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Women's Participation in Tourism in Zanzibar

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Women's Participation in Tourism in Zanzibar Women’s Participation in Tourism in Zanzibar An Enactment Perspective Nelly Samson Maliva Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr V.R. van der Duim Personal chair at the Cultural Geography Group Wageningen University Co-promotor Dr K.B.M. Peters Assistant professor, Cultural Geography Group Wageningen University Other members Prof. Dr M.N.C. Aarts, Wageningen University Prof. Dr E.B. Zoomers, Utrecht University Dr S. Carlisle, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Wales, United Kingdom Dr R. Lie, Wageningen University This research was conducted under the auspices of the Wageningen Graduate School of Social Sciences. Women’s Participation in Tourism in Zanzibar An Enactment Perspective Nelly Samson Maliva Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 14 December 2016 at 11 a.m. in the Aula Nelly Samson Maliva Women’s Participation in Tourism, An Enactment Perspective 222 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2016) With references, with summaries in English and Dutch ISBN: 10.18174/389702 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/389702 Acknowledgements This enriching and remarkable PhD journey has come to an end. It has been an adventurous journey full of mixed experiences. I express my gratitude to the institutions and people who have supported this journey. I would like to give thanks to the Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT) Research Capacity Building and Knowledge Exchange Project for East Africa that made the stone that I used to step into the PhD program in Wageningen. I specially thank Prof. Dorothea Meyer, Dr. Lucy Mboma and Dr. Damiana Kieti who recognised my potential and suggested that I join the PhD programme at Wageningen University. Special thanks to Prof. René van der Duim for connecting me to the university, but also other members including Dr. John Akama and Dr. Jockey Nyakaana for their contributions to the selection process. My heartfelt thanks go to those who enriched my academic endeavour during this journey. To my promotor René van der Duim, I am indebted for this support and guidance that has significantly contributed to not only producing this thesis but also upgrading my career. René had a untiring willingness to read numerous drafts including correcting grammatical errors and patiently remained involved through times of slow progress. Dr. Karin Peters made valuable and constructive comments that aimed at shaping my thesis; thanks for her tireless efforts. I am also indebted to Dr. Irena Ateljevic for her supervision during the proposal writing and Dr. Maartje Bulkens for her support during the last part of the thesis writing and for designing the cover of this thesis. I sincerely recognise those who advised and added value to this thesis, including Prof. Dorothea Meyer and Prof. Wineaster Anderson. My special thanks go to the staff of the Cultural Geography Group, Wageningen University for their contribution to my learning processes through various activities such as landscape conversations and Geo Lectures in which academic experiences were shared. Many other programs organised by the Geo Group have exposed me to various theoretical insights and new knowledge. My special thanks to Prof.r Claudio Minca, Henk, Martijn, Chin Ee, Hamzah, Michael, Maarten, Meghann, Lauren, Clemens, Ramona, Mieke, Carla and Keen for their contributions in facilitating my learning process in Wageningen University. I am indebted to my fellow PhD candidates Maartje, Tabitha, Rita, Wilber, Amos, Iulian, Chalermpat, Arjaan, Nowella, Trista, Radhika, Thani, Zulkhairi and Alexandra for their contributions during the formal and informal programs that were used as a platform for exchanging experiences. But also the sense of humour, cultural experience exchanges, and mind refreshing moments that I got during different occasions and events such as farewell parties with Geo group members is unforgettable. I appreciate the support from my colleagues at the University of Dar es Salaam Business School (UDBS). Thanks to Dr. Ulingeta Mbamba for the academic and moral support to my study. Prof. Rutashobya, Prof. Chijoriga, Dr. Mwaipopo, Allan, Diana, Goodluck, John Philemon, Olomi, Assad, Nchimbi to mention a few, contributed a lot to the development of my thesis. Dr. Magoti, Dr. Mtavangu, Philbert Komu and other University of Dar es Salaam academic staff members too played a remarkable role. The members of the UDBS PhD club Tobias, Gladys, Kezia, Bahati, Gladness, Noel, Tuku, Abel, Juliana, Haphsa, just to mention a few, made this journey easier. Also thanks to the Tanzanian and East African community in Wageningen University. Their company and cooperation were enough relief, especially at the time when I lost my husband and later my father. During my stay in Wageningen I also received support from the Amazing Grace Parish in Wageningen. Pastors Farai and Busi Maphosa, Pastor Adesuwa, Sunday and Maureen Makama, Elton and Ednah Zvinavashe, Ernest, Ijeoma, Julieth, James, Samson, Sebastian and all church members gave me spiritual and moral support. I also acknowledge the support that I got from the Bornsesteeg house fellowship and Wageningen University Chaplaincy fellowships. I am deeply indebted to my family. My profound gratitude to my husband Dr. Shekania Zablon Bisanda who continued to support me until his last minutes of his life; may his soul rest in peace. To my children Eric, Edgar and Esther: I thank you so much for your affection and encouragement that you continued to give me especially when I was leaving you at home alone for a number of months. You always encouraged me by your prayers and the boldness that you showed by saying “Mom do not worry, we will be fine”. Thanks to my brother Rev. Father (Dr.) Leonard Maliva for the moral and spiritual support he constantly gave me. My brothers Felix, Remy, Flavian, Alto and my sisters, Neema, Lina, Catherine, Schola deserve my sincere gratitude for their remarkable support. Prof. Sylvester and Idda Kalevela, Prof. Elifas and Damari Bisanda are a great source of encouragement and inspiration to my life. My very special thanks go in memory of my father Samson Maliva who, like my husband, passed on while I was still on this academic journey. Thanks to my dear mother Marchelina Ngili Maliva for the support she has been giving me during all my life and particularly the academic endeavours. I dedicate this thesis to the memory of my beloved husband Dr. Shekania Bisanda and my father Samson Mwendumtwa Maliva. Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................................. i List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... iv List of tables ...................................................................................................................................................... vi List of figures .................................................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Theoretical debates ................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Problem statement ................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Significance of the study ...................................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Structure of this thesis .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2: Zanzibar ...................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 The study area ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Zanzibar as a tourist destination ........................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Growth in tourism ........................................................................................................................................ 15 2.3 People ....................................................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.1 Education and literacy ................................................................................................................................ 18 2.3.2 Marriage ..........................................................................................................................................................
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