods, enabling understanding of different foreign languages, as well as encouraging intermarriages between locals and foreigners (tourists). Moreover, maintenance of cultural identity, environmental conservation, and sanitation as well as the promotion of interaction and hospitality are strategies set by tourism stakeholders in promoting the tourism industry in Zanzibar. Furthermore, findings indicated that the tourism industry in Zanzibar is faced by many challenges that hinder the development of the tourism industry in Zanzibar also the socio-economic development of Zanzibar.
    [Show full text]
  • Going Strong Like LION!
    In-Flight Magazine SAFARIIssue No.3 Jan - March 2018 Your NJEMA Free Copy ATCL Going Strong Like LION! #EndeleaKupasuaAnga #EndeleaKupasuaAnga Happy New Year 2018 Welcome Aboard ear Passengers and which had facilitated a lot of LET me take this auspicious businesses and helped in promoting opportunity to inspire attention tourism sector, similarly, contributing of your great support that you had in boosting Tanzania’s economy. extended to Air Tanzania Company Limited (ATCL) as our clients, notably As promised in the previous in-flight passengers. ATCL with its entire magazine, we have increased the staff acknowledge and reiterate the frequency of Dodoma and Tabora company’s topmost commitment to all flights taking into account that this Nairobi (Kenya), Entebbe (Uganda) our passengers and other customers route would link the Capital City and Bujumbura (Burundi). as we mark the New Year. of Dodoma with other towns or Two more Bombardier CS 300 destinations in Western Tanzania and aircraft scheduled for mid-range It is in this light that, we, the the Lake Zone. routes in Africa are expected to enter management and entire staff of the skies; these two equipments will ATCL continue to give and provide I feel proud to say that our Airline has link Dar es Salaam with other regional highly improved flight services to all increased efficiency counting at 85 routes of Lubumbashi (DR Congo), customers as we value the precious percent (85%) On Time Performance Lagos (Nigeria), Harare (Zimbabwe), support they had extended to us (OTP). This means we fly on time Lusaka (Zambia) and Accra (Ghana).
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Surface Temperature in the Western and Central
    SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF THE 1998 CORAL REEF BLEACHING IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: A SUMMARY Susie Westmacott1, Herman Cesar2 and Lida Pet-Soede3 1Resource Analysis, Delft, Netherlands & University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, UK. 2Institute for Environmental Studies, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands. 3Independent Consultant & Institute for Environmental Studies, Free University Amsterdam, Netherlands. INTRODUCTION Coral reefs are a vital resource to many areas of the Indian Ocean. Coastal populations are continuously increasing (Table 1) and relying on this resource as the basis of the economy. Across the region, the two common socio-economic reef based activities are fisheries and tourism. For local subsistence fishermen, reef fisheries often represent their only livelihood. Degradation of coral reefs will first impact the reef fishery and subsequently, the local fishing community. Tourism also is often heavily dependent on coral reefs as the main attraction. The countries of the Indian Ocean vary both physically and socio-economically (Table 1). The size of a country, the area of coral reefs, the coastal population utilising the reefs and the wealth of the country are all indicators of pressure and dependence on reef resources and their ability to cope with impacts such as coral bleaching. CORDIO was initiated in response to degradation of coral reefs caused by the 1998 coral bleaching event. However, other factors, such as rapidly expanding coastal populations or poor planning and management, may also cause reef degradation. Recently, Bryant et al. (1998) estimated that 9 000 km2 of coral reef in the Indian Ocean were at high risk, 10 500 km2 at medium risk and 16 600 km2 at low risk of degradation from coastal development, marine based pollution, overexploitation of marine resources and inland pollution, including sedimentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a New Political Economy of Global Tourism Revisited
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UEL Research Repository at University of East London Citation: Bianchi, Raoul (2014) ‘Towards a Political Economy of Global Tourism Revisited’, in Sharpley, Richard and Telfer, David J. (eds.) Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues. Channel View Publications, pp. 287-331. http://www.channelviewpublications.com/display.asp?k=9781845414733 Towards a New Political Economy of Global Tourism Revisited Raoul V. Bianchi Development must start from the actual conditions and social practices of each people. (Barratt Brown 1995) Introduction Despite the continued expansion and diversification of international tourism worldwide and its consolidation as one of the world’s leading economic sectors, the international political economy of tourism has yet to achieve the prominence it (arguably) did during an earlier epoch of tourism development studies and continues to remain conspicuous by its absence in the wider development literature, with one or two noteworthy exceptions (Chin 2008; Clancy 1998, 2008; Ferguson, 2010). As argued elsewhere (see Bianchi, 2009), this deficit can be attributed to a number of factors, including, the fact that tourism has predominantly been observed from applied, business-oriented perspectives, as well as, more recently, the turn away from what are loosely described as ‘structuralist’ analyses of tourism, towards those which tend to foreground the analysis of discourse and culture over that of conflict and inequality rooted
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cape Town 2001
    The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Tribesmen or Hustlers? Tourism, Cultural Imperialism and the Creation of a New Social Class in Zanzibar By Jason Sumich, SMCJASOOI A minor dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts in Social Anthropology. Town Cape of UniversityDepartment of Social Anthropology Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town 2001 This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Jason Sumich . ~/ )' ---- ~- / ' ----- - 30 March 2001 ABSTRACT This paper explores the interconnected processes of tourism, neo-colonialism, and cultural imperialism in Zanzibar. The research concentrated on the political economy of tourism in Zanzibar and its effects on the tourist industry underclass, locally known as 'beach boys'. I argue that tourism is characterized not only by neo-colonialism, but that these exploitative relationships are accompanied and justified by cultural imperialism. In addition to the political economy of tourism, the paper examines the social taxonomies used by both tourists and beach boys to define and distance the 'Other'.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Marine Conservation Areas in Zanzibar
    A Guide to Marine Conservation Areas in Zanzibar Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources Foreword or many centuries referred to as the ‘spice characteristics of our islands in place. Fislands’, the Zanzibar archipelago consists of two main islands, namely Unguja and Pemba. Of the The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Environment two, Unguja Island is the better known to the outside as part of the Revolutionary Government of world. Hundred of Thousands of people come Zanzibar and the Marine and Coastal Environment to visit every year and one of the main attractions Management Project (MACEMP) have responded of Zanzibar is the beauty of our coast – the white to this urgent challenge by introducing Marine sandy beaches, the coral reefs and of course the Conservation Areas along the coast of both Unguja rich cultural heritage of the Swahili coast. Pemba, and Pemba. These areas will function as multiple use also known as the ‘Green Island’ is slowly opening areas, where fishing and other uses are allowed, but its doors to tourism, its intact culture and traditions a with rules and regulations aimed at achieving a more rare commodity in a fast-changing world. sustainable resource use. Tourists who visit these rich environments will pay a visitors’ fee that goes towards The strong interrelationship of Zanzibar with the sea maintaining the MCAs and developing alternative is something that makes Zanzibar very special – the livelihoods in the local villages that hopefully will relieve dhows, the trade winds, the fresh sea food, and of some of the pressure on the marine resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Paradise a Closer Look at Tourism on Zanzibar and Its Cultural Consequences
    Representations of paradise A closer look at tourism on Zanzibar and its cultural consequences Author: Chris C. Scholtens Student number: 1385305 Address: Dijkstraat 4 9724KX Groningen E-mail: [email protected] Institution: University of Groningen (RuG) Faculty: Faculty of Spatial Sciences Master: Cultural Geography Supervision: prof. dr. D. Strijker Date: August 2011 - 0 - - 1 - “In the name of tourism, capital and modernized peoples have been deployed to the most remote regions of the world, farther than any army was ever sent.” MacCannell (1992: 1) - 2 - Preface In this preface I would like to thank everyone who helped or supported me in writing this thesis. First I want to thank prof. dr. Strijker, who guided me to the entire process. He helped me to point the parts that needed fine tuning and rough trimming and provided me with objective support to keep my focus on this study’s subject. This was needed as the academic roadmap of tourism contains many sideways and dark alleys, which are easy to get lost in. Like the streets of Zanzibar, it was easy to get fascinated by everything one might see there, while completely forgetting what the purpose of walk was to begin with. Next I want to thank my parents who not only provided me with the financial support to make it possible for me to visit Zanzibar, but who have also been patient with me for the eight years that my career as a student lasted. Of course I also need to thank Jolien de Lange, for being such a wonderful girlfriend and her emotional support and hour-long chats at times when homesickness struck me.
    [Show full text]
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY ______Anon
    BIBLIOGRAPHY _____________________________________________________________________________ Anon. (2004). Annual Report. Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. Amrithalingam, M. (1998). Sthala Vrikshas of Tamil Nadu. In: Krishna, N. and Prabhakaran, J. (eds.), The Ecological Traditions of Tamil Nadu, C.P.R. Environment Education Centre, Chennai. Ananthakrishnan, T.N. (1999). Multidimensional links in biodiversity research: An Integrated Exercise. Current Science, 77: 356-358. Anderson, E.N. (1996). Ecologies of the Heart: Emotion, Belief, and the Environment. New York: Oxford University Press. Anthwal, A., Gupta N., Sharma A., Anthwal S. and Ki-Hyum, K. (2010). Conserving biodiversity through traditional beliefs in sacred groves in Uttarakhand Himalaya, India. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54: 962-971. Anthwal, A., Sharma, R.C. and Sharma, A. (2006). Sacred groves: traditional way of conserving plant diversity in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttaranchal. The Journal of American Science, 2: 35-43. Arora, V. (2011). “Conserving Sacred Groves and Mitigating Climate Change”, Presented at the National Conference on Environment and Biodiversity of India, New Delhi. Barbaro, Salvatore, Caracausi, R., Chaix, B., Chisesi, R.M., Cognata, G. and Lorusso, L.C. (2007). Setting up of a protocol of environmental research for preservation and right exploitation of the cultural heritage. Conservation Science in Cultural heritage, 7: 267- 321. Basu, R. (2009). Biodiversity and ethnobotany of sacred groves in Bankura District, West Bengal. Indian Forester, Vol.:135. Batjes, N. H. (1996). Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science, 47, 151–163. Reflections by N.H. Batjes Baviskar, A. (2014). Mangarbani sacred grove near Delhi. http://www.vikalpsangam.org/article/mangarbani-sacred-grove-near delhi/#.U4R826I_Zko.
    [Show full text]
  • Zanzibar Tourism Policy on Environment Is the Conservation and Protection of the Environment, Rational and Efficient Utilization of Natural Resources
    1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Tourism has become the biggest economic activity of this day and age. With 476 billion dollars in 2000, tourism is doubtless the primary source of international trade receipts. WTO still expects over one billion international tourist arrivals in 2010 and over 1.5 billion tourists and US$ 2 trillion receipts in 2020. WTO’s vision 2020 presents an optimistic picture for the tourism sector in Africa with growth of 5.5 per cent a year forecast of the period 1995 – 2020, as against the global rate of 4.1 percent of the 77 Million international tourist arrivals anticipated in the continent in 2020, an estimated 17 Million will be in the countries of East Africa producing an average growth of 5.3 percent. Zanzibar tourism, began in the late 1980’s, is still a new industry, struggling to improve standards, with 87,511 tourists an increase of 43 percent, US$ 4,471,000 foreign earnings in 2002. According to figures compiled by the Commission for Tourism, there are currently 173 tourist accommodation establishments in Zanzibar, with a total of 3,089 rooms and 6,139 beds. The majority are located in Unguja, with only 14 establishments (with a total of 110 rooms and 214 beds) in Pemba. Out side the hotels, there are approximately twenty restaurants of international standard, with several new high quality establishments opened in Stone Town in the past few years. In addition, there are 108 licensed ground tour operators and diving units. Despite the large number of licensed operators, this sector is dominated by a comparatively small number of major companies, which account for the bulk of the business.
    [Show full text]