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SCIFYI Newsletter Science & Technical Support Section’s Department of Natural Resources and Parks Water and Land Resources SciFYI Division A science section digest of current environmental issues in King County January 2017 Lake Union and the Ship Canal – A history of pollution and work toward a solution By Tim Clark ake Union is often considered the focal point of Seattle. the mid-1970s, elevated bacteria levels, chemical contami- LIts central location, photogenic framing of downtown, nation in the sediment, elevated summer surface tempera- the Space Needle and the city’s past and current industries, tures, and low oxygen levels combined with elevated salinity and calm waters make it the ideal setting for Fourth of July in deeper waters during the summer remain issues for the fireworks and a hub for kayakers and paddle boarders. waterbody. Detailed information about King County’s Lake Union monitoring program can be found at Lake Union serves as a migration route for salmon to reach www.kingcounty.gov/lake-union-monitoring. their spawning grounds in the Cedar River-Lake Washington watershed. The fish ladder viewing window located at the Lake Union and the Ship Canal are heavily modified Ballard Locks is one of Seattle’s must-see attractions. Unfor- waterbodies. In 1916, the 8.6-mile-long Lake Washington tunately, Lake Union and the Ship Canal were historically Ship Canal was completed, which included construction of subjected to industrial, wastewater, and stormwater pollu- the Montlake Cut, Fremont Cut, and Hiram M. Chittenden tion for many decades. Locks (Ballard Locks). The new canal provided the first navi- gable passage for deep-draft commercial vessels, barges, In line with its water quality mission, King County began and recreational boaters between Lake Washington and monitoring Lake Union Puget Sound. In the middle of the century, dozens of indus- Ballard Locks water quality in the 1970s. tries surrounded the shoreline and contributed to pollution While water quality has improved substantially since (Continued Gas Works Park on page 2) Green Lake Shilshole Bay Ballard Locks SEATTLE n o t Locks Salmon Bay g n Salmon i Bay 99 h s Fremont Cut a W Union Bay e Fisherman’s Terminal Portage k Montlake Cut a Bay L Lake SEATTLE Union 5 520 MEDINA S. Lake Union Lake Union N Elliott Bay 0.5 1 Mile King County Long Term Monitoring Station 0 0.75 Science & Technical Support Section’s SciFYI • January 2017 1 (Continued from page 1) frequency and magnitude than observed during previous decades. Similar decreasing trends have been observed for in the lake. Untreated sewage from hundreds of house- nutrient levels in the lake. boats and nearby homes, along with untreated stormwater drainage, also contributed to pollutant loading in the lake. In the summer, warm surface water temperatures, low dis- As the sewage system became overwhelmed during large solved oxygen concentrations and elevated salinity at depth, rain events, combined sewer overflows released even more are a concern in Lake Union and the Ship Canal. Summer untreated sewage. surface temperatures routinely exceed 20 °C (68 °F) and can result in higher predation rates on juvenile salmon and Since routine water quality monitoring began in 1976, create a thermal barrier for fish movement. Summer surface fecal coliform bacteria levels have decreased significantly temperatures also periodically exceed 23 °C (73 °F), which (p<0.01) (Figure 2). Fecal coliform levels still exceed the can cause adult salmon mortality. 90th percentile state water quality criterion, but at a lower Furthermore, the cold-water refuge at depth during the summer contains low levels of dissolved oxygen and elevat- ed salinity and cannot be fully utilized by juvenile and adult salmon. Temperatures have increased significantly since the SINCE THE 1950S, NUMEROUS ACTIONS 1970s (Figure 3), and continued warming is expected due HAVE IMPROVED WATER QUALITY IN LAKE to climate change. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who UNION AND THE SHIP CANAL, INCLUDING: operate Ballard Locks, are investigating methods to improve temperature conditions for salmon migrating through the locks, but a long-term solution has not yet been identified. • Closure of the gas (1956) and steam (1987) plants Sediment chemistry in Lake Union and the Ship Canal was evaluated in the early 1980s, in the 1990s, in 1999-2001, • Formation of Metro and completion of the and again in 2014. The results from these investigations regional sewer system around Lake Washington confirmed that sediments are contaminated with several toxic chemicals. in the 1960s; Notable contaminated sediment hot spots are located near • Connecting houseboats to the sewer line in 1967; Gas Works Park, in southeast Lake Union, and throughout Salmon Bay. The most widespread contaminants are metals, • Sewage and drainage improvements in the basin such as arsenic, mercury, and silver; tributyltin (a banned funded by the 1968 Forward Thrust bonds; and vessel-bottom antifouling agent); polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons (PAHs [found in fossil fuels and are byproducts of combustion]); phthalates (plasticizers); and polychlorinated • Ongoing efforts by Metro, King County, and biphenyls (PCBs [a persistent organic pollutant]). Seattle to reduce combined sewer overflows, as well as implementation of Seattle’s municipal Lake Union and the Ship Canal will continue to be important stormwater National Pollutant Discharge pieces of Seattle’s character. The urban lake is a reflection of Elimination System permit. the region’s industrial legacy, but steps taken to restore and protect these waterbodies show the region’s commitment to environmental stewardship and remediation. The re- gion continues to improve management of wastewater and stormwater discharges, and multiple sediment cleanups are underway or planned within Lake Union and the Ship Canal, including near Gas Works Park. King County will continue to monitor Lake Union and the Ship Canal and evaluate changes in water quality resulting from current and future efforts. Look for King County’s monitoring results for Lake Union from January 2014 through March 2016 to be published January 2017: www.kingcounty.gov/science-library (search for “Lake Union”). ■ 2 Science & Technical Support Section’s SciFYI • January 2017 Figure 2. Annual geometric mean (top) and 90th percentile (bottom) of fecal coliform bacteria levels since 1976. Black lines signify WA water quality standard geomet- ric standard (top) of 50 CFU/100 mL and 90th per- centile standard (bottom) of 100 CFU/100 mL. Washington state water quality standards for fecal coliform have two components: (1) a threshold not to be exceeded by the geometric average of recent samples, and (2) a threshold not to be ex- ceeded by more than 10 percent of samples (90th percentile standard). Figure 3. Annual mean surface temperature since 1985 and observed long- term trends. All warming trends were sig- nificant (p<0.05). Science & Technical Support Section’s SciFYI • January 2017 3 Hot water and low flow: The summer of 2015 in the Snoqualmie River Watershed By Josh Kubo ecord low stream and river flows and high air tempera- evaluate the status and trends of these water conditions, M tures resulted in warm water conditionsa throughout the Snoqualmie Watershed Forum, in partnership with the R rg a r the Snoqualmie River watershed in 2015. In ane effort to King County, deployed 27 thermistors (temperature sensors) t C r e e k T !( u !( Snoqualmie c k Watershed C re e k !( King County k !( ee Cr erry DUVALL Ch eek Cr !( is r r iver a lt R rk To H o h F rt !( o REDMOND N outh Fork S To lt R iver !(!( «¬203 S A n !( m o q e u s a C lm r !( r e i e e Figure 1. e v R i k R i v t l e Snoqualmie o r T River water !(CARNATION P !( !( a temperature tte rso n C study sites r k ee e k re C ffin !( ri G !( !( r SAMMAMISH e v !( k i e R e !( r e i C m l l !( a u k u o q T o n «¬202 !( S k r o !( F h t r o !( N S n o r q e u v a ISSAQUAH i lm R ie SNOQUALMIE g R in iv «¬900 g e a r !( R !( !( «¬90 !( Legend NORTH BEND M iddle For !( Water Temperature Sample Sites k Sno qualmie Rive Major Streams and Waterbodies r Major Roads «¬18 So Incorperated Areas uth For ± k S n Snoqualmie River Watershed oq ua 0 1 2 4 6 lmie King County Boundary Riv Miles er 4 Science & Technical Support Section’s SciFYI • January 2017 within the Snoqualmie River and its tributar- ies from June 30 to Sept. 30 (Figure 1). The Figure 2. Mainstem Snoqualmie River 7-DADMAX range and goal was to document water temperatures WDOE standard for designated uses. WDOE Standards after throughout the summer of 2015 to better Sept. 15 are specific for spawning and egg incubation. understand potential conditions experienced by salmonids in the watershed. While many factors impact salmon habitat, Mainstem Snoqualmie 7-DADMAX and Salmon Thresholds high water temperatures pose a unique set 28 of challenges that influence salmonid health, 26 development, migration, and survival. High 24 water temperatures (23-25°C) can be lethal 22 to salmonids and warm temperatures (16- 23°C) can cause significant sub-lethal effects, 20 including increased susceptibility to disease 18 and metabolic stress, as well as impede up- 16 stream migration. 14 Mainstem 7DADMAX Range Water Temperature (°C) To protect salmonids and aquatic life uses, 12 Core Summer Habitat Spawning, Rearing, Migration the Washington State Department of Ecology 10 (Ecology) has established standards for one- 8 day temperature maxima (1-DMAX), as well 7/1/15 7/8/15 8/5/15 9/2/15 9/9/15 as the seven-day average of daily maximum 6/10/15 6/17/15 6/24/15 7/15/15 7/22/15 7/29/15 8/12/15 8/19/15 8/26/15 9/16/15 9/23/15 9/30/15 temperatures (7-DADMAX) (i.e., the moving average of the daily maximum water temper- ature over a seven-day period).
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