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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 77-2341 BALASUBRAMANIAN, Kattalampat Narayanaswamy, 1943- VISUAL FIELD OF DRIVERS AS A FUNCTION OF FOVEAL TASK DEMANDS AND TARGET VISIBILITY IN A SIMULATED HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Engineering, industrial Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 VISUAL FIELD OF DRIVERS AS A FUNCTION OF FOVEAL TASK DEMANDS AND TARGET VISIBILITY IN A SIMULATED HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by K. N. Balasubramanian, B. E., M. Sc., M. S. * * * * Hie Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee: Approved by Dr. Thomas H. Rockwell Dr. Glenn A. Fiy Dr. John B. Neuhardt A dviser Dr. George L. Smith, Jr, 4 Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering ACKNOWLED GMENTS This research was accomplished as part of the aims of the Ohio State University Research Foundation project RF 4224 Al, titled, ’’Utility of Periph­ eral Vision to Motor Vehicle Drivers”. The project was funded by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D. C. I would like to thank all the faculty and staff of the Department of Indus­ trial and Systems Engineering and the Systems Research Group for all the help extended to me during the execution of this research and during my studyperiod. I am most grateful to Dr. Thomas H. Rockwell who served as advisor for this research and guided me in all respects throughout my Ph.D. program. Without his patient guidance and constant encouragement, my research and studies would not have been successfully completed. I wish to express my special thanks and appreciation to Dr. Glenn A. Fry for spending many hours with me in the laboratory guiding me through every detail regarding visual and optical problems of the research. I acknowledge with sincere thanks the comments and advise received from Drn John B. Neuhardt, Dr. George L. Smith, Jr. and Dr. Robert L. Wick, Jr. during this research. I take this opportunity to thank the Ohio Department of Transportation for loaning me the photometers used in the luminance measurements, and specially Mr0 Wally Richardson for guiding me in the use of the photometers. Thanks are due to Messrs. Clarence James, Larry Tracewell, and Leonard C. Samuelson of the Systems Research Group for their help in setting up the hardware and software in the laboratory. I also appreciate the assistance provided by Mr. John Friend and Mr. Thomas Snider of the Cinema, and Pho­ tography department during filming and editing. I extend my appreciation to Mr. Dave Selby and Mr. Dave Brickner of the Teaching Aids Laboratory for their help in the modification of 16 mm projectors. ii I would like to express my gratitide to all my colleagues in the Systems Research Group, specially to Messrs. Joe Stafford, Omar Sawaf, and Tom Kretovics who had readily helped me during different phases of this research. Thanks to Mrs. Dawna Kiesling who patiently typed both the draft and the final report, to Miss Cindy Bucher who typed portions of the final report, and to Mrs. Lois Graber who gave the final touch to the organization of the report. Finally, I would like to express my love and gratitide to my wife Meera and son Babu for their patience and understanding during our stay in Columbus. iii VITA July 10, 1943 • • Bom - Kattalampat, Madras, India 1965 . 1965 - 1968 • • Technical Teacher Trainee College of Engineering, Madras - 25 1968 . 1968 - 1971 • • Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Madras - 25, India 1972 - 1973 « • Teaching Assistant, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 1973 . 1973 - 1976 • • Research Associate, Systems Research Group, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Automobile Path Deviations When Steering with No Visual Input, " Ohio University, M. S. thesis, 1973. "A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Automobile Path Deviations When Driver Steers with No Visual Input, " Transportation Research Record, 520, pp. 25-37, 1974. "The Interactive Effects of Carbon Monoxide and Alcohol on Driving Skills, " (with T. H. Rockwell and F. W. Weir), Final Report, RF 3332, Systems Research Group, Research Foundation, The Ohio State University, 1975. "Effects of Noxious Gases on Driver Performance, " (with T. H. Rockwell and R. L. Wick, J r.), Final Report, RF 3734, Systems Research Group, Research Foundation; The Ohio State University, 1974. "Carbon Monoxide Effects on Highway Driving Performance: An Investigation of the Effects of 12 Percent COHb on the Nighttime Performance of Young and Aged iv Drivers, " (with T, H, Rockwell), paper presented at the American Association for Automotive Medicine, Nineteenth Annual Conference, San Diego, Calif,, November 20-22, 1975. ’’Evaluation of Illumination Designs for Accident Reduction at High Nighttime- Accident Highway Sites, ” (with T. H. Rockwell and J. C. Hungerford), Final Report, EES 434, Systems Research Group, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, June 1976. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Industrial and Systems Engineering Human Factors Engineering. Professor Thomas H. Rockwell Applied Statistics. Professor John B. Neuhardt Decision Analysis. Professor William T. Morris v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................ ii VITA . ............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TA B LES ............................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................... ix Chapter I, THE ROLE OF PERIPHERAL VISION IN HUMAN VISUAL P E R F O R M A N C E ............................................. 1 n. ROLE OF PERIPHERAL VISION IN DRIVING • • • • 45 HI. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY . 71 IV. LABORATORY SET UP AND INSTRUMENTATION . 77 V. RESEARCH STUDIES: PURPOSE, PROTOCOL AND RESULTS »«**•••••••••• 109 VI. SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS . 169 APPENDIX A. ANOVA TABLES AND RESIDUAL PL O T S ......................183 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................... 221 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Factors Affecting Visual Perception through Peripheral Vision ............................................................... * .................................. 6 2 Area of the Entrance Pupil in Relative Values for Several Diameters d and Eccentricities r \ (after LeGrand, 1967) . 11 3 Astigmatism of the Peripheral linage (after LeGrand, 1967) . 12 4 Cones in Retinal A reas .................................................................................. 13 5 Summary of Literature on the Effect of Foveal Task on Performance in the Visual Periphery .......................................................... 23-27 6 Characteristics of Eye M ovements ........................................................... 42 7 Foveal Task and Relevant Peripheral Targets for Some Common Driving Activities ............................................................ 48 8 Resolution Angles in the 32° Binocular Visual Field of Drivers with Normal Vision (20/20)............................................................ 56 9 Angular Sizes of Objects with a Clarity Index of 4. 0 at Different Eccentricities
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