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Social Work and Social Welfare An Introduction Hisham F. Ibrahim/Photodisc Green/Getty Images (The credit is for the photo on page ii.) SIXTH EDITION Social Work and Social Welfare An Introduction Rosalie Ambrosino University of Texas at San Antonio Robert Ambrosino University of Texas at Austin Joseph Heffernan, Emeritus University of Texas at Austin Guy Shuttlesworth, Emeritus University of Texas at Austin Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore Spain • United Kingdom • United States Social Work and Social Welfare: An Introduction, Sixth Edition Rosalie Ambrosino, Robert Ambrosino, Joseph Heffernan, and Guy Shuttlesworth Social Work Editor: Dan Alpert Print Buyer: Linda Hsu Development Editor: Tangelique Williams Permissions Editor: Bob Kauser Assistant Editor: Ann Lee Richards Production Service: ICC Macmillan Inc. Editorial Assistant: Stephanie Rue Photo Researcher: Laura Molmud Technology Project Manager: Julie Aguilar Copy Editor: Carolyn Acheson Marketing Manager: Meghan McCullough Cover Designer: Roger Knox Marketing Assistant: Teresa Marino Cover Image: © Jose Ortega, Images.com Marketing Communications Manager: Shemika Britt Cover Printer: RR Donnelley, Crawfordsville Project Manager, Editorial Production: Tanya Nigh Compositor: ICC Macmillan Inc. Creative Director: Rob Hugel Printer: RR Donnelley, Crawfordsville Art Director: Vernon Boes © 2008, 2005 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part of The Thomson Higher Education Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star logo, and 10 Davis Drive Brooks/Cole are trademarks used herein under license. Belmont, CA 94002- 3098 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to [email protected]. Library of Congress Control Number: 2007920001 ISBN-13: 978-0-495-09512-5 ISBN-10: 0-495-09512-5 Brief Contents PART ONE PART THREE Understanding Social Work and Fields of Practice Social Welfare: Key Concepts and Populations Served and Perspectives 1 by Social Workers 163 CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 7 Social Welfare, Past Poverty, Income Assistance, and Present 4 and Homelessness 167 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 8 Social Work and Other Helping Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Developmental Disabilities 208 Professions 24 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 3 Health Care 266 The Systems/Ecological Perspective 49 CHAPTER 10 The Needs of Children, Youth, CHAPTER 4 and Families 320 Diversity and Social Justice 83 CHAPTER 11 Services to Children, Youth, and Families 358 PART TWO CHAPTER 12 Older Adults: Needs and Services 405 Social Work Practice: Methods of Intervention 117 CHAPTER 13 Criminal Justice 433 CHAPTER 5 Social Work Practice CHAPTER 14 with Individuals, Families, Social Work in Rural Settings 459 and Groups 120 CHAPTER 15 Social Work in the Workplace 481 CHAPTER 6 Social Work Practice with Agencies CHAPTER 16 and the Community 144 The Globalization of Social Work 518 v This page intentionally left blank Contents PREFACE xv CHAPTER 2 Social Work and Other Helping PART ONE Professions 24 Why Do People Have Problems? 25 Understanding Social Work Genetics and Heredity 25 Socialization 25 and Social Welfare: Key Concepts Cultural Differences 26 and Perspectives 1 Environmental Factors 26 The Opportunity Structure 26 CHAPTER 1 Social Work Defined 27 Social Welfare, Past and Present 4 The Early Years of Social Work 27 Underpinnings of the Profession 31 A Definition of Social Welfare and Its Relationship Values 31 to Social Work 5 Ethics 31 The Value Base of Social Welfare 6 Liberal Arts Base 31 Our English Heritage 7 Knowledge That Builds Social Welfare in Colonial America 9 on the Liberal Arts Base 32 Changing Patterns after the Revolution 9 Practice Skills 33 Caring for the Urban Poor 10 Planned Change 33 Caring for Specific Populations 10 Social Work Methods 34 The New Deal 13 Social Work with Individuals The Social Security Act 14 and Families (Casework) 34 Social Insurance 14 Social Work with Groups (Group Work) 34 Public Assistance 15 Community Organization 34 Health and Welfare Services 15 Social Work Research 35 Social Welfare: The Post–Social Security Social Work Administration and Planning 35 and Welfare Reform Eras 15 Professional Issues in Social Work 35 The Great Society Programs 16 The Social Agency 35 Conservatism in the Mid-1960s Education and Levels of Social Work Practice 36 and Early 1970s 17 Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) 36 Welfare Reform and the Late 1970s 17 Master of Social Work: Advanced Practice 38 Cutbacks in the Reagan Doctorate in Social Work (DSW and PhD) 38 and Bush Years 18 Careers in Social Work 38 The Clinton Years 19 Collaboration with Other Helping Professions 40 The George W. Bush Years 19 Other Professionals Likely to Collaborate Summary 22 with Social Workers 40 ® Key Terms and InfoTrac College Edition 22 The Need for Professional Diversity 43 Discussion Questions 22 The Baccalaureate Social Worker and Other On the Internet 23 Professions 46 References 23 Summary 46 Suggested Further Readings 23 Key Terms and InfoTrac® College Edition 47 vii viii CONTENTS Discussion Questions 47 Prejudice and Discrimination 85 On the Internet 48 Social and Economic Justice for Women 87 References 48 Income 88 Suggested Further Readings 48 Education 91 Social Work 91 CHAPTER 3 Religion 91 The Systems/Ecological Perspective 49 Politics 91 Institutional Sexism 92 The Impact of Theoretical Frameworks Issues Relating to Reproductive Rights 93 on Intervention 50 Legal Issues 93 The Difference Between Causal Relationships Medical Issues 94 and Association 51 Values Issues 95 A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Social Social Reform: The Feminist Movement 96 Welfare Problems 52 Social and Economic Justice: Sexual Orientation 97 The Systems/Ecological Framework 53 Social and Economic Justice: Class 100 The Perspective of Systems Theory 55 Social and Economic Justice: Race and Ethnicity 101 System 55 African Americans 102 Synergy 55 Latino Populations 103 Boundaries 55 Asians and Pacific Islanders 104 Steady State 59 Native Americans 105 Equifinality 60 Efforts to Produce Social Justice Critiques of the Systems/Ecological for Populations at Risk 106 Framework 60 School Desegregation 106 Levels of the Environment 60 Civil Rights Legislation 107 Problems in Living 64 Uneven Progress 108 Utility of the Systems/Ecological Framework 65 Affirmative Action 108 The Utility of Other Theories and Frameworks 67 Law Enforcement and Profiling 110 Psychosocial Frameworks 67 Social Work and the Civil Rights Movement 110 Cognitive Behavioral Frameworks 68 Summary 112 Political and Ideological Frameworks 68 Key Terms and InfoTrac® College Edition 113 The Systems/Ecological Framework Discussion Questions 113 in Professional Practice 69 On the Internet 114 Applying the Systems/Ecological Framework 69 References 114 The Generalist Model 71 Suggested Further Readings 115 The Strengths Perspective 72 Empowerment 74 Social and Economic Justice 74 PART TWO The Helping Process 76 Applications with Juan and His Family 77 Social Work Practice: Methods Summary 79 117 Key Terms and InfoTrac® College Edition 80 of Intervention Discussion Questions 80 On the Internet 80 CHAPTER 5 References 80 Social Work Practice with Individuals, Suggested Further Readings 81 Families, and Groups 120 CHAPTER 4 Generalist Practice: Background 121 Generalist Practice: A Definition 122 Diversity and Social Justice 83 Preparation for Generalist Practice with Individuals, Social and Economic Justice 84 Families, and Groups 123 CONTENTS ix Social Study 123 Community Practice Models Assessment 124 and Approaches 148 Goal Setting 124 Profile of an Effective Community Contracting 124 Organizer 149 Intervention 124 Policy Practice 149 Evaluation 125 The Development of Social Welfare Policy 149 The Social Worker–Client Relationship 125 Models of Policy Analysis 150 The Development of Practice Skills 126 The Practitioner’s Role in Social Conceptual Skills 126 Welfare Policy 151 Interviewing Skills 127 Administration and Delivery Recording 127 of Social Welfare Services 151 Practice Theories and Skills: Individuals Meeting the Challenge 151 and Families 128 Weighing the Client’s Best Interests 152 Systems/Ecological Framework 128 Social Welfare Agencies 152 Ego Psychology 128 A Historical Perspective 152 Problem-Solving Approach 129 Contemporary Structures 153 Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches 130 Research Practice 154 Task-Centered Social Work 131 Disciplinary Research 154 Social Work Intervention with Families 132 Policy Research 155 Other Approaches 132 Evaluative Research 156 Practice Theories and Skills: Groups 133 Demonstrating a Causal Connection 156 Group Focus 134 The Status of Social Work in Communities, Policy, Effective Group Development 135 Administration, and Research 156 Theory for Group Work Practice 137 Career Opportunities in Agency Administration, Group Work as a Practice 138 Community Social Work, Group Settings 139 Policy, and Research 157 Group Termination 139 Summary 159 Practice Effectiveness
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