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Cost Benefit Analysis of Tourism in Zanzibar

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Cost Benefit Analysis of Tourism in Zanzibar ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON COMMUNITIES AND CHILDREN IN ZANZIBAR Contents Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 5 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Background ................................................................................................................................... 12 2. Assessment, awareness/advocacy and action planning ............................................................... 14 2.1. Main stakeholders................................................................................................................. 15 3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 17 3.1. Analysing policies, regulations and secondary data ............................................................. 18 3.2. The participatory field research ............................................................................................ 18 3.3. Main data sources in the research ........................................................................................ 20 4 Analysing policies, regulations, studies and data ......................................................................... 23 4.1. Economic growth, tourism and poverty reduction ............................................................... 23 4.1.1. Economic importance of tourism in Zanzibar ............................................................... 23 4.1.2. Break-down of economic activity within the tourism industry .................................... 24 4.1.3. Inclusion and poverty reduction potential of tourism .................................................. 27 4.2. Zanzibar policies .................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.1. Tourism development policies ...................................................................................... 29 4.2.2. Child protection policies ............................................................................................... 31 4.3. Global approaches to tourism impacts on children .............................................................. 32 4.3.1. Child protection ............................................................................................................ 32 4.3.2. Child rights in businesses .............................................................................................. 33 4.3.3. Reducing poverty .......................................................................................................... 33 4.3.4. Inclusive destination development ............................................................................... 34 4.4. Lessons from Mombasa (Kenya), The Gambia and Dominican Republic ............................. 34 4.4.1. Preventing is better than curing ................................................................................... 35 4.4.2. Multi-stakeholder involvement is invaluable ............................................................... 35 4.4.3. Distribution of economic benefits ................................................................................ 35 5. Impact assessment findings .......................................................................................................... 36 5.1. Socio-economic impact of tourism on children, families and communities......................... 36 5.1.1 Perceptions of the tourism industry over time .................................................................... 36 5.1.2. Economic opportunities and risks ....................................................................................... 36 1 5.1.3. Tourism employment .......................................................................................................... 37 5.1.4. Economic linkages and leakages ......................................................................................... 42 5.1.5. Impediments to economic development opportunities ..................................................... 46 5.1.5. Aspirations of local people in tourism employment ........................................................... 47 5.2. Culture and Tourism ............................................................................................................. 47 5.2.1. Interactions between tourists and locals ............................................................................ 48 5.2.2. ‘Cultural degradation because of tourism’ ......................................................................... 50 5.3. Environmental impacts ......................................................................................................... 53 5.3.1. Water availability and quality ............................................................................................. 53 5.3.2. Waste management ............................................................................................................ 54 5.4. Main negative effects and risks of tourism development on children ................................. 55 5.4.1. Child labour in tourism and supplying sectors .................................................................... 55 5.4.2. Sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism ......................................................... 58 5.4.3. Use of and access to drugs .................................................................................................. 60 5.4.4. Culture of begging or a culture of giving? ........................................................................... 61 5.4.5. Level of vulnerability ........................................................................................................... 62 5.4.6 Impacts on children of households working in tourism....................................................... 63 5.5. Relevant stakeholders’ interaction to address negative and positive effects of tourism development ..................................................................................................................................... 67 5.5.1. National level stakeholder interaction................................................................................ 67 5.5.2. District level ........................................................................................................................ 68 5.5.3. Community level ................................................................................................................. 68 5.5.4. Reflections on the interactions between the tourism industry and local communities .... 69 5.5.5. Mitigation of risks and other mechanisms of social accountability within the tourism industry with specific respect to child welfare ............................................................................. 70 5.5.3. Good practices in the Zanzibar tourism industry ................................................................ 73 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 77 6.1. Thirty years of tourism affecting the lives of children, families and communities.................... 77 6.2. Developing the capacity of the population to take on gradually more advanced jobs ............. 78 6.3. Positive and negative effects of tourism on children ................................................................ 78 6.4. Factors influencing how communities, families and children benefit from tourism ................. 79 6.5. Stakeholder awareness of potential child rights risks of tourism .............................................. 80 6.6. Perception of children and communities about the tourism industry ...................................... 80 6.7. Reflections of tourists on interactions between tourism and communities ............................. 81 6.8. Interaction between the tourism industry and communities ................................................... 81 6.9. Examples of collaboration between the tourism industry and communities ........................... 82 2 7. Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 84 7.1. Child protection .................................................................................................................... 84 7.2. Children’s and human rights in tourism ................................................................................ 85 7.3. Sustainable livelihoods of children, families and communities ............................................ 86 7.3.1. Local job opportunities ................................................................................................. 86 7.3.2. Inclusive and sustainable businesses ............................................................................ 86 7.4. Social-cultural and environmental context ........................................................................... 87 Annex I – Interview Guide National Stakeholders ................................................................................ 88 Annex II – Survey plan (October
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