DOCSLIB.ORG

From Jimmy Carter to George W. Bush: Presidential Policies and Involvement in the Debate Over the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1977-2009

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Jimmy Carter to George W. Bush: Presidential Policies and Involvement in the Debate Over the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1977-2009 From Jimmy Carter to George W. Bush: Presidential Policies and Involvement in the Debate over the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1977-2009 By Gisle Holsbø Eriksen A Thesis Presented to The Department of Literature, Area Studies, and European Languages -North American Area Studies- Faculty of Humanities In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Fall 2009 Acknowledgements As regards the writing of this thesis, I would like to thank Associate Professor David C. Mauk for his consistent guidance, challenging discussions and feedback. I would also like to extend my appreciation to Barbara Clare Dalton whose reviews of the thesis proved invaluable. i Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... I CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1. THE ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE : ARCTIC WILDLIFE , ENVIRONMENT , AND PETROLEUM RESOURCES ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES AND ENERGY CHALLENGES .............................................................. 2 1.3. MATERIALS AND BACKGROUND LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 6 1.4. METHOD AND THEORETICAL MODELS ......................................................................................... 9 1.5. OUTLINE ...................................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER TWO: THE DEEP CONTEXT OF THE ANWR DEBATE ......................... 14 2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 14 2.2. INDIGENOUS VIEWS ON OIL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ANWR ...................................................... 14 2.3. OIL , POLITICS , AND SOCIETY IN ALASKA ................................................................................... 19 2.4. CONGRESS AND PARTISAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS ............................................................. 23 2.5. THE ANWR, NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS , AND OIL COMPANIES ............................ 29 2.6. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER THREE: JIMMY CARTER AND RONALD REAGAN, 1977-1989 ............ 35 3.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 35 3.2. PRESIDENT CARTER : THE ENERGY CRISIS , AND THE FIRST ACTIONS ON THE ALASKA LANDS BILL ................................................................................................................................................... 35 3.3. DECEMBER 1978: THE ANTIQUITIES ACT ................................................................................... 38 3.4. FINAL APPROVAL OF THE ANILCA ............................................................................................ 43 3.5. PRESIDENT REAGAN : RIGHT WING SHIFT ................................................................................... 48 3.6. ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE , ALASKA , COASTAL PLAIN RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ... 52 3.7. REAGAN : WEAK SUSTAINABILITY , DOMINANT SOCIAL PARADIGM THEORY , AND PASSIVE - POSITIVE CHARACTER ....................................................................................................................... 54 3.8. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER FOUR: GEORGE H. W. BUSH AND BILL CLINTON, 1989-2001 ............ 59 4.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 59 4.2. PRESIDENT GEORGE H. W. BUSH : ANWR POLICY .................................................................... 59 4.3. THE EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL .................................................................................................. 61 ii 4.4. 1990’ S ENVIRONMENTALISM : THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990 AND THE OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ......................................................................................................................... 63 4.5. THE ANWR AND THE GULF WAR , THE NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY , AND THE ECONOMY .. 64 4.6. PRESIDENT CLINTON : APPOINTMENTS AND INITIAL POLICY DEVELOPMENTS .......................... 69 4.7. BUDGET VETO —CLINTON ’S VIEWS ON FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITY .......................................... 73 4.8. THE ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY REVIVAL ................................................................................... 77 4.9. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER FIVE: GEORGE W. BUSH, 2001-2009 ........................................................... 83 5.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 83 5.2. THE ANWR AND THE TEXAS MINDSET ...................................................................................... 83 5.3. THE 2001 NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY ....................................................................................... 86 5.4. CONGRESS AND THE ANWR, 2001-2002: LEGISLATIVE MOVEMENTS , HISTORICAL ENERGY CONTEXT AND THE SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS ................................................................................... 90 5.5. THE ANWR AND PRESIDENT BUSH ’S LEGISLATIVE STYLE ....................................................... 96 5.6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY ........................................................... 97 5.7. CONGRESS AND THE ANWR, 2003-2008: THE 2005 ENERGY ACT , THE BUDGET NEGOTIATIONS OF 2005, AND THE DEFENSE APPROPRIATIONS ACT OF 2006 .......................................................... 101 5.8. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY OVER ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION : LAST -MINUTE DECISIONS ...... 105 5.9. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 107 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION........................................................................................ 109 6.1. PRESIDENTIAL POWER AND INFLUENCE ................................................................................... 109 6.2. MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS ......................................................................................................... 113 6.3. USEFULNESS OF PRESIDENTIAL MODELS AND THEORIES ......................................................... 116 6.4. THE ANWR AND LARGER , ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY -RELATED POLICY THEMES ........ 118 NOTES ................................................................................................................................... 123 WORKS CITED ................................................................................................................... 168 iii Chapter One: Introduction 1.1. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Arctic Wildlife, Environment, and Petroleum Resources The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), located in the Northeastern corner of Alaska, has for the last three decades been the focus of one of the most contentious land-use conflicts in the United States. Encompassing 19.3 million acres, it is the largest unit in the National Wildlife Refuge System, equivalent in size to the state of South Carolina. From the interior highlands in the south to the Arctic coastal plain in the north, it spans across five undisturbed ecological regions each harboring unique and abundant Arctic wildlife including multiple caribou herds, several varieties of bear, Dall sheep, muskox, moose, wolf, and numerous local and migratory bird species. Furthermore, the combined geographical vastness and the pristine condition of the flora and fauna, offers wilderness opportunities largely lost in the continental states of the twenty-first century. It is frequently referred to as “America’s Serengeti.” Aside from the value associated with unparalleled Arctic ecosystems and teeming wildlife, the North Slope of Alaska has—since the 1960s—been one of America’s primary energy regions. During the latter half of the 1980s, the ANWR petroleum output was in excess of 2 million barrels per day, accounting for 25% of the total domestic production. Production at Prudhoe Bay—the largest oil field ever discovered in North America—has, since then, been declining. In 2005, the North Slope accounted for 17% of national extraction. 1 According to assessments presented by the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS), the solution to the downward trend could lie within the 1.5 million acre coastal plain of the ANWR. In 2005, the USGS calculated that the coastal plain, including adjacent State waters, hold approximately 10 billion barrels of oil. Availability depends on the oil price, but the USGS points out that at a suggested price of $50 per barrel, 90% of the volume is economically recoverable. 2 Thus, with legitimate prospects of 10 billion barrels of oil, the coastal plain could very well be one of the largest remaining oil fields in the United States. Owing to the magnitude of potential oil resources, the ecological significance of the refuge,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Impact of the New Right on the Reagan Administration
    LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF LONDON THE IMPACT OF THE NEW RIGHT ON THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION: KIRKPATRICK & UNESCO AS. A TEST CASE BY Isaac Izy Kfir LONDON 1998 UMI Number: U148638 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U148638 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to investigate whether the Reagan administration was influenced by ‘New Right’ ideas. Foreign policy issues were chosen as test cases because the presidency has more power in this area which is why it could promote an aggressive stance toward the United Nations and encourage withdrawal from UNESCO with little impunity. Chapter 1 deals with American society after 1945. It shows how the ground was set for the rise of Reagan and the New Right as America moved from a strong affinity with New Deal liberalism to a new form of conservatism, which the New Right and Reagan epitomised. Chapter 2 analyses the New Right as a coalition of three distinctive groups: anti-liberals, New Christian Right, and neoconservatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Bill Clinton, the Bosnian War, and American Foreign Relations in the Post-Cold War Era, 1992-1995
    VISIONARY POLICY: BILL CLINTON, THE BOSNIAN WAR, AND AMERICAN FOREIGN RELATIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA, 1992-1995 James E. CovinGton III A thesis submitted to the faculty at the UniveRsity of NoRth CaRolina at Chapel Hill in paRtial fulfillment of the RequiRements foR the deGRee of MasteR of Arts in the Military History program in the DepaRtment of HistoRy. Chapel Hill 2015 AppRoved by: Michael C. MoRgan Wayne E. Lee Joseph W. Caddell © 2015 James E. CovinGton III ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT James E. CovinGton III: VisionaRy Policy: Bill Clinton, the Bosnian WaR, and AmeRican Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era, 1992-1995 (Under the direction of Michael C. MoRGan) Bill Clinton assumed office duRinG a particularly challenging peRiod of AmeRican histoRy. AfteR the fall of the Soviet Union, the United States enjoyed a period of unprecedented power and authority. Clinton was elected to office laRGely for his domestic policies, howeveR, his vision foR AmeRica’s position in the post-Cold War woRld steeRed his foReign policy, particularly with respect to Europe. Clinton’s vision was moRe inclusive and encompassinG than that of his predecessor, George H. W. Bush. During the post-Cold WaR yeaRs, Bush was moRe inclined to let EuRope soRt out theiR own pRoblems, particularly in the case of Bosnia. Clinton, however, was moRe willing to see post-Cold WaR EuRopean pRoblems as AmeRican issues. The Bosnian WaR RepResents a point wheRe these two ideals collided. Guided by this vision, Clinton oveRcame challenGes fRom the EuRopean Community, political adveRsaRies, and even his own public en Route to inteRveninG in Bosnia.
    [Show full text]
  • Jimmy Carter: a Moral Hero (Student Essay)
    Jimmy Carter: A Moral Hero (Student Essay) Danny Haidar (Utica Academy for International Studies) Abstract. Following the end of Jimmy Carter’s first and only term as President of the United States, historians scrambled to put his presidency in the proper context. More than thirty years later, Carter has become associated with failed presidencies. To be compared to him is to be insulted. Even so, Jimmy Carter has had one of the most prolific, philanthropic post-presidential lives of any former American president. This is inconsistent with the image of his single term in office that the media has painted—a good man should have been a good president. To better understand this irony, this investigation shall seek to answer the following question: how did Jimmy Carter’s pre-presidential experiences affect his leadership as President of the United States of America (1977-1981)? This article will draw on apolitical, supportive and critical accounts of Carter’s presidency, as well as Carter’s own accounts of his beliefs and childhood experiences. While historians interpret Carter’s life events differently, each interpretation reveals important influences on Carter’s leadership in the White House. I will argue that Carter held too tightly to his morals to be suited to presidency. Carter’s childhood and pre-presidential political experiences created a man who was, indeed, unfit for the White House. The problem was less with his political vision than it was with his execution of that vision. Carter’s tragic presidential tale serves as a reminder that moral malleability is a necessity in the highest office of a government.
    [Show full text]
  • RFTC January 2007.Qxp
    Baptist Joint Committee Capital Campaign Update Supporting Bodies Alliance of Baptists American Baptist Churches USA Baptist General Association of Virginia Bill Harris: Baptist General Conference Baptist General Convention of Texas I support the BJC financially Baptist State Convention of North Carolina Cooperative Baptist Fellowship because ... National Baptist Convention of America National Baptist Convention U.S.A. Inc. National Missionary Baptist Convention The principle of attempts by both politicians and reli- North American Baptist Conference Progressive National Baptist separation of gious leaders to break down the wall Convention Inc. church and state separating church and state. I sup- Religious Liberty Council Seventh Day Baptist General has been important port BJC financially because I believe Conference to me as a Baptist every the freedom we enjoy to since my youth when I worship God as we please REPORTfrom the Capital learned about the life and depends on the continued “beliefs of Roger Williams. It separation, and because I J. Brent Walker became more important believe BJC is our best Executive Director when I was privileged to hope for its Jeff Huett count Dr. Emanuel Carlson preservation. Editor as a personal friend, who in Phallan Davis the 1960's was Executive Associate Editor Director of the BJC. It has become Bill and his wife, Virginia, Report from the Capital (ISSN-0346- even more important to me in recent are longtime BJC supporters and live in 0661) is published 10 times each year by years as I see more and more Alexandria, Va. the Baptist Joint Committee. For sub- scription information, please contact the Baptist Joint Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • John Ben Shepperd, Jr. Memorial Library Catalog
    John Ben Shepperd, Jr. Memorial Library Catalog Author Other Authors Title Call Letter Call number Volume Closed shelf Notes Donated By In Memory Of (unkown) (unknown) history of the presidents for children E 176.1 .Un4 Closed shelf 1977 Inaugural Committee A New Spirit, A New Commitment, A New America F 200 .A17 (1977) Ruth Goree and Jane Brown 1977 Inaugural Committee A New Spirit, A New Commitment, A New America F 200 .A17 (1977) Anonymous 1977 Inaugural Committee A New Spirit, A New Commitment, A New America F 200 .A17 (1977) Bobbie Meadows Beulah Hodges 1977 Inaugural Committee A New Spirit, A New Commitment, A New America F 200 .A17 (1977) 1977 Inaugural Committee A New Spirit, A New Commitment, A New America F 200 .A17 (1977) 1977 Inaugural Committee A New Spirit, A New Commitment, A New America F 200 .A17 (1977) 1977 Inaugural Committee A New Spirit, A New Commitment, A New America F 200 .A17 (1977) 1981 Presidential Inaugural Committee (U.S.) A Great New Beginning: the 1981 Inaugural Story E 877.2 .G73 A Citizen of Western New York Bancroft, George Memoirs of General Andrew Jackson, Seventh President of the United States E 382 .M53 Closed shelf John Ben Shepperd A.P.F., Inc. A Catalogue of Frames, Fifteenth Century to Present N 8550 .A2 (1973) A.P.F. Inc. Aaron, Ira E. Carter, Sylvia Take a Bow PZ 8.9 .A135 Abbott, David W. Political Parties: Leadership, Organization, Linkage JK 2265 .A6 Abbott, John S.C. Conwell, Russell H. Lives of the Presidents of the United States of America E 176.1 .A249 Closed shelf Ector County Library Abbott, John S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Work and Social Welfare an Introduction
    Social Work and Social Welfare An Introduction Hisham F. Ibrahim/Photodisc Green/Getty Images (The credit is for the photo on page ii.) SIXTH EDITION Social Work and Social Welfare An Introduction Rosalie Ambrosino University of Texas at San Antonio Robert Ambrosino University of Texas at Austin Joseph Heffernan, Emeritus University of Texas at Austin Guy Shuttlesworth, Emeritus University of Texas at Austin Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore Spain • United Kingdom • United States Social Work and Social Welfare: An Introduction, Sixth Edition Rosalie Ambrosino, Robert Ambrosino, Joseph Heffernan, and Guy Shuttlesworth Social Work Editor: Dan Alpert Print Buyer: Linda Hsu Development Editor: Tangelique Williams Permissions Editor: Bob Kauser Assistant Editor: Ann Lee Richards Production Service: ICC Macmillan Inc. Editorial Assistant: Stephanie Rue Photo Researcher: Laura Molmud Technology Project Manager: Julie Aguilar Copy Editor: Carolyn Acheson Marketing Manager: Meghan McCullough Cover Designer: Roger Knox Marketing Assistant: Teresa Marino Cover Image: © Jose Ortega, Images.com Marketing Communications Manager: Shemika Britt Cover Printer: RR Donnelley, Crawfordsville Project Manager, Editorial Production: Tanya Nigh Compositor: ICC Macmillan Inc. Creative Director: Rob Hugel Printer: RR Donnelley, Crawfordsville Art Director: Vernon Boes © 2008, 2005 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Higher Education Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and 10 Davis Drive Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. Belmont, CA 94002- 3098 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Stupid White Men ...And Other Sorry Excuses for the State of the Nation!
    Stupid White Men and Other Sorry Excuses for the State of the Nation Michael Moore Copyright ©2001 by Michael Moore. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information address HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022. HarperCollins books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. For information please write: Special Markets Department, HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 10 East 53 rd Street, New York, NY 10022. FIRST EDITION Designed by Kris Tobiassen Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. ISBN 0-06-039245-2 02 03 04 05 WB/QWM 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 FOR AL HIRYELA It’s amazing I won. I was running against peace, prosperity, and incumbency. —GEORGE W. BUSH, JUNE 14, 2001, speaking to Swedish Prime Minister Goran Perrson, unaware that a live television camera was still rolling CONTENTS INTRODUCTION xi ONE A Very American Coup 1 TWO Dear George 29 THREE Dow Wow Wow 47 FOUR Kill Whitey 56 FIVE Idiot Nation 85 SIX Nice Planet Nobody Home 119 SEVEN The End of Men 142 EIGHT We’re Number One! 163 NINE One Big Happy Prison 195 TEN Democrats, DOA 209 ELEVEN The People’s Prayer 229 EPILOGUE Tallahassee Hi-Ho 236 NOTES AND SOURCES 257 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 275 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 279 INTRODUCTION THERE ARE THOSE who say it all started to unravel the night of November 7, 2000, when Jeb Bush gave his brother George Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • “No One Can Celebrate a Genuine Christmas Without Being Truly Poor
    Christian Ethics Today A Journal of Christian Ethics Volume 12, Number 5 Aggregate Issue 62 Christmas 2006 “The voice of one crying out in the wilderness, ‘Make straight the way of the Lord’” Isaiah 40:3; John 1:23 “No one can celebrate a genuine Christmas Without being truly poor. The self-su"cient, the proud, those who, because they have everything, look down on others, those who have no need, even of God— for them there will be no Christmas. Only the poor, the hungry, those who need someone to come on their behalf, will have that someone. That someone is God, Emmanuel, God with us. Without poverty of spirit there can be no abundance of God.” —the late Archbishop Oscar Romero of El Salvador A JOURNAL OF CHRISTIAN ETHICS VOLUME 12 NUMBER 5 AGGREGATE ISSUE 62 CHRISTMAS 2006 “The voice of one crying out in the wilderness, ‘Make straight the way of the Lord.’” Isaiah 40:3; John 1:23 Solstice Foy Valentine .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 EthixBytes ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 The Role of Religion in Politics Barack Obama, U.S. Senator for Illinois ......................................................................... 5 The Haggard Affair: Overlooked Issues Joe E. Trull ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Presidential Documents
    Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents Monday, November 11, 1996 Volume 32ÐNumber 45 Pages 2265±2357 1 VerDate 28-OCT-97 13:32 Nov 05, 1997 Jkt 010199 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 1249 Sfmt 1249 W:\DISC\P45NO4.000 p45no4 Contents Addresses and Remarks Executive OrdersÐContinued See also Resignations and Retirements Amending Executive Order 12015, Relating to Arkansas, Little RockÐ2288, 2343 Competitive Appointments of Students California, Santa BarbaraÐ2267 Who Have Completed Approved Career- Related Work Study ProgramsÐ2355 Florida Amendments to Executive Order 12992, TampaÐ2296 Expanding and Changing the Name of the West Palm BeachÐ2300 President's Council on Counter-NarcoticsÐ Iowa, Cedar RapidsÐ2328 2349 Kentucky, LexingtonÐ2324 Louisiana, New OrleansÐ2293 Interviews With the News Media Maine, BangorÐ2312 Exchange with reporters in the Cross Halls on Massachusetts, SpringfieldÐ2308 the State FloorÐ2353 New Hampshire, ManchesterÐ2317 Proclamations New Jersey, Union TownshipÐ2305 New Mexico, Las CrucesÐ2278 To Extend Nondiscriminatory Treatment (Most-Favored-Nation Treatment) to the Ohio, ClevelandÐ2320 Products of RomaniaÐ2355 Radio addressÐ2282 Veterans DayÐ2266 South Dakota, Sioux FallsÐ2334 Texas Resignations and Retirements El PasoÐ2274 Secretary of State Warren ChristopherÐ2353 San AntonioÐ2283 Statements by the President Victory celebrations Little Rock, ArkansasÐ2343 Russia, heart bypass surgery of President National Building MuseumÐ2350 Boris YeltsinÐ2342 United Auto Workers and General Motors, White HouseÐ2348 tentative agreementÐ2293 Communications to Congress Supplementary Materials Iraq, letterÐ2339 Acts approved by the PresidentÐ2357 Prevention of importation of weapons of mass Checklist of White House press releasesÐ destruction, letterÐ2346 2356 Digest of other White House Executive Orders announcementsÐ2355 Administration of the Midway IslandsÐ2265 Nominations submitted to the SenateÐ2356 WEEKLY COMPILATION OF regulations prescribed by the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register, approved by the President (37 FR 23607; 1 CFR Part 10).
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhetoric of Jimmy Carter: Renewing America’S Confidence in Civic Leadership Through Speech and Political Education
    Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Winter 12-18-2020 The Rhetoric of Jimmy Carter: Renewing America’s Confidence in Civic Leadership through Speech and Political Education Christopher Bondi Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Part of the Rhetoric Commons Recommended Citation Bondi, C. (2020). The Rhetoric of Jimmy Carter: Renewing America’s Confidence in Civic Leadership through Speech and Political Education (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/1927 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. THE RHETORIC OF JIMMY CARTER: RENEWING AMERICA’S CONFIDENCE IN CIVIC LEADERSHIP THROUGH SPEECH AND POLITICAL EDUCATION A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Christopher M. Bondi December 2020 Copyright by Christopher M. Bondi 2020 THE RHETORIC OF JIMMY CARTER: RENEWING AMERICA’S CONFIDENCE IN CIVIC LEADERSHIP THROUGH SPEECH AND POLITICAL EDUCATION By Christopher M. Bondi Approved May 1, 2020 ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. Craig T. Maier, PhD Dr. Ronald C. Arnett, PhD Professor of Communication Professor of Communication (Committee Chair) (Committee Member) ________________________________ ________________________________ Dr. Janie Harden-Fritz, PhD Dr. Kristine L. Blair, PhD Professor of Communication Dean, McAnulty College and (Committee Member) Graduate School of Liberal Arts Professor of English iii ABSTRACT THE RHETORIC OF JIMMY CARTER: RENEWING AMERICA’S CONFIDENCE IN CIVIC LEADERSHIP THROUGH SPEECH AND POLITICAL EDUCATION By Christopher M.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1. In this study, beliefs and convictions are delineated by the extent to which the belief is also operationalized in policy; that is, a conviction is a belief that has been applied in a substantive manner. For example, as we will see in chapter 6 that deals with Reagan’s cognetic narrative, he had a belief that abortion was abhorrent and immoral, but he had a competing conviction that it was not a government’s role to impose limits on freedom of choice. In effect, his conviction about limited government overrode his belief about abortion from becoming a conviction. For members of the Religious Right, for whom prohibiting abortion was clearly a conviction, Reagan managed to assuage them with rhetoric, but the record shows that he did not act in a substantive manner. 2. Garry Wills, Head and Heart: American Christianities (New York: The Penguin Press, 2007). 3. Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987), p. xi. 4. Terry Eagleton, Ideology: An Introduction (London: Verso, 2007), p. xiv. 5. Ibid., p. 13. 6. Michael H. Hunt, The American Ascendancy: How the United States Gained and Wielded Global Dominance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), p. 1. 7. An example of this is James T. Kloppenberg, Reading Obama: Dreams, Hope, and the American Political Tradition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011). An exception to this dilemma is John Patrick Diggins, Ronald Reagan: Fate, Freedom, and the Making of History (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2008). 8. James William Anderson, “The Methodology of Psychological Biography,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 11:3 (Winter 1981): p.
    [Show full text]
  • Visions of Apocalypse: What Jews, Christians, and Muslims Believe
    May 2010 Visions of Apocalypse What Jews, Christians, and Muslims Believe about the End Times, and How Those Beliefs Affect Our World An essay on comparative eschatology among the three Abrahamic faiths—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—and how beliefs about the end times express themselves through foreign policy and conflict By Robert Leonhard STRATEGIC ASSESSMENTS NATIONAL SECURITY ANALYSIS DEPARTMENT THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY • APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, Maryland 20723-6099 The creation of this monograph was sponsored by the Strategic Assessments Project within the National Security Analysis Department of The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). Its ideas are intended to stimulate and provoke thinking about national security issues. Not everyone will agree with the premises put forward. It should be noted that this monograph reflects the views of the author alone and does not imply concurrence by APL or any other organization or agency. Table of Contents Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………Page 3 Chapter 1: Prophecy and Interpretation ………………………………………………….…………………Page 10 Chapter 2: Mélekh ha-Mashíah (The Anointed King): Judaism and the End Times…......Page 21 Chapter 3: Thy Kingdom Come: Christianity and the End Times…………………….…………….Page 54 Chapter 4: The Awaited One: Islam and the End Times……………………………….………..…….Page 102 Chapter 5: Conclusion: The Crucible of Prophecy……………………………………………………....Page 121 2 PREFACE On the slopes of the Mount of Olives, east of Jerusalem and within sight of both the Temple Mount and the al-Aqsa Mosque, lie 150,000 Jewish graves dating from ancient times through today. Many of the bodies are buried with their feet toward the city, because ancient prophets declared that the resurrection would begin there, and the faithful would rise and follow the Messiah into the Holy City.
    [Show full text]