CESBA Alps CESBA ALPINE SPACE - SUSTAINABLE TERRITORIES ASP 151 - Priority 2 Low Carbon Alpine Space
STATE OF THE ART ON INDICATORS IN POLICIES AT THE TERRITORIAL SCALE By project partner Veneto Region
Program priority: SO2.1 - Establish transnationally integrated low carbon policy instruments Work package: WP T3 Activity: A.T3.1 Deliverable: D.T3.1.1- State of the Art on indicators in policies at the territorial scale Date: 08.10.17
Deliverabale Responsible Claudio Chiapparini & Claudio Perin - Department of Spatial Planning , Veneto Region
Editing Claudio Chiapparini – Department of Spatial Planning , Veneto Region
Main Contributors PP1 - Patrizia Nazio, Silvana Gambino, Silvia Loffredo – Regione Piemonte PP3 - Filippo Dadone, Carlo Palazzoli – Regione Lombardia PP4 - Etienne Vienot, Laurent Chanussot, Laurence Monnet - RAEE PP5 - Franco Alberti, Claudio Chiapparini, Claudio Perin, Alessandro Bove – Regione del Veneto PP6 - Franz Rüf, Jodok Rüf, Peter Steurer, Matyas Scheibler – Regionalentwicklung Voralberg eGen PP7 - Sasa Erlih, Eva Jazbec – E-zavod PP8 - Natalie Essig, Johannes Peter Steidl, Simone Magdolene, Sara Lidner - MUAS PP11 - Frédéric Corset, Leval Cyrielle – EnviroBAT-BDM PP12 - Peter Droege – Liechtenstein Institute for Strategic Development
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Table of content
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 4 2 INTRODUCTION ...... 9 3 THE TERRITORIAL AGENDA IN THE EU ...... 11 3.1 Background paper: "How to strengthen the territorial dimension of 'Europe 2020' and EU Cohesion Policy based on the Territorial Agenda 2020 ...... 12 3.2 ESPON targeted analysis KITKASP - Key Indicators for Territorial Cohesion and Spatial Planning ...... 14 4 The 2030 AGENDA – THE UNIVERSAL POLICY FRAMEWORK ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ...... 16 4.1 UN Agenda 2030 - SDGs and Targets ...... 16 4.2 OECD contribution to achieving of SDGs ...... 18 4.3 EU adoption of SDGs ...... 21 5 ALPINE SPACE POLICY FRAMEWORK ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ...... 26 5.1 EUSALP a macro-regional governance system ...... 26 5.2 The three pillars of the 2013 Grenoble resolutions ...... 27 5.3 The EUSALP strategy and its action plan ...... 29 6 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORKS OF THE PROJECT PARTNERS ...... 34 7 CONCLUSIONS ...... 45 7.1 Overall considerations about the design and implementation of CESBA STT tools for monitoring sustainable territorial development and support innovative policy approaches...... 45 7.2 Key findings and recommendations ...... 48 ANNEX 1: INDICATOR SETS FOR SUSTAINABLE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT ...... 51 A1.1 EU Territorial Agenda - Tentative potential indicators quantifying the territorial keys in connection with the ‘Europe 2020’ headlines targets...... 52 A1.2 - EU Territorial Agenda - Final Inventory of Key Indicators for Territorial Cohesion and Spatial Planning (KITCASP project, ESPON) ...... 53 A1.3 - UN AGENDA 2030 - Global indicator framework for SDGs and targets ...... 54 A1.4 - OECD SDG INDICATOR SET ...... 75 A1.5 - EU SDG Indicator Set ...... 82 A1.6 - EUSALP action plan: Example of indicators and targets ...... 92 ANNEX 2: TERRITORIAL PROFILES ...... 100 A2.1 Territorial Profile (Piedmont Region) ...... 101 A2.2 Territorial Profile (Lombardy region) ...... 108 A2.3 Territorial Profile (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)...... 114 A2.4 Territorial Profile (Veneto Region) ...... 120 A2.5 Territorial Profile (Slovenia) ...... 126 A2.6 Territorial Profile (Vorarlberg) ...... 134 A2.7 Territorial Profile (Oberbayern/Upper Bavaria) ...... 141 A2.8 Territorial Profile (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur)...... 148 A2.9 Territorial Profile (Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein) ...... 153
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
By nature, the territorial approach is integrated: locally all dimensions of sustainable development interact and need to be dealt with simultaneously. A territorial approach to development as presented by different institutions, amongst which the European Union, has since long been the implicit practice in which local and regional governments cooperate.
In EU an important step was the adoption of the “Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020” in 2011 (TA2020) that provide strategic orientations for territorial development, promoting place-based policy making in the implementation of Europe 2020 strategy and other EU and National policies. There are numerous studies for preparation of European monitoring guidelines for TA2020. Two were considered as particular relevant to this desk review:
- In 2011 with the main purpose to facilitate the process of strengthening the territorial dimension of the implementation of the Europe 2020 strategy and other EU and National policies the Commission prepared the background paper: "How to strengthen the territorial dimension of 'Europe 2020' and EU Cohesion Policy based on the Territorial Agenda 2020". Based on TA2020 1 the study promotes practical ways of applying the territorial approach to improve the effectiveness of the EU2020 strategy implementation. The report defines the “Key territorial features” determining the position of the various EU regions towards the EU2020 objectives. The final outcome is five groups of issues termed “territorial keys”: Accessibility; Services of general economic interest; Territorial capacities/endowments/assets; City networking; Functional regions. These “Territorial keys” translate the TA2020 into a set of task and policy issues which are crucial for the implementation of EU2020 in spatial policies. The various task and policy issues of the territorial keys fall under the competences of numerous policies executed at different territorial levels (sector and cross-sector policies at EU, national, regional and local levels). A number of tentative potential indicators quantifying the territorial keys in connection with the Europe 2020 headline targets are presented in Annex 1.1 to this report.
- In 2013, ESPON 2 conducted the targeted analysis “KITKASP - Key Indicators for Territorial Cohesion and Spatial Planning”. Its aim was the identification of the most suitable core set of key indicators of significant practical use to policy-makers and practitioners at national and sub-national levels in the preparation of territorial development and spatial planning strategies. In order to capture the multiple views on territorial cohesion and spatial planning across the heterogeneous stakeholder territories, the KITKASP partners built the set of Key indicators around a composite list of four policy-orientated spatial planning and territorial cohesion themes: Economic competitiveness and resilience; Integrated spatial development; Social cohesion and quality of life; Environmental resource management. From more than 300 indicators originally identified by the KITKASP partners in the first phase of the project from EU, national and regional data sets, a filtering process allowed, in the second phase, the prioritization and cross- checking of the indicators, and finally the specification of twenty key indicators organized around the four policy priority themes that are presented in Annex 1.2 of this report.
In September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted the document "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" 3. The Agenda offers a common framework of reference for all global actors towards the achievement of inclusive and sustainable development. Its Sustainable Development Goals constitute a universal set of goals, targets and indicators that national governments have committed to use to frame both domestic and international development policies over the next 15 years. The Agenda, to be effective, it needs to be implemented and fully realized at the local level: the territories. Governments and stakeholders are therefore committed to the mainstreaming of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the national, sub-national and local levels integrating SDGs into national,
1 http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/policy/what/territorial-cohesion/ 2 https://www.espon.eu/ 3 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs
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sub-national, and local plans for development and subsequently, into budget allocations. A global indicator framework 4 was developed and includes the initial set of indicators to be refined annually and complemented by indicators at the regional and national levels, which will be developed by Member States. The list includes 232 indicators on which general agreement has been reached and it is available in Annex 1.3.
OECD is an official United Nations Observer, it has contributed to shaping the 2030 Agenda and is committed to leveraging its capacity and expertise to support its member and partner countries in the achievement of this vision as described in the OECD Action Plan on SDGs adopted in June 2016. The action plan include: mainstreaming of the SDGs in its current strategies and policy tools; provide data for the UN-led Global Indicator Framework for the SDGs; Upgrade OECD support for integrated planning and policy-making at country level; Provide a space for governments to share their experiences on governing for the SDGs and engaging with UN entities, fora and processes on the 2030 Agenda to maximize synergies. The OECD action plan underlined the need for the definition of integrated strategies – at all levels – able to overcome the “silos” approach of sector policies and to promote sustainable development transversally, in all of its dimensions and with a longer-term perspective. Such localization concept refers to the process of designing, implementing and monitoring development strategies in coherence with the SDGs within territorial settings. In June 2017 published the first assessment on were the OECD countries stands in the achievement of the SDGs 5. Taking as a reference the global indicator set endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission, OECD indicators have been selected based on criteria of relevance, ability to differentiate countries’ performance, availability and statistical quality. Applying these criteria, OECD identifies 131 indicators covering 98 targets spanning all 17 Goals. The selected indicators enable only 57% of all the SDG targets to be evaluated, and coverage is unequal across goals and the 5Ps 6. The full list of indicators developed by OECD to date is available in Annex 1.4 to this report.
The EU is also fully engaged in the process of integrating SDGs into its strategic framework as well as in supporting their mainstreaming into the national, sub-national, and local plans of its Member Stated. On 22 November 2016, the European Commission adopted the Communication “Next steps for a sustainable European future” (COM (2016)739) presenting its work plan to fully integrate the SDGs in the European policy framework and current Commission priorities and on further developing EU longer term vision and the focus of sector and cross sector policies after 2020, preparing for the long term implementation of the SDGs. The Communication also announces a detailed regular monitoring of the SDGs in an EU context from 2017 onwards, and the development of a reference indicator framework for this purpose. The Sustainable Development Indicators used so far to monitor the EU sustainable development strategy will be frozen and the EU SDG indicator set will stay open to future changes, to incorporate indicators from new data sources which should become available over time and to take into account new EU policy priorities. The EU SDG indicator set is structured along the 17 SDGs and includes 100 different indicators. The full set of selected EU SDG indicators has been provided by EUROSTAT 7 and is available in the Annex 1.5.
With regard to the Alpine Macro-Region Policy Framework on sustainable development a high diversity of structures is operating in the Alpine Space with a wide variety of governance systems. Since 2012, with the aim of strengthened coordination between the existing governance structures, and to support a better integration between public policies, and between public policies and private initiatives, started the process of elaborating an Alpine macro-regional strategy. In July 2015 the European Commission adopted the European Union Strategy for the Alpine Region (EUSALP) and its Action Plan. EUSALP constitutes a strategic agenda that should guide relevant policy instruments at EU, national and regional level, by closely aligning and mutually reinforcing them. Currently EUSALP put a strong emphasis in the development of indicators to monitoring, reporting and evaluate the implementation of its strategy. The Action Plan
4 https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/ 5 http://www.oecd.org/std/measuring-distance-to-the-sdgs-targets.htm 6 The UN 2030 Agenda presents SDGs as addressing the 5Ps: People (broadly corresponding to Goals 1-5), Planet (6, 12, 13, 14 and 15), Prosperity (7-11), Peace (16) and Partnership (17). 7 More details are available in the Excel file on Eurostat's sustainable development indicators website http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/overview .
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includes a preliminary list of indicators and targets to illustrate the performance of the actions with a view to reaching the strategy objectives. These indicators and targets have been provided so far by States and Regions during preliminary work and now, after the adoption of both the strategy and its action plan 8, should be completed. The preliminary list of indicators and targets is available in Annex 1.6.
In CESBA Alps, each partner, according to the nature of its organization (energy agency, spatial development department, sustainable building agency etc.) has analyzed the current regional strategic framework for sustainable development of the specific sector or cross-sector policy of its interest (i.e. energy policy, spatial planning policy, regional development policy etc.) investigating its implementation at territorial level. Resulting “Territorial Strategic Frameworks” are the description of the current regional strategic frameworks (NUTS 2 level) of the sector or cross sector policies of interest for each PP’s and whose implementation is to be monitored at territorial level using their specifically developed CESBA STT Regional Tool. PPs frameworks includes a description of how data and indicators are currently used to guide and monitor the territorial implementation of the sector and cross-sector policy of interest. The sets of sustainability criteria and indicators that are already in use in the different regions are described in details in the CESBA Alps project report “Sustainability indicators at territorial level: alpine space state of art”9. All detailed descritions of related PPs “Territorial Strategic Framework” can be found in Annex 2 to this report.
Table 1-1 PPs strategic territorial frameworks of reference for CESBA Alps
Partner Competences Key documents related to sustainable territorial development analyzed
Piedmont Region Cross-sector territorial governance on Regional Spatial Plan (PTR, 2011) Environment, Government and environmental, social and economic Regional landscape Plan (PPR, 2015) Territorial Protection Directorate, sustainability Piedmont Regional Government Lombardy Region Cross-sector territorial governance on Regional Spatial Plan (PTR, 2014) Urban Planning Department, environmental, social and economic Lombardy Regional Government sustainability Auvergne Rhône–Alpes Region Promoting, coordinating and Regional scheme for climate, air and Regional Agency Auvergne Rhône– developing programs and actions in energy (SRCAE, 2012) Alpes Energie Environnement favour of sustainable energies in the Regional spatial planning plan building and transport sectors, climate (SRADDET, draft to be adopted by the change mitigation and adaptation, end of 2018) environment protection and sustainable development Veneto Region Cross-sector territorial governance on Regional Spatial Plan (PTRC, 2009) Department of Territorial Planning, environmental, social and economic Regional Landscape Plan (2013) Veneto Regional Government. sustainability Slovenia Sustainable development – economy, Spatial Development Strategy of E-zavod, Institute for Comprehensive ecology, energy, innovation, ICT and Slovenia (2004) Development Solutions rural development Report on Spatial development (2016) Spatial Planning Act of RS (2007)
8 EUSALP strategy (COM(2015) 366 final) and its Action Plan (SWD(2015) 147 final) 9 Deliverable: D.T1.1.1- Indicators at territorial level: State of Art: www.alpine-space.eu/projects/cesba-alps/en/results/deliveralbes
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Partner Competences Key documents related to sustainable territorial development analyzed
Vorarlberg Association of municipalities and Austrian strategy for sustainable Regional development Vorarlberg expert organizations focusing on a development (ASSD, 2002) low-carbon economy Energy autonomy Vorarlberg 2050 (EAV, 2007) Oberbayern/Upper Bavaria Sustainable buildings and districts Regional Development Program of Munich University of Applied Sciences Bavaria (LEP, 2013)
Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur Inter professional Association for Regional spatial planning plan Envirobat BDM sustainable buildings (SRADDT) Interregional Massif Scheme (SIMA, 2013) Agglomeration Werdenberg- Support to private and public entities Swiss Federal Spatial Planning Act Liechtenstein to become more resilient to climatic, Plan of the Canton of St. Gallen Liechtenstein Institute for Strategic energetic and economic changes Alpine Rhine Development Concept Development Agglomeration Werdenberg- Liechtenstein program Mobility Concept Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Construction Act Country plan of the Principality of Liechtenstein
Making a comparative analysis of PPs regional strategic frameworks resulted of a particular complexity due to the diversity of sector or cross-sector policies and therefore of territorial challenges, opportunities and priorities considered. Although a general consensus among “common” policy challenges for sustainable territorial development could be identified, the ways they are formulated and addressed by planning instruments significantly differ across PP regions. Further collaborative work is needed in order to capture the multiple views on sustainable territorial development and spatial planning across the partner territories. Nevertheless each partner has at this stage identified the general strategic territorial framework of reference to be used as basis for the selection of its regional indicator set.
Some general critical issues about the current use of spatial data and indicators are listed here as reported by Partners:
- With regard to sustainable territorial development, the construction of indicator and monitoring systems are particularly complex activities given the ‘silos’ approach and the extreme articulation of functions and competences within the public administration;
- There is a lack of harmonization between programs and plans insisting on the same territory so it’s impossible to properly assess all the impacts of the entire set of programs and plans on the territory. Vertical and horizontal integration between sector and cross sector policy implementation is needed;
- Strategic Environmental Assessment is a legally enforced assessment procedure required by Directive 2001/42/EC (known as the SEA Directive). The SEA Directive aims at introducing systematic assessment of the environmental effects of strategic land use related plans and programs. It typically applies to regional and local, development, waste and transport plans, within the European Union. Nevertheless, several partners reported that the application of SEA is often seen just as a formality rather than a useful instrument for drawing up the plan and evaluating its sustainability and the foreseen monitoring system is often believed to be useless;
- Assessing is often not directed to solving problems but it is focused on the current state, less on the potentials;
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- The dispersal of information (different lists of indicators, different subjects promoters, different holders of data for environmental, energy and territorial information);
- The actual availability of data;
- Absence of a tested and shared standard reference catalogue of indicators;
- The missing information about data reference period and time-series;
- Poor suitability of indicators to the municipal territorial scale;
- Missing of benchmarks and targets to monitoring goals achievement;
- Arbitrariness in the choice of indicators. Lack of standardized set of indicators that could be shared by different local authorities so the comparison between different territories becomes difficult;
- Public Administrations and, in particular, local authorities, often have no neither financial nor human resources nor skills, to implement the monitoring systems.
Based on findings of the analysis carried out on the International, EU, Alpine Space and parnter’s Regional sustainable development frameworks, the following considerations are made about the design and implementation of CESBA STTools for evaluating and monitoring sustainable territorial development and support innovative policy approaches:
- It is essential overcoming the current ‘silos’ approach in the territorial implementation of sector policies. The development of the CESBA STT frameworks will help to place indicators in a coherent context and to track the relationships between different policies and goals;
- In Regional CESBA STTools, a common set of key indicators could be identified to evaluate the contribution of each evaluated territory to tackle a certain number of common overarching challenges of the Alpine Space while, the regional specific indicators could be related to the way these very same challenges are articulated and addressed by local policies within the specific regional settings;
- Identify a common strategic framework of reference for sustainable territorial development in the Alpine Space will help to interpret common policies on sustainability, enhance comparison between the different PPs territorial approaches to SD and avoid the possibility to distort policy implementations.
- CESBA should consider to align its CESBA STT generic framework with the Agenda 2030 thus supporting localization and harmonization of the EU and National SDG indicator sets;
- CESBA STT should assure coherence with the common strategic framework agreed by regional and national governments in the EUSALP strategy and action plan;
- CESBA STT Regional tools should be developed in a way to support integration of sector’s strategies in policy implementation at territorial level;
- CESBA STT tools (GF, Passport and Regional) final indicator sets should be built upon a strong interaction between Project Partners at transnational level and Stakeholder’s participation processes at regional and local levels.
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2 INTRODUCTION
CESBA Alps objective is to facilitate the development and implementation of policies and strategies at territorial level based on common assessment tools. Focus of the tools is the relation between the built environment and low carbon sustainable territories.
The tools system to be developed includes:
- 1 CESBA STT Generic Framework - 9 CESBA STT Regional evaluation tools (1 per each of the PPs apart iiSBE and CESBA) - 1 CESBA Passport
The CESBA STT Generic Framework is a transnational, common and generic multi-criteria assessment system designed as a reference system of criteria and indicators to guide the implementation of sector and cross sector policies in any Alpine Space territory. The CESBA STT Generic framework is not an operational tool but through a process called of “contextualization”, can generate specific harmonized and operational CESBA STT Regional tools.
Each CESBA regional tools include a selection and weighing of the criteria contained in the Generic Framework. This selection and weighting takes into account the specific sector or the cross-sector policies whose territorial implementation is to be monitored, its priorities and targets.
The CESBA Passport, is a core set of criteria and indicators identified by partners within the CESBA STT Generic framework as relevant and applicable at transnational level for the Alpine Space, its Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) set is included in any generated CESBA STT Regional tool.
Following the principle of place-based policy the selected criteria should be able to evaluate the territorial implementation of the strategic objectives and orientations of sector and cross sector policies at local level. Therefore all criteria of the tools can be calculated on a territorial dimension between 50 Km 2 and 500 Km 2 (Municipal or group of municipalities).
This report includes the context analysis carried out by the project consortium in the framework of the 3rd work package of the project (WPT3) whose main objective is to promote and facilitate the use and implementation of the aforementioned assessment tools at territorial level (developed in WPT1) in innovative policies and planning activities.
The context analysis that has been conducted by the consortium includes:
- The identification and description of the current strategic frameworks for sustainable territorial development at International, EU and Alpine macro-regional levels; - The analysis done by each PPs of the specific sector or cross-sector strategic frameworks of interest whose territorial implementation is to be assessed using the CESBA STT Regional tool.
For each of the above mentioned strategic frameworks the current system of strategic objectives and orientations are thus identified and the corresponding current use of spatial data and indicators is described. This includes:
- Chapter 3 - The EU Territorial Agenda. The common territorial agenda set by Member States at the EU level and implemented in national, sub national and local strategies and territorial plans. The agenda provides strategic orientations for territorial development, promoting place-based policy making for the implementation of EU sector and cross sector development policies. There are numerous studies for preparation of European monitoring guidelines for TA2020. A number of potential indicators to assess the territorial dimension of the implementation of the Europe 2020 strategy are presented;
- Chapter 4 - The UN 2030 Agenda. The new universal policy framework on sustainable development adopted by world nations. The Agenda defines the new sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets to be mainstreamed
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into national, sub-national, and local policies and plans for development. OECD is technically supporting the adoption process. The EU is currently working at fully integrating in its strategies and policy frameworks the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), thus further developing its longer term vision and the focus of its sector and cross-cutting policies after 2020. Global, OCSE and EU indicators sets to be used as base for follow up and review of SDGs targets are presented;
- Chapter 5 - The Alpine Space policy framework on sustainable development. EUSALP constitutes a strategic agenda that should guide relevant policy instruments at EU, national and regional level, by closely aligning and mutually reinforcing them. This chapter briefly provide for: An overview of current territorial cooperation structures and their macro-regional governance system; A summary of current Key policy objectives and development priorities set for the Alpine macro region; An overview of the current EUSALP task in developing indicators for guiding and monitoring the implementation of the strategy;
- Chapter 6 – Project Partners “Territorial Frameworks”. In CESBA Alps, each partner, according to the nature of its organization (energy agency, spatial development department, sustainable building agency etc.) will develop its regional evaluation tool on a specific sector or cross-sector policy of its interest (i.e. energy policy, spatial planning policy, regional development policy etc.) investigating its implementation at territorial level. Each partner has at this stage identified the general strategic territorial framework of reference to be used as basis for the selection of its regional indicator set. Main critical issues about the current use of spatial data and indicators are here listed as reported by Partners; - Chapter 7 – Conclusions. Overall considerations from the author’s about the design and implementation of CESBA STT tools for monitoring sustainable territorial development and support innovative policy approaches. Key findings from this study and recommendations for next steps.
The analyses of this report are meant to:
- Support the identification of criteria and indicators to be included in the CESBA STT generic tool;
- Support the identification of Key Performance Indicators based on common objectives and orientations for sustainable territorial development set at International, EU and Macro-Regional levels;
- Support the identification of criteria and indicators to be included in the CESBA STT Regional tools; - Be used as input for the discussion with local stakeholders (CESBA Committees) in partner’s regions about the strategic orientations that should guide the development of their CESBA STT regional tools. A critical review of policy objective and orientations set by current regional strategies is necessary to specify the set of criteria and indicators to be used in the CESBA STT regional tool and for its test in pilot territories.
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3 THE TERRITORIAL AGENDA IN THE EU
Since 1986, the objective of cohesion policy has been to strengthen economic and social cohesion. The Lisbon Treaty and the EU's high-level strategy (Europe 2020) introduced a third dimension: territorial cohesion. Along with the progressive recognition of the concept “territorial cohesion” 10 , different initiatives have been trying to draw on its practical implications 11 . An important step was the adoption of the “Territorial Agenda of the European Union 2020” in 2011 (TA2020) 12 that provide strategic orientations for territorial development, promoting place-based policy making in the implementation of Europe 2020 strategy and other EU and National policies. According to the agenda the territorial orientation of sector policies and the cross-sector approach are key tools for strengthening territorial cohesion.
Figura 3-1 Common Sustainable Territorial Policy Framework
EU Territorial agenda Set by MS upon EC proposal Sector policies (Climate change, Energy, Environment, Transport, Social, etc) Cross-cutting policies: (Cohesion, Urban development etc.)
MS Adoption and implementation Reshaping of National and Regional policies and instruments Sector policies (Climate change, Energy, Environment, Transport etc) Cross cutting policies (Regional development, Spatial planning, etc.)
The territorial agenda in Europe is set by Member States at the EU level. Main sector and other cross-cutting territorially relevant policies currently included in the agenda are: the Common Agricultural Policy (Agriculture and Rural Development), Energy policy, Climate change policy, Transport policy, Environmental policy, Competition policy, R&D policy, Common fisheries policy, Social policy, Cohesion Policy, Urban development and the Integrated maritime policy. Goals set in the EU territorial agenda are adopted and implemented by member states through a process of harmonization that include the reshaping and adaptation of both the National, Regional and local policies. As a result, territorial policies and the way they are implemented are adapted to the specific territorial challenges, potentials and priorities of each country (and their regions) but all of them look at the same sustainable goals. There are numerous studies for preparation of European monitoring guidelines for TA2020. Two were considered as particular relevance to this desk review:
- The 2011 Commission background paper: "How to strengthen the territorial dimension of 'Europe 2020' and EU Cohesion Policy based on the Territorial Agenda 2020" 13 ; - The 2013 ESPON targeted analysis KITKASP - Key Indicators for Territorial Cohesion and Spatial Planning 14 ;
10 http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/archive/consultation/terco/paper_terco_en.pdf 11 http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/policy/what/territorial-cohesion/ 12 http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/communications/2011/territorial-agenda-of-the-european- union-2020 13 http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/policy/what/territorial-cohesion/ 14 https://www.espon.eu/programme/projects/espon-2013/targeted-analyses/kitcasp-key-indicators-territorial-cohesion-and
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3.1 Background paper: "How to strengthen the territorial dimension of 'Europe 2020' and EU Cohesion Policy based on the Territorial Agenda 2020
The report promotes practical ways of applying the territorial approach to improve the effectiveness of the EU2020 strategy implementation. In order to identify the relationships between the EU2020 and TA2020 priorities a double entry matrix has been used. The matrix shows the main fields in which the TA2020 can reinforce the implementation of the EU2020 priorities/headline targets (smart-3%GDP R&D; Sustainable-20/20/20 climate energy targets; Inclusive- employment, education and poverty reduction targets)
Figure 3-2 The linking issues between EU2020 and TA2020 (Bohme et al., 2011)
By making use of contemporary models and economic theories, the cells with identified correspondence has been filled using several concrete categories representing the most important issues linking TA2020 to EU2020. The linking issues identified represent the specific TA2020 contributions to the implementation of smart, sustainable inclusive growth.
The next step has been the identification of the “Key territorial features” determining the position of the various EU regions towards the EU2020 objectives. This has been done by grouping together the different linking issues (territorial concepts) into policy-oriented aggregates as illustrated below.
The final outcome is five groups of issues termed “territorial keys”: Accessibility; Services of general economic interest; Territorial capacities/endowments/assets; City networking; Functional regions. Territorial keys translate the TA2020 into a set of task and policy issues which are crucial for the implementation of EU2020 in spatial policies.
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Figure 3-3 the territorial keys and relevant linking issues
The various elements of the territorial keys fall under the competences of numerous policies executed at different territorial levels: – Accessibility: transport, environmental, climate policy, e-policy, national/regional development (territorial) policies, maritime policy, competition, trade and single market policies and cohesion policy; – Services of general economic interest: education, healthcare, social care, communications policies, municipal services management, transport policy, e-policy, national/regional development policies, cohesion policy; – Use of territorial assets/capacities: local development policies, regional development policies, national development policies (including territorial), CAP, environmental policy, maritime policy, energy policy, cohesion policy; – City networks: urban policy, transport policy, national/regional development policies, higher education policy, R&D policy, industrial policy, and cohesion policy; – Functional regions: urban policy, transport policy, national/regional/local development policies, education policy, healthcare policy, R&D policy, industrial policy, environmental policy, and cohesion policy
Use of indicators
The study conclude that, in addition to the European-wide indicators, it is important to include indicators which reflect the territorial potentials, challenges and diversity of the EU regional territories showing how the potentials and diversity have been used to foster development and how the challenges have been approached. The territorial keys offer various indicators which could be used to differentiate within a territory and allow for issue-based concentration and a proper sequence of interventions. They offer indicators covering both place-specific information and flows and relations. This is important in a contemporary socio-economic reality shaped both by places (cities and regions) and interactions and flows (of people, goods, information, capital, ideas and know-how). A number of tentative potential
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indicators quantifying the territorial keys in connection with the Europe 2020’ headline targets has been identified by the study and is presented in Annex 1.1 to this report.
3.2 ESPON targeted analysis KITKASP - Key Indicators for Territorial Cohesion and Spatial Planning
The overall aim of the KITCASP project was the identification of the most suitable core set of key indicators of significant practical use to policy-makers and practitioners at national and sub-national levels in the preparation of territorial development and spatial planning strategies. The project explored the use of territorial and spatial data in developing and monitoring national territorial development and spatial strategies in five stakeholder territories, namely Scotland, Ireland, The Basque Country, Iceland and Latvia. In order to capture the multiple views on territorial cohesion and spatial planning across the heterogeneous stakeholder territories, the KITKASP partners built the set of Key indicators around a composite list of four policy-orientated spatial planning and territorial cohesion themes (Table 4.1).
Table 3-1 Agreed Policy Themes on Spatial Planning and Territorial Cohesion for the Classification of Indicators
These themes were developed as a result of extensive profiling and review of policy literature in each of the stakeholder territories, considerable dialogue with stakeholders and a comparative analysis of priorities, agendas and policy drivers. This approach ensured that the final inventory of key indicators would be consistent and coherent across the territories and enable the evaluation of policy strategies and the assessment of the achievement of policy aims – a fundamental requirement of spatial monitoring.
A clear source of commonality between the stakeholder territories were the overarching targets of the Europe 2020 strategy and EU environmental directives, such as the Habitats or Water Framework Directives. As a consequence, these have been used where possible and reflect the broader agenda of EU territorial cohesion.
Use of indicators
From more than 300 indicators originally identified by the KITKASP partners in the first phase of the project from EU, national and regional data sets, the filtering process allowed, in the second phase, the prioritization and cross-checking
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of the indicators, and finally the specification of twenty key indicators organized around the four policy priority themes (Table 4.1). The interaction between project partners and with national stakeholders at key stages of the project, by way of workshops, meetings and one-to-one communication with key policy actors, provided critical inputs for the final set of indicators (see Annex 1.2).
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4 The 2030 AGENDA – THE UNIVERSAL POLICY FRAMEWORK ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
4.1 UN Agenda 2030 - SDGs and Targets
In September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted the document "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". The agenda addresses both poverty eradication and the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development in a balanced and integrated manner.
The document includes a list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets which the subscribing national governments committed to pursue 15 . The Agenda presents them as addressing the 5Ps: People (broadly corresponding to Goals 1-5), Planet (6, 12, 13, 14 and 15), Prosperity (7-11), Peace (16) and Partnership (17).
Figure 4-1: UN Agenda 2030 - SDGs
Comparing with previous UN initiatives on sustainable development, a new important aspect is the universality of the 2030 Agenda – meaning that it applies to all countries at all levels of development, taking into account their different capacities and circumstances. The SDGs and targets are integrated and indivisible, global in nature and universally applicable, taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities. Targets are defined as aspirational and global, with each government setting its own national targets guided by the global level of ambition but taking into account national circumstances. Each government will also decide how these aspirational and global targets should be incorporated in national planning processes, policies and strategies 16 .
15 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs 16 “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustasinable Development”, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld .
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At the core of the Agenda are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), but there are also important elements on the Means of Implementation and Follow-Up and Review. Once countries have decided their national targets, and how they will be integrated into national processes, they will need to decide on how to implement policy strategies to achieve those goals, and how to track progress in their implementation plans. The 2030 Agenda “encourage[s] member states to conduct regular and inclusive reviews of progress at the national and sub-national levels”, but leaves the modalities of this national review process to their discretion. The Agenda provides much detail, however, concerning SDG follow-up and review at global level. This will include an annual report by the UN Secretary-General, and a four-yearly review by a High Level Political Forum, both of which will be supported by a set of global indicators. There will also be reviews at regional and thematic levels.17
Figure 4-2: The UN 2030 Agenda and its Components
Implementation is driven by a new Global Partnership (goal 17) characterized by shared responsibility, mutual accountability, and engagement by all 18 . On these bases governments and stakeholders are committed to the mainstreaming of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the national, sub-national and local levels integrating SDGs into national, sub-national, and local plans for development; and subsequently into budget allocations.
All SDGs are to be applied at the territorial level and in particular SDG 11 –Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Specific targets of this “Urban Goal” (SDG #11) are:
- By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and upgrade slums - By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons
17 See for example United Nations, High level policy forum, “Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals: Report of the Secretary General”, July 2016, www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=E/2016/75&Lang=E and https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ for more resources. 18 A successful sustainable development agenda requires partnerships between governments, the private sector and civil society.
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- By 2030 enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacities for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries - Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage - By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of affected people and decrease by y% the economic losses relative to GDP caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, with the focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations - By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality, municipal and other waste management - By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, particularly for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities - Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning - By 2020, increase by x% the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, develop and implement in line with the forthcoming Hyogo Framework holistic disaster risk management at all levels - Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, for sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials
Use of indicators
Governments have the primary responsibility for follow-up and review, at the national, regional and global levels, in relation to the progress made in implementing the Goals and targets over the coming fifteen years. Indicators are being developed to assist this work. Quality, accessible, timely and reliable disaggregated data are needed to help with the measurement of progress. Such data are key to decision-making. Data and information from existing reporting mechanisms should be used where possible. Baseline data for several of the targets remain to date unavailable, signatories commit to addressing this gap in data collection so as to better inform the measurement of progress, in particular for those targets below which do not have clear numerical targets.
A global indicator framework 19 was developed by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs) and adopted by the UN General Assembly on 6 July 2017 20 . The framework includes the initial set of indicators to be refined annually and reviewed comprehensively by the Commission at its fifty-first session, to be held in 2020, and its fifty-sixth session, to be held in 2025, and will be complemented by indicators at the regional and national levels, which will be developed by Member States. The list includes 232 indicators on which general agreement has been reached and it is available in Annex 1.3 to this report.
4.2 OECD contribution to achieving of SDGs
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an intergovernmental economic organization with 35 member countries, founded in 1960 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. The OECD defines itself as a forum of countries committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a setting to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies. Its mandate covers economic, environmental, and social issues. The organization works through consensus to develop policy recommendations and other "soft law" instruments to encourage policy reform in member countries.
19 https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/ 20 A/RES/71/313 - https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 ;
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Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries. OECD is an official United Nations Observer and it has contributed to shaping the 2030 Agenda, and is committed to leveraging its capacity and expertise to support its member and partner countries in the achievement of this vision as described in the OECD Action Plan on SDGs. The action plan include: mainstreaming of the SDGs in its current strategies and policy tools; provide data for the UN-led Global Indicator Framework for the SDGs; Upgrade OECD support for integrated planning and policy-making at country level; Provide a space for governments to share their experiences on governing for the SDGs and engaging with UN entities, fora and processes on the 2030 Agenda to maximize synergies.
Use of indicators
Among the policy tools to support policy making at country level in 2011 OECD issued the Better Life Index, a first attempt to bring together internationally comparable measures of well-being 21 . The framework includes both objective aspects observable by third parties and subjective states known only to individuals, and it concentrates on outcomes (e.g. health status) rather than inputs (e.g. health-care spending) or outputs (e.g. the quality and quantity of surgery). OECD articulated its indicators in terms of eleven dimensions, grouped under the themes of “material conditions” and “quality of life”.
Figure 4-3 OECD Better life index (2011)
21 http://www.oecd.org/statistics/datalab/bli.htm
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OECD has analyzed how these elements align with the key features of the 2030 Agenda. The OECD found that 8 of the 17 SDGs are fairly consistent with 9 of the 11 dimensions of well-being on which the Better Life Index is built, three are attributable to the different types of inequality, 11 objectives have to do with the four forms of capital (economic, human, social and environmental) on which the sustainability of wellbeing depends, two elements of the OECD scheme (subjective well-being and social relationships) are not immediately reflected in the SDGs and one (Goal 17) does not have a direct link with wellness , as it is a "transversal" approach to sector policies (means of implementing the Agenda).
Table 4-1 OECD Well-being Framework and SDGs
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This exercise is very important as it enables the analyzes and recommendations that the OECD is working on in the various policy areas to be linked to the SDGs, which can help the member countries of the Organization to include sector policies in the conceptual framework of the Sustainable Development.
In June 2017 OECD published the first assessment on were its member countries stands in the achievement of the SDGs 22 . Taking as a reference the global indicator set endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission 23 (see Annex 1.2), OECD indicators have been selected based on criteria of relevance, ability to differentiate countries’ performance, availability and statistical quality. Applying these criteria, OECD identifies 131 indicators covering 98 targets spanning all 17 Goals. It is, however, clear that many SDG targets cannot be currently measured adequately through data routinely collected by the OECD, and that significant statistical work is needed to fill some of these gaps.
The selected indicators enable only 57% of all the SDG targets to be evaluated, and coverage is unequal across goals and the 5Ps 24 . For example, while health and education have at least one indicator per target, oceans are covered in a very limited way. Similarly, while over 80% of the targets in the People category are covered by at least one indicator, this is true for fewer than 40% of the targets in the Planet category. Given the limitations of current data, assessments of relative performance across the goals and 5Ps should be regarded as preliminary, and may change as more indicators become available in the future. The variation in data coverage, suggest that national priorities for implementing the SDG agenda should be set at target level, rather than at the goal or 5P level. Finally OECD conclude that, to implement the 2030 Agenda, countries may need to develop additional indicators and evidence to identify and track progress on policies that drive outcomes at the country level and that have significant trans-boundary impacts. The full list of indicators developed by OECD to date is available in Annex 1.4 to this report.
4.3 EU adoption of SDGs
The EU made a positive and constructive contribution to the development of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and on 22 November 2016, the European Commission adopted the Communication “Next steps for a sustainable European future” (COM(2016)739) 25 . This Communication presents the EU's answer to the 2030 Agenda and includes two work streams:
1. The first work stream is to fully integrate the SDGs in the European policy framework and current Commission priorities, assessing where EU stand and identifying the most relevant sustainability concerns (Mapping of European policies contributing to the SDGs and analyzing the contribution of the Commission's 10 priorities 26 to the 2030 Agenda). 2. A second track is related to reflection work on further developing EU longer term vision and the focus of sector policies after 2020, preparing for the long term implementation of the SDGs.
The Communication also announces a detailed regular monitoring of the SDGs in an EU context from 2017 onwards, and the development of a reference indicator framework for this purpose.
22 http://www.oecd.org/std/measuring-distance-to-the-sdgs-targets.htm 23 https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/ 24 The UN 2030 Agenda presents SDGs as addressing the 5Ps: People (broadly corresponding to Goals 1-5), Planet (6, 12, 13, 14 and 15), Prosperity (7-11), Peace (16) and Partnership (17). 25 https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/communication-next-steps-sustainable-europe-20161122_en.pdf 26 European Council's "Strategic Agenda for the Union in Times of Change"
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As shown in the table below the mapping exercise of EU policies and acquis has clearly indicated that all seventeen SDGs are currently addressed through European action. Moreover, many of the SDGs are at the heart of the highest political priorities of the current Commission.
Table 4-2- SDG goals and corresponding EU Policies
SDG goals Main Policy actions contributing to the SDGs within the EU
SDG 1 "End poverty in all its forms European Union support Member States in the fight against poverty everywhere", (target on poverty set by the Europe 2020)
SDG 2 "End hunger, achieve food security - Reformed Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and improved nutrition and promote - Reformed Common Fisheries Policy sustainable agriculture", - Fund for European Aid to the most Deprived - Research and innovation actions on food and nutrition security such as FOOD 2030.
SDG 3 "Ensure healthy lives and promote - EU legislation and other initiatives on public health, health systems well-being for all at all ages" and environment related health problems (including air quality, chemicals and waste) - EU support to Member Stated in reducing chronic diseases' mortality, ensuring quality healthcare, strengthening capacity to prevent and manage global health threats (including antimicrobial resistance), ending HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis (and reducing Hepatitis), and implementing the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
SDG 4 "Ensure inclusive and equitable - EU has set Europe 2020 headline targets on the number of early quality education and promote lifelong school leavers and on tertiary educational attainment learning opportunities for all" , - The EU Skills Agenda, the Education and Training 2020 strategic framework for peer learning and exchange and the Erasmus+ program
SDG 5 "Achieve gender equality and - Gender equality is enshrined in the EU political and legal empower all women and girls ", framework SDG 10 "Reduce inequality within and - EU's social agenda and cohesion policy among countries ",
Protecting environment: - EU legislation providing a high level of protection in areas such as SDG 6 "Ensure availability and sustainable water quality and nature conservation: management of water and sanitation for - The Birds and Habitats Directives protect ecosystems all" , - Expansion of the Natura 2000 network of protected areas - Further efforts are required to achieve the EU targets of halting SDG 14 "Conserve and sustainably use the biodiversity loss by 2020 and restoring at least 15% of degraded oceans, seas and marine resources for ecosystems. sustainable development" and - Strongly science-based Common Fisheries Policy. SDG 15 "Protect, restore and promote - JOIN (2016) 49 final - Joint Communication on International Ocean sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, Governance to ensure safe, clean and sustainably managed sustainably manage forests, combat oceans. desertification, and halt and reverse land
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degradation and halt biodiversity loss" .
SDG 12 "Ensure sustainable consumption EU is complementing legislative approaches with other policies and production patterns" - Resource efficiency and circular economy actions aim to decouple economic growth from resource use and environmental degradation - Consumer policies that raise awareness and allow consumers to make informed choices contributing to sustainability
In the area of energy and climate: - EU 2030 targets on greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency SDG 7 "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, and renewable energy
sustainable and modern energy for all" - at least 20% of the EU budget to climate action - COM (2016) 500 - to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in all and SDG 13 "Take urgent action to combat sectors of the economy climate change and its impacts", - A package of initiatives to boost clean energy transition is forthcoming on delivering the energy efficiency and renewable objectives in view of realizing the Energy Union and in particular the 2030 Climate and Energy policy framework
SDG 8 "Promote sustained, inclusive and - Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth sustainable economic growth, full and aims at 75% employment for ages 20-64 productive employment and decent work for - Labour market disparities across Member States remain large all ". compared to the pre-crisis period and challenges as regards youth unemployment and unemployment of disabled persons remain in several Member States.
SDG 9 "Build resilient infrastructure, - Investment Plan for Europe (infrastructure, research and promote inclusive and sustainable innovation, risk finance for small businesses) industrialization and foster innovation", - European Structural and Investment Funds (infrastructure and research and innovation) - Connecting Europe Facility (funding networks and infrastructures in transport, telecommunications and energy) - Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (Horizon 2020)
SDG 11 "Make cities and human settlements - The Urban Agenda for the European Union to strengthen the urban inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable ", dimension of European and national policies - EU prevention of disaster and climate related risks - EU Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy
SDG 16 "Promote peaceful and inclusive - EU policies and legislation are in place with many of the underlying societies for sustainable development, principles anchored into the Treaty on European Union and the EU provide access to justice for all and build Charter on Fundamental Rights effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels"
SDG 17 "Strengthen Means of - Commission, in close cooperation with Member States, will work Implementation and revitalize the global to implement the agenda through putting in place enabling partnership for sustainable development” policies, mobilizing adequate financial means of implementation from all sources ensuring policy coherence, and forming
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partnerships to strengthen delivery. - "Trade for all strategy” (COM(2015) 497 final) commits the EU to a responsible trade and investment policy as an instrument of SDG implementation
ALL SDGs Several EU financing instruments complement European policies and actions and contribute in a horizontal way to the SDGs. For example:
- Cohesion policy - through the European Structural and Investment Funds - is the EU’s main investment policy, aiming to achieve economic, social and territorial cohesion by reducing disparities between the levels of development of the various regions. It contributes to the Europe 2020 strategy and to the diverse development needs in all EU regions - Also the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020, is cross-cutting and funds projects underpinning many SDGs
The Sustainable Development Goals can only be attained successfully at EU level and by its Member States if new policies take into account sustainability and policy coherence from the start and if implementation of existing policies on the ground is pursued in partnership with all stakeholders and on all levels.
The adoption of SDGs requires a significant change in the design of economic, social and environmental policies, based on two fundamental pillars: integration between the different dimensions of development, with the definitive overcoming of the idea that there is a hierarchy, even temporal, between economy, society and the environment, and the equal consideration of the short and long-term effects of policies.
Use of indicators
The 2030 Agenda foresees to evaluate at national, regional and global level the progress made in implementing the goals and targets over the coming 15 years. Global, regional and national indicator sets are being established for this purpose. The full set of selected EU SDG indicators has been recently provided by EUROSTAT and is available in the Annex 1.527 .
Concerning policy relevance, the aim of the EU SDG indicator set is to monitor progress towards the SDGs in an EU context. The indicator set looks at how the EU policies contribute to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda (Table 5.2: SDG goals and corresponding EU Policies). In this respect, it complements from an EU perspective the UN global indicators, which refer instead to the goals and targets as specified in the 2030 Agenda. All selected indicators allow an unambiguous interpretation of the desired direction of change as set out in the relevant EU policies and initiatives. Preference has been given to performance indicators measuring impacts and outcomes of EU policies and initiatives in a simple, clear and easy to understand way.
The EU SDG indicator set is structured along the 17 SDGs and includes 100 different indicators. An even distribution of indicators across the 17 SDGs has been applied to ensure a balance between the different policy areas. As a result, each goal is covered by 6 indicators, except goals 14 and 17 which only have 5 indicators. 41 indicators are multi-purpose indicators (MPIs). These are indicators primarily assigned to one goal, but used to monitor also other goals. This means that each goal will be monitored through 5 to 12 indicators in total. Multipurpose indicators are useful to highlight the links between the different goals and to enhance the narrative in the monitoring reports. 88 indicators can be updated
27 More details are available in the Excel file on Eurostat's sustainable development indicators website http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/sdi/overview .
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annually while 12 have a lower frequency. 69 indicators are derived from European statistics and 31 come from other sources. The EU SDG indicator set is aligned as much as possible with the UN list, so that 51 indicators are also part of the UN global indicator list.
Figure 4-4 EU SDG indicator set - distribution of indicators across the 17 SDGs
The EU SDG indicator set will be used to produce a first regular EU SDG monitoring report by end 2017 28 , continuing the tradition of Eurostat's monitoring reports on sustainable development in the European Union produced between 2005 and 2015 and focused on the EU sustainable development strategy.
At the same time, the EU SDG indicator set will also be implemented online on Eurostat's website and database. The section dedicated to sustainable development in the EU on Eurostat's website will be adapted, while the Sustainable Development Indicators used so far to monitor the EU sustainable development strategy will be frozen. The EU SDG indicator set will stay open to future changes, to incorporate indicators from new data sources which should become available over time and to take into account new EU policy priorities.
28 A first overview of where the EU and its Member States stand in view of the SDGs can be found in the Eurostat publication 'Sustainable Development in the European Union — A statistical glance from the viewpoint of the UN Sustainable Development Goals', released in parallel with Commission Communication “Next steps for a sustainable European future” and referenced there.
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5 ALPINE SPACE POLICY FRAMEWORK ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
5.1 EUSALP a macro-regional governance system A high diversity of structures is operating in the Alpine Region with a wide variety of governance systems that already have a long tradition of cooperation: Arge-Alp, the Alpine Convention, Alpe-Adria, Euregio, Cotrao, the Alpine Space program, trilateral cooperation between Slovenia, NE-Italy and Austria and other ad hoc structures such as the ‘Zurich Group’. Nevertheless such structures are fragmented in terms of topics, policy levels and instruments, territories and stakeholders, thus leading to some overlapping and discontinuities. Since 2012, with the aim of strengthened coordination between the existing structures, and to support a better integration between public policies, and between public policies and private initiatives, started the process of elaborating an Alpine macro-regional strategy EUSALP. EUSALP constitutes a strategic agenda that should guide relevant policy instruments at EU, national and regional level, by closely aligning and mutually reinforcing them.
Figure 5-1- Alpine strategic framework - Key structures
Among the existing structures, two played a crucial role in the development of the EUSALP strategy and later on in its governance system:
- The Alpine Convention, an international territorial treaty for the sustainable development of the Alps established by the NGO CIPRA in 1991. Its territory includes the core of the Alps. The objective of the treaty is to protect the natural environment of the Alps while promoting its development. Under the Convention, Member States should adopt specific measures in several thematic areas (spatial planning, Nature protection and landscape conservation, Mountain farming, Mountain forests, Tourism, Energy, Soil conservation, Transport etc);
- The Interreg Alpine Space Program (ASP). The European transnational cooperation program for the Alpine region, almost covering the territory as the EUSALP, provides a framework to facilitate the cooperation between economic, social and environmental key players in seven Alpine countries, as well as between various institutional levels such as: academia, administration, business and innovation sector, and policy making.
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Like the other strategies, the EUSALP governance system has three inter-related levels: (1) a General Assembly/political level, (2) an Executive Board/coordination level, and (3) nine Action Groups/implementation level.
Figure 5-2 EUSALP governance system
The General Assembly is mainly responsible for laying down the general political guidelines for the Strategy and is composed of representatives from the States and Regions included in the Strategy, the EU Commission (as coordinator/facilitator), and the Alpine Convention (as observer).
The Executive Board is composed of (a) seven national delegations headed by the National Coordinators, (b) the European Commission as an independent facilitator and coordinator, and (c) the Alpine Convention and the Interreg Alpine Space Programme as advisors. The Executive Board is in charge of the overall horizontal and vertical coordination of the EUSALP Action Plan. This includes inter and intra-objective coordination and coordination with the Action Groups as well as vertical coordination inside each country.
The nine Action Groups are composed of representatives from national, regional and local administrations – mostly empowered with decision making capacity (DMC) – as well as so-called ‘advising guests’ that can enrich the expertise that is needed for an effective implementation work. The Action Groups are the main drivers of day-to-day implementation. The majority of the Action Groups are led by regions or organizations that are driven by regions (e.g. EGTC: EUREGIO Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino).
The Interreg Alpine Space Programme, covering the territory as the EUSALP, directly contributes to the Strategy’s implementation through its thematic priority axes (aligned with the Strategy’s objectives) and its support to the Strategy’s governance mechanisms and structures.
Key policy objectives and development priorities for the Alpine macro region
Key policy objectives and development priorities for the Alpine macro region can be found in the “Political Resolution towards a European Union Strategy for the Alpine Region”, signed in 2013 by National governments and the Alpine regions in Grenoble and in the 2015 EUSALP strategy and action plan that have been drafted building on the Grenoble Resolution.
5.2 The three pillars of the 2013 Grenoble resolutions
The “Political Resolution towards a European Union Strategy for the Alpine Region”, adopted a technical document (Convergence Document) that defined the thematic pillars for the macro-regional strategy based on "strategic
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guidelines" developed in agreement between the Regions and integrated by the strategies developed by the Alpine Convention and the Alpine Space Program. The three pillars of the 2013 Grenoble resolutions are: • Economic development, innovation and research • Transport, Intangible Infrastructure and Accessibility • Water, energy and environment, biodiversity
Figure 5-3 Pillars of the Grenoble resolution
Pillar one – Developing Alps “Ensuring sustainable growth and promoting full employment, competitiveness and innovation by consolidating and diversifying specific economic activities with a view to reinforcing mutual solidarity between mountain and urban areas”. Its priorities are: - Networking large-scale integrated clusters, science and technology parks and specialized research centres for SME development, in synergy with the Smart Specialization Strategy (S3); - Supporting a unique space for work, internships and stages in the Alpine area (Agreements for training courses that alternate work and study, for multi-country careers, with full recognition of study certificates and professional qualifications); - Encourage investment in emerging industries, supporting product and process innovation through a dedicated investment fund or other financial engineering tools; - Promote Macro-region products with a brand awareness policy (trademark "Alpine Macro" or individual but affiliated trademarks); - Support the creation of cross-border areas with homogeneous taxation (NUTS 3); - Establishing a complementary currency system (or "chamber of pre-monetary compensation") for SMEs in the Alpine region as an innovative tool to facilitate trade in goods and services.
Pillar two – Connecting Alps
”Promoting a territorial development that is focused on an environmentally friendly mobility, reinforced academic cooperation, development of services, transports and communication infrastructures policy“. Priorities are:
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- Eliminating digital divide in internal areas and developing ultra-wide bandwidth throughout the area - Integration of major infrastructure networks with the development of smaller railway lines, including for cross- border connections - Plan for inter-modality and logistics at the macro-region level - Enhancing the multi-modal links of infrastructure nodes (ports, airports, interchanges) with the global network and the network of connections to the inland waterways - Development of electric mobility and networks and consumption optimization systems for means of transport - Promotion of innovative solutions to provide basic services for mountain and inland areas (education, health, social services and mobility)
Pillar three – Protecting Alps ”Promoting sustainable management of energy and natural and cultural resources and protecting the environment and preserving biodiversity and natural areas”. Priorities are: - Coordinated plans for adaptation to climate change in the various economic sectors of interest, with support for investments in the prevention of natural disasters and widespread maintenance of the territory. - Common guidelines for the development and rationalization of renewable energies, in particular biomass and hydroelectric power, with the parallel protection of aquatic and forest ecosystems, and adequate assessments of territorial compensation. - Stimulating the energy upgrading of public buildings and the progressive restructuring of inhabited centres to improve overall energy efficiency - Outline a model of sustainable development of the Alpine region, also respectful of biodiversity and landscape, through broad forms of public consultation (e.g. Alpine Region 2040, on the Rhône-Alpes, Mountains 2040 model, etc.).
5.3 The EUSALP strategy and its action plan 29
Grenoble thematic pillars and priorities has been the base to define EUSALP strategic objectives and policy actions. The general objective of the EUSALP strategy is “to promote sustainable economic and social prosperity of the Alpine Region through growth and jobs creation, by improving its attractiveness, competitiveness and connectivity while at the same time preserving the environment and ensuring healthy and balanced ecosystems”.
Figure 5-4 General objective of the EUSALP strategy
sustainable economic - social prosperity - growth and environment - healthy - jobs - attractiveness - balanced ecosystems competitiveness- connectivity
29 (COM(2015) 366 final and SWD(2015) 147 final)
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Three interdependent policy thematic objectives have been identified that focus on providing: - fair access to job opportunities by building on the high competitiveness of the Region; - sustainable internal and external accessibility; - a more inclusive environmental framework and renewable and reliable energy solutions for the future. Moreover, since the existing cooperation frameworks in the Region are primarily sector-based or do not match the geographical scope of the Strategy, a cross-cutting objective aiming to build sound macro-regional governance model for the Region. The structure of the EUSALP action plan is developed in coherence with the three thematic pillars and priorities adopted in the 2013 Grenoble resolution. It consists of Thematic Policy area that are concretized and substantiated with three interdependent thematic objectives, which are implemented by nine actions. Actions can be of different nature: some may require financial support while others consist of better coordinating national/regional policies and decisions:
The first thematic policy area “Economic growth and innovation ” It focuses on improving the competitiveness, prosperity and cohesion of the Alpine Region. The objective is to offer all inhabitants fair access to job opportunities, building on the high competitiveness of the Region, and is supported by three specific policy actions:
Figure 5-5 The first thematic policy area “Economic growth and innovation”
Action 1: To develop an effective research and innovation ecosystem bringing together the existing potentials of the Alpine Region to better exploit synergies in the strategic sectors described in the next action.
Action 2: To increase the economic potential of strategic sectors supporting and accompanying start-ups and dynamically growing SMEs building on the specificities of the Alpine Region in general and in particular in the following themes/sectors and e-services:
a. Agriculture and sustainable forestry sector based products and services (i.e. pharmaceutical, herbs, wooden building sector etc.) b. Environmentally sustainable tourism and year-round tourism (i.e. agro-tourism, health tourism etc.) c. Energy sector (clean renewable energy production, energy-storage, increasing energy efficiency in particular in the building sector) d. Health sector with regard to cooperation among: providers of health services (including e-health); agricultural producer of pharmaceutical products; tourist operators with regard to therapeutic and recreational activities e. High tech sector based on the topographic specificities of the Alpine Region like software (e.g. GPS-based 3D navigation and information systems or mobile apps to support visitors), high-end products based on specific Alpine Region raw material (e.g. pharmaceuticals), or high-end products linked to typical activities in the Alpine Region (e.g. ropeways, ski and boot manufacturers, climbing equipment)
Action 3: To improve the adequacy of labour market education and training with referenced to the strategic sectors described in action 2 through joint macro-regional activities
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The second thematic policy area “Mobility and connectivity” Its objective, “Sustainable internal and external accessibility”, aims to improve the sustainability of transport connectivity within the Region and with the rest of Europe. Inter-linked, sustainable transport and broadband networks are needed to develop the Region. Main policy actions are:
Figure 5-6 The second thematic policy area “Mobility and connectivity”
Action 4: To promote inter-modality and interoperability in passengers and freight transport : reducing the environmental impact of transport, improve connectivity at local level and with trans-European transport network’s, shifting traffic from road to rail, complementary measures to ensure that trans-European transport network links (including cross-border links)
Action 5: To connect people electronically and promote accessibility to public services: providing access to broadband connections to all including sparsely populated communities were land broadband connections investments are not profitable by means of ad-hoc technological solution such as broadband satellite connections implemented on a sufficient large scale to be economically sustainable
The third thematic policy area “Environment and energy ”
Its objective, “A more inclusive environmental framework and renewable and reliable energy solutions for the future”, aims at: preserve the environmental heritage of the Alps; help the Region benefit from its resources in various ways, including energy and (natural resources?); cope with the changes predicted due to climate change, including preventing major natural risks. The main policy actions are:
Figure 5-7 The third thematic policy area “Environment and energy”
Action 6: To preserve and valorise natural resources, including water and cultural resources: Sustainable use of resources and protection of biodiversity are highly beneficial for local economies especially in sectors such as tourism and quality food production (e.g. to develop ‘Alpine innovation labels’ for products from the ‘green economy sector’ building on natural and cultural resources including bio-based products in the bio-economy sector etc.)
Action 7: To develop ecological connectivity in the whole EUSALP territory: in particular the promotion of ecological corridors and green infrastructure, including in unprotected areas. The integrity and functioning of ecosystems, including
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the conservation of biodiversity and provision of ecosystem services, largely depend on the existence of effective ecological connectivity.
Action 8: To improve risk management and to better manage climate change, including major natural risks prevention : carrying out an appropriate, comprehensive risk assessment and implementing a disaster risk management policy at macro-regional level. As regards climate change, the focus is on carrying out a comprehensive vulnerability assessment of the sectors and systems likely to be affected by climate change and developing a macro-regional strategy on adapting to climate change.
Action 9: To make the territory a model region for energy efficiency and renewable energy. This action focuses on promoting energy efficiency and the production and use of renewable energy in the Alpine Region and focuses on energy efficiency in the public and private sectors. A significant reduction in energy consumption could be achieved, in particular in the housing sector. The Alpine Region has substantial potential for renewable energy production which must be developed in a balanced way, taking into account ecological, economical and land use issues and considering societal trade-offs.
Use of Spatial Data and Indicators
Currently EUSALP put a strong emphasis in the development of indicators to monitoring, reporting and evaluate the implementation of its strategy.
The Action Plan includes a preliminary list of indicators and targets to illustrate the performance of the actions with a view to reaching the strategy objectives set by EUSALP (see Annex 1.6). These indicators and targets have been provided so far by States and Regions during preliminary work and now, after the adoption of both the strategy and its action plan 30 , should be completed. This section contains the general guidelines provided by EUSALP for developing its monitoring and evaluation system.
According to given guidelines, the development of a monitoring and evaluation system is a task of the partners of the Strategy, with the support of the European Commission and external experts (recently including CESBA as well). As strategies do not have their own financing, they can only influence policies or the way they are implemented. So, in order to capture the changes linked to the implementation of the Strategy, two types of indicators can be used:
- Results indicators to measure the cooperation dimension and changes in the way partners cooperate, i.e., coordinate EU and domestic policies/instruments across the Alpine Region; - Policy indicators to capture the policy dimension and changes in socio-economic and environmental situation in the Alpine Region (influenced by cooperation).
Baseline and target values, as well as clear deadlines need to be associated with these indicators. Targets should be fixed at an objective level; their number should be limited. They could be complemented in a consistent way with targets at action level. At objective level, the targets should have, if possible, a cross-cutting dimension (which means they should be relevant and valid for several actions at the same time). They would be endorsed politically. They should be supported by indicators that are measurable, realistic, robust and feasible. Above all, they should be able to capture the expected change the Strategy is going to bring about.
For reasons of transparency and comparability, indicators for monitoring, reporting and evaluating the Strategy shall include, where possible, a set of regional indicators collected, validated and disseminated by Eurostat. As a first step, it might be necessary to fill gaps in available data needed to establish baseline situations or missing information. Data collection will be promoted via the Alpine Space Programme. While the prime indicator of success is implementation of the Action Plan, more refined indicators will have to be developed in some cases.
30 EUSALP strategy (COM(2015) 366 final) and its Action Plan (SWD(2015) 147 final)
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Evaluation will be based on the work of the objective coordinators and the action group leaders, who will have to report on progress towards the agreed targets. While the prime indicator of success is the implementation of the action plan, more refined indicators must also be developed to capture the changes that the Strategy is expected to bring about.
The States and Regions affected by the Strategy will organize an annual forum to evaluate results, consult on revised actions and, where appropriate, develop new approaches.
Besides the preliminary list of indicators (see Annex 6) and the aforementioned general guidelines for the development of the EUSALP monitoring and evaluation system a specific suggestion is given in the framework of the “Action 2: To increase the economic potential of strategic sectors” of the Action Plan (p.15, SWD(2015) 147 final) about the possible benefit for the Alpine Regions of using the European Tourism Indicators System (ETIS) 31 , a management tool which can help tourist destinations monitor and measure their sustainable tourism performances.
31 http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/tourism/offer/sustainable/indicators/
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6 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORKS OF THE PROJECT PARTNERS
As described in Chapter 1, Priorities of the EU Territorial Agenda and the related EU sector and cross sector policy objectives to be pursued for its realization are adopted and implemented by member states through a process of harmonization that include the reshaping and adaptation of their National, Regional and local sector and cross-sector policies.
As a result, although the policy systems and administrations significantly differ between the nations and regions and the way the agenda is implemented also differs reflecting the specific territorial challenges, potentials and priorities of each country (and their regions) there is an overall convergence towards the same sustainable territorial goals set by the EU territorial agenda.
CESBA Alps project looks at the Alpine Space programme area and at the territorial impact of the built environment therefore, within the broad EU Agenda, Energy and Spatial Planning Policies are key points. Nevertheless, because of the integrated nature of territorial approach, locally all dimensions of sustainable development interact and need to be dealt with simultaneously and so the related policies.
Project Partners, constitute a fairly complete cross-sector pool of organizations dealing with the different aspects of the built environment (regional spatial planning authorities, energy agencies, territorial development agencies, sustainable building associations, etc.). Each of them is bringing its expertise in the development of the generic and holistic CESBA STT indicator set for sustainable territorial development in the Alpine Space Territories. On the basis of this harmonized set, during project implementation, each partner will identify the indicator set needed to develop and test its regional tool for evaluating and monitoring the territorial impact of the implementation of its sector or cross-sector policy of competence and to highlight its interactions with other territorial issues and policies.
The “Territorial Frameworks” presented in this section summarize initial desk analysis conducted by partners at NUTS 2 level to identify:
- What are the key characteristics of their regional territory in relation to the sector and cross sector policies of interest; - Which are the current key strategic policy documents guiding the territorial implementation of these sector and cross sector policies of interest - What are the current challenges, strategic objectives and orientations as they are currently described by the selected key policy documents - How data and indicators are currently used to guide and monitor the territorial implementation of the selected key strategic policies.
This chapter presents a schematic summary of all PPs territorial strategic frameworks of reference as reported by Project partners. All PPs more in-depth analysis can be found in Annex 2 to this report.
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Piedmont (IT)
Partner: Environment, Government and Territorial Protection Directorate, Piedmont Regional Government. Competences: Cross-sector territorial governance on environmental, social and economic sustainability. Key policy documents analyzed : • Regional Spatial Plan (Piano Territoriale Regionale PTR approved July 21, 2011) • Regional Landscape Plan (Piano Paesaggistico Regionale PPR adopted May 18, 2015)
Territorial challenges and Strategic Objectives Key Policy Measures opportunities
Regional qualification, ‹ Valorisation of polycentrism and cultural and socio-economic protection and identities of local systems; Regional Spatial plan: enhancement of the ‹ Safeguarding and enhancing biodiversity and natural- − to valorise the existing landscape environmental heritage; territorial capital; ‹ Valorisation of the material and immaterial cultural heritage of − to support the process of the territories; internationalization of the ‹ Protect and redevelopment of the identity characters and piedmont economy based on image of the landscape; the local resources and local ‹ Redevelopment of the urban and periurban context; territorial systems capacity; ‹ Valorising the specificities of rural contexts; − cooperative definition of ‹ Integrated conservation and enhancement of river and lake objectives and actions boundaries; (multilevel governance); ‹ Mountain and hill revitalization; − multidimensionality of policies ‹ Recovery and rehabilitation of degraded, abandoned and and projects and responsible dismissed areas sharing of a plurality of
institutional and non- Environmental ‹ Protection and enhancement of primary resources: water, air, institutional actors Sustainability, Energy soil and subsoil, forestry heritage;
Efficiency ‹ Promoting an efficient energy system;
‹ Prevention and protection against natural and environmental Regional landscape plan hazards; Containment of production and optimization of the waste − Integrating environmental, ‹ historical, cultural, landscaping collection and disposal systems
and related activities; ‹ Reorganization of the territorial network of transport, mobility − Redevelopment of urban areas Territorial integration of and related infrastructures and regeneration of demerged mobility, communication, ‹ Reorganization and development of logistics nodes and degraded areas; logistics infrastructures ‹ Balanced development of the telematics network − Recovering and reclamation of
degraded areas in rural areas Research, innovation and ‹ Selective promotion of research, technology transfer, services (demolished industrial sites, economic-productive for companies and specialized training; quarries, landfills, etc.); transition ‹ Promotion of local agricultural and agro-industrial production − Containment of settlement systems; fragmentation and dispersed ‹ Promotion of local industrial and handicraft production building (urban sprawl) systems; ‹ Redevelopment and selective development of tertiary activities; Valorisation of resources ‹ Promotion of tourist networks and circuits and institutional capabilities ‹ Promotion of a process of territorial governance and promotion of integrated planning at the supra-municipal level; ‹ Optimal organization of collective services on the territory
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Lombardy (IT)
Partner: Urban Planning Department, Lombardy Regional Government Competences: Cross-sector territorial governance on environmental, social and economic sustainability Key policy documents analyzed: Regional Spatial Plan (Piano Territoriale Regionale, 2014)
Territorial challenges and opportunities Strategic Objectives Key Policy Measures
Beside the general challenges applying to Beside the general key policy measures applying to the the whole territory and described in Annex whole territory and described in Annex 2, in particular, 2, in particular, for the mountain areas the To strengthen the for the mountain areas the main policy orientations PTR illustrates the following main competitiveness of the and objectives are the following: challenges: Lombardy territories;
− ‹ To protect the natural and environmental The rural depopulation and the aging of To rebalance the different resources; the population; Lombardy territories ‹ To protect the landscape, cultural, architectural − The development of tertiary sector and (urbanized areas, plains, hills, and identity aspects of the territory; the diffusion of services; mountains, lakes and rivers); ‹ To ensure that territorial planning takes into − The development of an eco-friendly account the soil protection and the integrated tourism, that doesn’t produce impacts on To protect and enhance the risks management; resources of the Region, both the territories (i.e. sustainable ski ‹ To promote an environmentally friendly rural and the natural and the cultural domains, low impact hotels); productive development; ones; − The enhance of the agricultural activity ‹ To valorise territory for tourism purposes, with a
and the improvement of its role to long-term perspective and without affecting its protect the territories; quality; − A sustainable promotion of renewable ‹ To program infrastructures and public transport, energies; evaluating their impacts on landscape and on − The improvement of the infrastructural natural environment;
accessibility; ‹ To support Municipalities in identifying different funding opportunities; − The hydro geological instability and other ‹ To contain the phenomenon of depopulation of connected risks; small mountain centres; − The valorisation of traditions and culture ‹ To promote innovative ways in providing services of alpine territories; to small towns (ICT, …); − The reduction of digital divide. ‹ To balance the relationships between the different mountain areas; ‹ To enhance the networking of winter sports facilities and services; ‹ To govern soil consumption and sprawl, especially in the valleys.
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Auvergne Rhône–Alpes (FR)
Partner: Regional Agency Auvergne Rhône–Alpes Energie Environnement (AURA-EE). Competences: sustainable energy in the building and transport sectors, climate change mitigation and adaptation, environment protection and sustainable development Key policy documents analyzed: • Regional scheme for climate, air and energy (SRCAE, 2012) • Regional spatial planning plan (SRADDET, draft to be adopted by the end of 2018)
Territorial challenges and opportunities Strategic Objectives Key Policy Measures
− Energy consumption in the region remains ‹ Building sustainable cities, polarizing heavily dependent on fossil fuels. development on centralities, densify − Energy consumption in residential sector has a Reduction of energy urbanization around train stations and downward trend but additional efforts are consumption (-21.4% of multimodal transportation centres , needed to reduce it and to substitute primary energy/trend; -20% ‹ Preparing tomorrow’s mobility preserving air final energy/trend); petroleum. quality
− Energy consumption in tertiary sector is ‹ Optimizing the transportation of goods by
encouraging the less pollutant’s logistic declining while the sector is growing. Still is Reduction of the Emissions schemes highly dependent on electricity due to the of greenhouse gases in 2020
increase in specific uses (offices, etc.). (-29.5% / 1990; -34% / 2005); ‹ Reducing nuisances and encouraging new − Energy consumption in transports has a technologies for mobility
downward trend thanks to improved vehicle ‹ Pacing the renovation of buildings at the performance, despite the increase in traffic, Reduction of Emissions of air heart of the energy strategy mainly road transport. The sector still totally pollutants: PM10 (-25% en ‹ Building in an exemplary way (new buildings) depends from petroleum products without the 2015/2007 and -39% in ‹ Saving energy in various industrial sectors development of renewable, electricity or gas. 2020/2007) and NOx (-38% ‹ Stabilizing agricultural lands Efforts are needed to reduce road traffic and en 2015/2007 -54% en ‹ Optimizing agricultural practices for reducing encourage modal shift. 2020/2007); impact and pollutant emissions of agriculture
− Energy consumption in industry has a downward ‹ Ensuring a sustained development and
trend due to improved energy performance and quality of the wind energy Share of Renewable energy changes in industrial structure. Manufacturers ‹ Reconciling hydroelectricity with its production in final energy environment remain committed to original fuel and coal. consumption in 2020 (23%). Needs to encourage less carbon-intensive ‹ Developing wood energy by a sustainable energies. Reduction should not mask a decline in exploitation of forest by preserving the industrial activity and by increase in the use of outdoor air quality imports. ‹ Developing biogas with new territorial − Energy consumption in agriculture is lower due projects to the decline in the sector but remains ‹ Developing solar thermal plants based on dependent on petroleum. It’s needed to quality products and promote their encourage energy substitution in favour of less integration in new and renovated buildings carbon-intensive energies. The reduction in ‹ Adapting to the new feed in tariff for energy consumption should not mask a drop in continuing the development of PV agricultural activity. ‹ Developing heating district with RES
− Energy production. The share of renewable ‹ Encouraging the use of geothermal energy
energies in final energy consumption is expected ‹ Adapting energy policies to the stakes of to increase but the 23% national objective outdoor air quality would not be achieved. Considering the region’s ‹ Developing regional research centres, strong potential it still needs to increase agencies and dissemination of knowledge Renewable Energies and reduce consumption
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Veneto (IT)
Partner: Department of Territorial Planning, Regione del Veneto Competences: Cross-sector territorial governance on environmental, social and economic sustainability Key policy documents analyzed: • Regional Spatial Plan (PTRC, adopted in 2009 - to be approved by the end of 2018) • Regional Landscape Plan (adopted in 2013 - to be approved by the end of 2018)
Territorial challenges and Strategic Objectives Key Policy Measures opportunities
− Overcoming the imbalances The overarching goal to “protect and Beside the general key policy measures between the components of the regulate the territory to improve the quality applying to the whole territory and described settlement system that characterize of life with a view to sustainable in Annex 2, in particular, for the mountain development and in coherence with the the regional territory (The main areas the main strategic policy measures urban poles, the network of smaller processes of integration of the European stated by the key documents are the cities, the widespread settlements space by implementing the EU Landscape typical of the plain and rural Convention, contrasting climate change and following: settlements); increasing competitiveness” is articulated as
− The need to set a limit for new urban follows: ‹ Promote the limitation of spontaneous developments, as an alternative to • To protect and enhance the soil resource. reforestation in mountain areas; protect the model based on urban growth; Rationalize, adapt and manage the use of areas with sparse rural construction; − The need to preserve agricultural land in response to climate change and limit the settlement expansion in the and natural soils from urban and rural urban relationships while maintaining valleys and the construction of second infrastructural transformations that a multi-functionality perspective; homes; have characterized settlement • To protect and enhance biodiversity and ‹ Foster mountain farming and its development in recent decades; environmental quality. Ensure the balance innovation; Implement all the restoration − The recovery of abandoned between environmental ecosystems and and garrison actions of alpine meadows; industrial areas after the economic human activities; safeguarding eco- ‹ Identify and protect the ecological crisis and the processes of systemic continuity; preserve the water network and counteract the delocalization as well as the resource; prevent and reduce pollution fragmentation of ecosystems; protect reclamation of contaminated land; levels of water and soil air as well as waste the agro-forestry, historical and cultural − Landscape protection, including the generation; landscape; To strengthen the system of recovery of degraded urban areas; • To reduce human pressure on climate. alpine parks; Redevelop the quarry areas; − Promote efficiency in energy supplies and To protect and valorise both the ‹ to promote the production from end uses; To increase the production of natural and the cultural heritage of renewable energy resources; the Region. energy from renewable sources; to reduce ‹ Improve the internal connections and the More specifically to the mountains the waste production; • Rationalize the infrastructure network and connections between mountain areas following challenges are to be sought as and plains. Improve trans-regional and well: improve mobility with regard to all different types of transport; improve cross-border alpine connections; − The depopulation and the aging of accessibility to cities; develop the logistics ‹ Develop material networks (transport the population in the rural areas; system; to enhance slow mobility. infrastructures and technological − The struggle to maintain fair and • Improve competitiveness, research and networks) and intangible networks (fairs, equal access to public services; innovation. Promoting an integrated universities, centres of excellence, − The restriction of the phenomenon tourist-recreational offer by linking it with cultural networks), with focus on of second homes thus reducing the the environment, culture, landscape and landscape integrity; Stimulate the valley related land consumption and socio- agriculture. economy and typical productions; economic negative burdens; • Promote social inclusion; promote the ‹ Counter the depopulation of mountain, − The lack of transport connections application of the Convention on historic centres and marginal areas by with the plain, between the valleys Landscape; enhance polycentrism while supporting services; valorise the national and with the neighbouring regional preserving regional territorial identity; and interregional border areas. territories. Improve living in cities.
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Vorarlberg (AT)
Partner: Regional development Vorarlberg Competences: Association of municipalities and expert organizations focusing on a low-carbon economy Key policy strategies:
- Austrian strategy for sustainable development (ASSD, 2002), - Energy autonomy Vorarlberg 2050 (EAV, 2007)
Territorial challenges and opportunities Strategic Objectives Key Policy Measures
ASSD: ASSD: Regio-V will focus on “Mobility and Spatial − Climate change • Protect environmental media and Planning” and the following policy measures: − Unsustainable consumption of resources climate protection ‹ Extend the spatial planning targets − Decreasing diversity of species • Preserve Diversity of species and written in the spatial planning law by: − Illnesses due to pollution and unhealthy landscape sustainable dealing with energy, lifestyles • Responsible usage of territory and environmental friendly mobility regional development (walkways, bicycle, and public transport), EAV • Shape mobility sustainable short ways, valuable densification in − Low independence from energy price • Optimize traffic systems municipality centres, concentration of developments settlement areas at public traffic hubs.
− Low independence from fossil fuels ‹ Start Initiatives by the state and − Climate change EAV: municipalities to communicate cost • Ideal accessibility in a high-quality transparency of traffic. living space at low energy input and New emerging challenges ‹ Expansion of public transport services small negative environmental impact (train, bus). − Unused dedicated building land: • Developing space structures, which are ‹ Revise policies and planning guidelines pressure on settlement frontier and made for motorized private transport, to create bindingness for regional energy farm land is rising and dedicated building towards structures with short ways area stays unused due to rising prices spatial planning. and for environmental friendly traffic. (hoarding). ‹ Park space management for traffic − Usage of building land (density): Due to • Change in mobility behaviour by intensive facilities, as far as legally decreasing farm land and therefore stimuli and information campaign possible. decreasing self-sufficiency basis, building ‹ Adapt residential building subsidies land should be used more efficiently. towards a higher focus on total energy Various “sub-challenges” arise with this demand and mobility aspects. challenge (apartment house vs. single- ‹ Educate children on environmental family house, free area, industry etc.); friendly and healthy mobility. Shrinking population in rural areas: ‹ Checking legal options for car-free Some rural areas struggle with out- settlement areas migration and therefore need subsidies for preservation or setup of infrastructure or services (families and enterprises).
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Slovenia (SL)
Partner: E-zavod, Institute for Comprehensive Development Solutions Competences: Sustainable development – economy, ecology, energy, innovation, ICT and rural development Key policy documents analyzed:
- Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia (2004) - Report on Spatial development (2016) - Spatial Planning Act of RS (2007)
Territorial challenges and opportunities Strategic Objectives Key Policy Measures
Development challenges and potential To promote: Key measures are: are link to the strong concentration of power in the national level, and to the • Integration of Slovenia in ‹ rational land use trough appropriate planning, fragmentation of the territory into a European space taking in account spatial and environmental large number of small municipalities: • Equivalent living and working measures (encourage the functional/ − Rich and diversified natural and conditions in all regions infrastructural integration of cities and cultural heritage; • Attractive space for living and settlements, ensuring interconnection of urban − Unbalanced development processes working in all regions settlements with hinterland) and opportunities; • Spatially balanced and ‹ development of regional development zones, − excessive concentration of agriculture polycentric development taking in account location related potentials and and human settlement expansion in • Nationwide high-performance restrictions (improved links with transport plains; transportation infrastructure infrastructure networks and corridors; energy − depopulation, lack of transport, less • Climate protection and climate distribution and telecommunication networks favourable areas for agriculture, adaptation provisions ‹ Promoting an appropriate land use for overgrown of forest in border and • Sustainable and high- urbanization, balance between supply and the mountainous regions; performance energy demand for water and other resources − uneven spatial and seasonal infrastructure ‹ steering the spatial development away from areas distribution of water resources; • Diverse regions, cities, villages threatened by natural/ other disasters − development of railway and landscape ‹ conservation and development of cultural identity, infrastructure, transport nodes, public foundation of high quality living environment transport, air traffic and non- • Moderate land consumption ‹ encourage conservation and integration of motorized traffic are neglected; biodiversity, natural values in spatial management, − Strongest environmental pressures in establish special conservation areas and around centres of employment, urban areas, attractive landscape areas and seacoast; − Degradation in quality of living of town cores due to migration of economic activities and services; − Public utility infrastructures is fragmented, inefficient and obsolete due to the dispersed settlement structure of the territory(including water losses inadequate connection to the sewage systems, − Undeveloped people and freight transport infrastructure network out of urban and attractive areas.
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Oberbayern/Upper Bavaria (DE)
Partner: Munich University of Applied Sciences Competences : Sustainable buildings and districts Key policy strategies : Regional Development Program of Bavaria (LEP, 2013)
Territorial challenges and Strategic Objectives Key Policy Measures opportunities
Main challenges are related to: To promote: Key measures are: − Equivalence and Sustainability • Equivalent living and working ‹ To create a nationwide net of amenities, services, − Demographic change conditions in all regions childcare, schools, universities, hospitals, culture- − Climate change • Attractive space for living and und sport facilities has to be established, which is − Competitiveness reachable by an appropriate time distance from − Reducing land consumption working in all regions • the surrounding regions; − Inner for Outer Development Spatially balanced and polycentric ‹ to bring qualified jobs to the inhabitants and − Avoiding urban sprawl development especially to develop contemporary information- − Change in the energy • Nationwide high-performance infrastructure transportation infrastructure und communication infrastructures; • Climate protection and climate ‹ to favour balanced economical structure in all adaptation provisions regions and a strengthening of the middle class. • Sustainable and high-performance An important focus is set on attractive economic- energy infrastructure und supply cores, especially in rural areas. This • Diverse regions, cities, villages and helps also to minimize the population pressure on landscape agglomeration areas;
• Moderate land consumption ‹ to integrate the own transportation infrastructure best possible in the national and trans-European network, but also to improve the connectivity of peripheral regions and the public transport performance ‹ to increase the use of renewable energy technology, but also to develop and connect structures of settlements minimized. Forests and wetlands have to be kept as CO2 storages; ‹ to create a sustainable energy infrastructure, which respects ecological and cultural aspects, as well as the interests of the population. A climate friendly mix of renewable and conventional energy resources is the aim. Profit of the production of renewable energy will be kept as regional value in the rural areas; ‹ to conserve the diversity of Bavaria, by protection agglomerations and rural areas as independent working and living space; ‹ Compact settlements, efficient networks of public transportation and cost friendly and long-term services.
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Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (FR)
Partner: Envirobat BDM Competences: Inter professional association for sustainable buildings Key policy strategies : - Regional spatial planning plan (SRADDT) - Interregional Massif Scheme (SIMA, 2013)
Territorial challenges and opportunities Strategic Objectives Key Policy Measures
Main challenges are related to: By 2030: Envirobat has reported the following key − Depopulation, recent censuses show • To reduce social and spatial measures with regard to the Alpine part of its that the PACA region is less attractive inequalities in housing and access regional territory: than in the past (outmigration, aging of to resources, services and
the population employment ‹ To ensure, over time, diversity and balance of natural resources and natural heritage. − unemployment remains structurally • To develop green economy Through implementation of conservation and higher in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur • To boost productive activity to protection policies, based on the development then in the rest of the country serve employment and energetic of local resources, and that integrates − social and solidarity economy occupies a transition environmental and economic dimensions significant position in terms of employment, and a strong territorial • To improve the international ‹ To consolidate and diversify the specific anchorage visibility of regional territories and activities of the massif, adapting them to − gap in living standards between the to durably reinforce the efficiency global changes. Particular attention is given to richest 10% and the poorest 10% is of transportation systems social and solidarity economy, a field that is among the highest of France favourable to innovation, to experimentation − exploitation and preservation of the and that is a possible lever of a policy of social resources offered by the natural inclusion environment ‹ To organize and structure the territory and in − increasing pressure on valuable particular, the consolidation of the ecosystems and landscapes. development fundamentals of the massif taking into account sustainable transportation, services to the population and adapted governance. ‹ To participate in regional, cross-border and transnational development programs thus developing projects on the themes of growth, competitiveness and innovation for the benefit of specific economic activities, sustainable mobility, development of services and communication infrastructure. ‹ To preserve biodiversity and natural areas according to principles of sustainable management of resources
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Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein (LI)
Partner: Liechtenstein Institute for Strategic Development Competences: Support to private and public entities to become more resilient to climatic, energetic and economic changes Key policy strategies : Swiss Federal Spatial Planning Act, Plan of the Canton of St. Gallen, Alpine Rhine Development Concept, Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein program, Mobility Concept Liechtenstein, Liechtenstein Construction Act, Country plan of the Principality of Liechtenstein
Territorial challenges and Strategic Objectives Key Policy Measures opportunities
Main reported challenges are related ‹ Economic and efficient use of limited l and area for to: • To reduce existing economic urban development; The realization of a desired − decreasing amount of areas suitable imbalances spatial order of activities to ensure that the space- based activities are coordinated so that they for new settlement; continuing • To support innovation to boost contribute to achieving the set objectives related to growth in urbanization; increasing economic development amount of land-use pressure caused settlement, nature and landscape, transport, services • by a highly developed economy and To protect soil and minimize supply and waste disposal. high standards of living; mounting land use conflicts ‹ To reduce energy consumption, increases energy need for environmental and • To protect and preserve the efficiency and expands renewable energy production. landscape protection especially with natural landscape and the Energy and resource conservation in urban and rural regards to tourism. environment, including air, development via energy efficiency in building and local − unbalances in economic and living soils, water, flora and fauna. renewable energy production. conditions; protecting soil, air, water • To reduce carbon emissions ‹ To reduce development impact on water, soil and and landscape conditions; and improve resilience to landscape. Maintenance or restoration of ecological competition among economic and climate change. systems such as a near-natural reverie landscapes. residential locations; making use of • To support integrated mobility Development would synergies land-use demands and regional potentials; governing the strategy centred on public affect improvements in groundwater, ecology and sustainable development of space transport. recreation. − impact of urban development on ‹ To promote economically attractive locations and water quality and regional sustainable and healthy living spaces. hydrology; floods and natural
hazards; denaturalization of water ‹ To implement resilient development models that systems; damage during extreme endure minimal damage of extreme natural disaster natural events; impact of land uses events and that provides the necessary protection to groundwater. against floods and natural hazards. − growing commuter and cross-sector ‹ To reduce existing economic imbalances of territory traffic, increasing settlement with other parts of the country, by recognizing the development, pressures on positive characteristics and promotion of the territory. landscape protection, road network ‹ To coordinate and manage cross-border activities to overloading, cross-border commuter tackle urban sprawl, commuter and sector traffic, traffic, and cross-sector traffic natural space discontinuity, ecosystem deterioration, − reducing the Principality’s energy flooding, and groundwater loss and contamination... consumption through energy ‹ To comprehensively balance the interests between efficiency in building. Reducing governments, the public and private sectors. material consumption and waste in the construction sector − conflicts of use in the different areas for settlement, agriculture, nature and landscape, transport
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Use of indicators
With regard to the way spatial data and indicators are currently used in PPs regions to monitor policy implementation at territorial level some general issues emerge. Different sets of indicators are used at different steps of the policy cycle. For all of the partners this include indicators from the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of both territorial and sector plans and programs as established by the Directive 2001/42/EC and a variety of other context, performance and compliance indicator systems used to identify the environmental and the territorial characteristics necessary to planning, measure the transformations of regional scenario induced by the implementation of their plans and assess the level of achievement of its objectives. The sets of indicators are assembled using defined sets at the local and national level.
There are some general critical issues about the current use of spatial data and indicators that here listed as reported by Partners:
- There is a lack of harmonization between programs and plans insisting on the same territory so it’s impossible to properly assess all the impacts of the entire set of programs and plans on the territory. Vertical and horizontal integration between sector and cross sector policy implementation is needed; - The application of SEA is often seen just as a formality rather than a useful instrument for drawing up the plan and evaluating its sustainability and the monitoring system is often believed to be useless; - Assessing is not directed to solving problems but it is focused on the current state, less on the potentials; - The construction of indicator and monitoring systems are particularly complex activities given the ‘silos’ approach and the extreme articulation of functions and competences within the public administration; - The dispersal of information (different lists of indicators, different subjects promoters, different holders of data for environmental energy and territorial information); - The actual availability of data; - Absence of a tested and shared standard reference catalogue of indicators; - The missing information about data reference period and time-series; - Poor suitability of indicators to the municipal territorial scale; - Missing of benchmarks and targets to monitoring goals achievement; - Arbitrariness in the choice of indicators. Lack of standardized set of indicators that could be shared by different local authorities so the comparison between different territories becomes difficult; - Public Administrations and, in particular, local authorities, often have no financial nor human resources and skills, to implement the monitoring systems;
The description of current evaluation and monitoring system used in each PP region along with the sets of sustainability criteria and indicators that are already in use in the different regions are described in details in the CESBA Alps project report “Sustainability indicators at territorial level: alpine space state of art”32 . A critical analysis of the current use of indicators is available in each of the PPs “Territorial Framework” analysis in Annex 2 to this report
32 Deliverable: D.T1.1.1- Indicators at territorial level: State of Art: www.alpine-space.eu/projects/cesba-alps/en/results/deliveralbes
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7 CONCLUSIONS
7.1 Overall considerations about the design and implementation of CESBA STT tools for monitoring sustainable territorial development and support innovative policy approaches.
The development of the CESBA STT frameworks will help to place indicators in a coherent context and to recognize the relationships between different policies and goals, overcoming the current ‘silos’ approach.
Evaluating low carbon and sustainable territories requires drawing together indicators from all three dimensions of sustainable development: the economy, the environment and the society. The indicators on economy and environment will provide a coherent picture of sustainable development trends, the third one will provide information particularly relevant to policy questions. At the same time, the development of these frameworks will help to place indicators in a coherent context and to recognize the relationships between different policies and goals. In fact, understanding the links between indicators, and goals and the interaction between different indicators is particularly important to help territorial governance. Thus, the measurement of Sustainable Territorial Development (STD) requires advances in both the theory of measurement and the practical construction of sustainable development indicators. Neither can easily be separated. Importantly, construction of both frameworks and sets of indicators must lead to indicators whose quality is defensible on both conceptual and practical grounds and whose information content justifies the development and thus potential use.
Analysis of PPs regional strategic frameworks demonstrated different perspectives and approaches to sustainable territorial development and to its evaluation.
The last two decades have seen a huge proliferation of methods and indicators to measure sustainable development. Many composite indicators have been proposed in the academic literature, while many institutes have adopted sets of sustainable development indicators (SDI) to track progress towards a sustainable society. While these initiatives have helped to put sustainable development on the agenda of national and international institutions, the differences in the approaches remain large. As a matter of fact, in Cesba partnership there are many different approaches on STD. These are related to different points of view, needs, expectations of each partner and to the different background in order to show whether the present development path is sustainable. No one is trying to evaluate the sustainable development as a visioning instrument.
During the project’s meeting, the perceived needs are a better statistical basis to shift emphasis from measuring specific phenomena (e.g. measuring sustainability in energy consumption) to the creation of instruments able to support in governance choices. SDI, for example, can be seen as a juxtaposition of indicators or sets of indicators that are relevant to monitor particular concerns and targeted at particular audiences. But, the ambitious task of the project is integrating these indicator sets in a way that is useful for practical policies and to ensure the availability of high quality statistics that underlies these indicators.
When applied in an international context, this requires not only a good understanding of how different driving forces and policies interact, and the selection of appropriate frameworks to reflect these interactions, but also a good understanding of partner’s governance priorities and of their economic, social and environmental contexts. Depending on the level of
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ambition pursued, it requires using a variety of tools and frameworks, building on their respective strengths for given purposes and on the synergies that can be gained from their combined use.
The lack of harmonization is partly due to the fact that partners consider different aspects to be most important for their sustainable development, which leads to different policy priorities. Cultural, religious and philosophical viewpoints also play a role. Other reasons for the lack of harmonization relate to differences in academic approaches and data availability.
All CESBA STT Regional Tools include a common set of key indicators evaluating the effect of policies on the overarching challenges for the Alpine Space and regional specific indicators related to the way these very same challenges are articulated and addressed through the specific regional policies in PPs territories.
While there is a general consensus among partners about what the “common” policy challenges and questions are in sustainable territorial development, the way these questions are addressed and the relative level of importance given to them may differ significantly across PP regions. This highlights the importance of using common approaches to monitoring that can easily be adapted to the specific situation of a given country or to specific policy questions.
The introduction of a core set o Key Performance indicators (KPIs), helps to keep the overall indicator set manageable, whereas the larger set CESBA STT Generic Framework allows the inclusion of additional indicators that enable partners to do a more comprehensive and differentiated assessment of sustainable development of their regional territory. KPIs should therefore fulfil three criteria.
- First, they cover issues that are relevant for sustainable territorial development in most of the PPs regions involved in the project; - Second, they provide critical information not available from other indicators; - Third, they can be calculated by most partners’ countries with data that are either readily available or could be made available within reasonable time and costs.
Conversely, indicators that are not part of the KPIs are either relevant only for a smaller set of countries, provide complementary information to KPIs or are not easily available for most partners.
Identify a common strategic framework of reference for sustainable territorial development in the Alpine Space will help to interpret common policies on sustainability, enhance comparison between the different PPs territorial approaches to SD and avoid the possibility to distort policy implementations.
Among the partnership, a common strategic framework linking and combining environmental, social and economic indicators in existing PPs indicators sets can help in going beyond the current individual indicators approach, helping to interpret common policies on sustainability, to communicate evaluation results in a simple and understandable way and linking the set of criteria to policy questions.
In fact, focusing only on the identification of indicators may distort policy choices. This may occur for a number of reasons. While the indicators may be easy understood, they do not provide immediate indication (e.g. on the cost or benefit of different strategies). Lack of reference and data thresholds make it difficult to assess whether trends are sustainable or otherwise. At the same time, policies may focus on indicators with the risk of the exclusion of potentially more relevant issues for which no indicator exist.
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Overall, the possibility of distorting policy seems quite real. To limit these problems, Cesba project should established strong links between individual indicators and strategic frameworks at all levels, to enhance their interpretation, objectivity and credibility.
At the same time it must be understood the slow changing nature of indicators (especially social ones) and, second, the importance of focusing on underlying conditions rather than on the indicator itself (e.g. the case of CO 2 emissions can be faced from so many different point of view, from transport to cattle breeding, from land use to forestation).
A possible path to link CESBA indicator set and the development of innovative policy implementation for the Alpine Space.
A final issue is whether indicators set can be informative of the overall direction of Sustainable Territorial Development in the Alpine Space. One possible approach to this issue is to aggregate different series using weights representative of their relative importance, but doubts remain about both the weights involved and the usefulness of the resulting measure.
A possible path to link indicators set and policies useful to Cesba project could be the following one.
• One Cesba partner • It initiates finalcial institutes a policy on incentives, develope a specific topic legal instruments and other strategies
Strategies Goals and and targets instrument s
Impact Policy evaluation implemen- (monitoring) tation
• Indicators are used • Regional and local to mesuare the goverments effectiveness of the implement policies policy change
This approach is easily applicable to the Sustainable Territorial Development goals that can be identified, for the Cesba project, in Alpine Space or in Eusalp goals.
For instance Cesba can identify as a goal all the policies to support international efforts to curb the human influences on global warming. It sets targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Each project partner will activate its own strategies and instruments such as energy taxes (financial incentives), limits on emissions (legal instruments), support for public transportation (budgetary), that are intended to help achieve the goals and targets. Monitoring the policies implementation through indicators, it will be possible measuring the effectiveness of the policy change. For example, indicators would help evaluate the policy’s performance by comparing data about greenhouse gas emissions before and after the policy change and comparing the rate of progress to the desired goal.
Testing the proposed indicators in partners countries, providing feedback, and proposing new indicators it is possible helping countries to make practical progress towards establishing their own indicator sets, harmonizing data, providing guidance and co-ordination, and building consensus among countries.
7.2 Key findings and recommendations
As described in this report, in the last decade, important harmonization initiatives in the field of defining and measuring sustainable development have taken place. In particular:
• The 2011 definition of the “Territorial Keys” and the related tentative potential indicator set developed in the framework of EU TA2020 to monitor territorial implementation of the Europe 2020 headline targets (see chapter 3.1); • The 2013 set of Key indicators built around a composite list of four policy-orientated spatial planning and territorial cohesion themes developed by the ESPON targeted analysis KITKASP (see chapter 3.2); • The 2011 Better Life Index developed by OECD to bring together internationally comparable measures of well- being 33 (see chapter 4.2); • The 2015 SDGs and targets and the related Global, OECD, EU and National indicator sets under development (see Chapter 4);
CESBA STT should consider the Agenda 2030 universal strategic framework for sustainable development and support localization of EU and National SDG indicator sets.
The UN 2030 Agenda for sustainable development offers a common framework of reference for all global actors towards the achievement of inclusive and sustainable development. Its Sustainable Development Goals constitute a universal set of goals, targets and indicators that national governments have committed to use to frame both domestic and international development policies over the next 15 years.
The Agenda, to be effective, it needs to be implemented and fully realized at the local level: the territories 34 , Governments and stakeholders are therefore committed to the mainstreaming of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development at the national, sub-national and local levels integrating SDGs into national, sub-national, and local plans for development and subsequently, into budget allocations.
33 http://www.oecd.org/statistics/datalab/bli.htm 34 https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/note-workshop-d_en.pdf
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The EU is fully engaged in the process and the adoption of SDGs constitutes an opportunity to strengthen its territorial agenda. Indicators used so far to monitor the EU sustainable development strategy will be frozen and, from 2017, the EU SDG indicator will be applied.
The CESBA Alps project should aim to support the ongoing European reflection on how to apply an SDG lens to policy work and processes. Applying SDG on CESBA territorial areas would put the project in line with the current main framework on sustainable development. The activity, in the ongoing project, should be based on a set of indicators that can be used to assess how PP territories stand in relation to the goals of the 2030 Agenda, but also the indicators included in CESBA lists should bear relevance to all the specific targets of EUSALP and, in general, to European approach on SDG. Indicators of sustainable development should be selected and negotiated by the CESBA partnership. Thus indicators should be constructed within a coherent framework. This would ensure that the specific parameters involved in the evaluation process could change through time according to the modification of goals and to the adaptation of specific territorial reference
CESBA STT should assure coherence with the common strategic framework agreed by regional and national governments in the EUSALP strategy and action plan
EUSALP constitutes a strategic agenda that should guide relevant policy instruments at EU, national and regional level, by closely aligning and mutually reinforcing them. Its Action Plan includes preliminary lists of indicators and targets to illustrate the performance of the actions with a view to reaching the strategy objectives set by EUSALP. These indicators and targets have been provided so far by States and Regions during preliminary work and now, after the adoption of both the strategy and its action plan 35 , should be completed.
The design of the CESBA STT tools in general and, in particular, the identification of KPIs for the CESBA Passport should consider the system of strategic objective and policy actions presented in the EUSALP action plan and its preliminary list of indicators. Furthermore a coherence check with EU adopted framework for SDGs could also benefit the follow up and revision of the EUSALP common strategic framework and the built up of its reference indicator system.
CESBA STT Regional tools should be developed in a way to support integration of sector’s strategies in policy implementation at territorial level.
A territorial approach to development as presented by different institutions, amongst which the European Union, has since long been the implicit practice in which local and regional governments cooperate. For mayors and local leaders that are working to improve the quality of life in urban and surrounding environments, the SDGs provide a roadmap for more balanced and equitable territorial development. The SDGs offer a set of integrated objectives that can help to bring about a more sustainable vision of territorial development, a territory that provide for equal opportunities to all inhabitants, healthy living environments with access to green spaces, and is resilient in the face of disasters and climate risks.
By nature, the territorial approach is integrated: locally all dimensions of sustainable development interact and need to be dealt with simultaneously. It therefore represents a potential strategy to localize the SDGs and to address the global challenges. It focuses on long-term development processes that allow to ‘unlock’ the potential of the territories. It
35 EUSALP strategy (COM(2015) 366 final) and its Action Plan (SWD(2015) 147 final)
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articulates all territorial stakeholders (public and private), defines common priorities and joins their efforts and resources to achieve.
As underlined in the OECD action plan for implementation of the SDGs, this needs the definition of integrated strategies – at all levels – able to overcome the “silos” approach of sector policies and to promote sustainable development transversally, in all of its dimensions and with a longer-term perspective. Such localization concept refers to the process of designing, implementing and monitoring development strategies in coherence with the SDGs within territorial settings.
CESBA STT Regional tools will evaluate the sustainability to a territorial dimension between 50 Km2 and 500 Km2 (Municipal or group of municipalities). Their set of criteria should able to capture all dimensions of sustainable territorial development that are locally interacting and need to be dealt with simultaneously. An integrated system of strategic objectives should therefore be the reference for the selection of the criteria. Localization of SDG could provide a universally recognized reference framework for the design of harmonized CESBA STT Regional tools able to promote sustainable territorial development transversally overcoming the “silos” approach of current territorial implementation of sector policies.
CESBA STT tools (GF, Passport and Regional) final indicator sets should be built upon a strong interaction between Project Partners at transnational level and Stakeholder’s participation processes at regional and local levels.
The interaction between Project Partners at transnational level and with stakeholders at the Regional levels in correspondence of key stages of the project, by way of workshops, meetings and one-to-one communication with key policy actors, will provide critical inputs for the final set of indicators. Especially for KPI selection, while selecting some of the indicators will be straightforward, others will be more problematic due to the diversity of territorial challenges, opportunities and priorities in each of the partner’s territories. Accordingly, through necessity, the selection process will require compromise and judgment on the part of the Project Partner’s in consultation with their regional stakeholders.
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ANNEX 1: INDICATOR SETS FOR SUSTAINABLE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT
A1.1 EU Territorial Agenda - Tentative potential indicators quantifying the territorial keys in connection with the ‘Europe 2020’ headlines targets;
A1.2 EU Territorial Agenda - Final Inventory of Key Indicators for Territorial Cohesion and Spatial Planning;
A1.3 UN 2030 Agenda - Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development;
A1.4 OECD SDG Indicator set;
A1.5 EU SDG Indicator set, EUROSTAT;
A1.6 EUSALP Action plan - example of indicators.
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A1.1 EU Territorial Agenda - Tentative potential indicators quantifying the territorial keys in connection with the ‘Europe 2020’ headlines targets.
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A1.2 - EU Territorial Agenda - Final Inventory of Key Indicators for Territorial Cohesion and Spatial Planning (KITCASP project, ESPON)
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A1.3 - UN AGENDA 2030 - Global indicator framework for SDGs and targets 36
Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development* Sustainable Development Goal indicators should be disaggregated, where relevant, by income, sex, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability and geographic location, or other characteristics, in accordance with the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics. 1 Goals and targets (from the 2030 Agenda for UNSD Indicators Indicator Sustainable Development) Codes † Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people 1.1.1 Proportion of population below the everywhere, currently measured as people living on international poverty line, by sex, age, employment C010101 less than $1.25 a day status and geographical location (urban/rural) 1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the C010201 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of national poverty line, by sex and age men, women and children of all ages living in poverty 1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all in all its dimensions according to national definitions ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to C010202 national definitions 1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing systems and measures for all, including floors, and by children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons C010301 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work- vulnerable injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in 1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households C010401 particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal with access to basic services rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic 1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with services, ownership and control over land and other secure tenure rights to land, with legally recognized forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, C010402 documentation and who perceive their rights to land appropriate new technology and financial services, as secure, by sex and by type of tenure including microfinance 1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per C200303 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those 100,000 population in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and 1.5.2 Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in C010502 vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) other economic, social and environmental shocks and 1.5.3 Number of countries that adopt and disasters implement national disaster risk reduction strategies C200304 in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 –2030
36 https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/
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1.5.4 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies C200305 in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies 1.a.1 Proportion of domestically generated 1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a resources allocated by the government directly to C010a01 variety of sources, including through enhanced poverty reduction programmes development cooperation, in order to provide 1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on adequate and predictable means for developing essential services (education, health and social C010a02 countries, in particular least developed countries, to protection) implement programmes and policies to end poverty in 1.a.3 Sum of total grants and non-debt-creating all its dimensions inflows directly allocated to poverty reduction C010a03 programmes as a proportion of GDP 1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor 1.b.1 Proportion of government recurrent and and gender-sensitive development strategies, to capital spending to sectors that disproportionately C010b01 support accelerated investment in poverty eradication benefit women, the poor and vulnerable groups actions
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all 2.1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment C020101 people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable 2.1.2 Prevalence of moderate or severe food situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and insecurity in the population, based on the Food C020102 sufficient food all year round Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) 2.2.1 Prevalence of stunting (height for age <-2 standard deviation from the median of the World C020201 2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards) achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets among children under 5 years of age on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of 2.2.2 Prevalence of malnutrition (weight for height age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent >+2 or <-2 standard deviation from the median of the girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons C020202 WHO Child Growth Standards) among children under 5 years of age, by type (wasting and overweight) 2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and 2.3.1 Volume of production per labour unit by incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular C020301 women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, classes of farming/pastoral/forestry enterprise size pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and 2.3.2 Average income of small-scale food producers, inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and C020302 opportunities for value addition and non-farm by sex and indigenous status employment 2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help 2.4.1 Proportion of agricultural area under maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for C020401 productive and sustainable agriculture adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality 2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, 2.5.1 Number of plant and animal genetic resources cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or C020501 animals and their related wild species, including long-term conservation facilities
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through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international 2.5.2 Proportion of local breeds classified as being levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable at risk, not at risk or at unknown level of risk of C020502 sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of extinction genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as int ernationally agreed 2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced 2.a.1 The agriculture orientation index for international cooperation, in rural infrastructure, C020a01 government expenditures agricultural research and extension services, technology development and plant and livestock gene 2.a.2 Total official flows (official development banks in order to enhance agricultural productive assistance plus other official flows) to the agriculture C020a02 capacity in developing countries, in particular least sector developed countries 2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of 2.b.1 Agricultural export subsidies C020b02 agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market information, 2.c.1 Indicator of food price anomalies C020c01 including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme food price volatility
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 3.1.1 Maternal mortality ratio C030101 3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio 3.1.2 Proportion of births attended by skilled health to less than 70 per 100,000 live births C030102 personnel
3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and 3.2.1 Under-5 mortality rate C030201 children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least C030202 as low as 25 per 1,000 live births 3.2.2 Neonatal mortality rate
3.3.1 Number of new HIV infections per 1,000 uninfected population, by sex, age and key C030301 populations 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat 3.3.2 Tuberculosis incidence per 100,000 population C030302 hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other 3.3.3 Malaria incidence per 1,000 population C030303 communicable diseases 3.3.4 Hepatitis B incidence per 100,000 population C030304 3.3.5 Number of people requiring interventions C030305 against neglected tropical diseases 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality 3.4.1 Mortality rate attributed to cardiovascular from non-communicable diseases through prevention disease, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory C030401 and treatment and promote mental health and well- disease being 3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate C030402
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3.5.1 Coverage of treatment interventions (pharmacological, psychosocial and rehabilitation and C030501 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of aftercare services) for substance use disorders substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and 3.5.2 Harmful use of alcohol, defined according to harmful use of alcohol the national context as alcohol per capita consumption C030502 (aged 15 years and older) within a calendar year in litres of pure alcohol 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and 3.6.1 Death rate due to road traffic injuries C030601 injuries from road traffic accidents 3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and 3.7.1 Proportion of women of reproductive age reproductive health-care services, including for family (aged 15–49 years) who have their need for family C030701 planning, information and education, and the planning satisfied with modern methods integration of reproductive health into national 3.7.2 Adolescent birth rate (aged 10–14 years; aged C030702 strategies and programmes 15–19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group 3.8.1 Coverage of essential health services (defined as the average coverage of essential services based on tracer interventions that include reproductive, 3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including maternal, newborn and child health, infectious C030801 financial risk protection, access to quality essential diseases, non-communicable diseases and service health-care services and access to safe, effective, capacity and access, among the general and the most quality and affordable essential medicines and disadvantaged population) vaccines for all 3.8.2 Proportion of population with large household expenditures on health as a share of total household C030802 expenditure or income 3.9.1 Mortality rate attributed to household and C030901 ambient air pollution 3.9.2 Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, C030902 unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) water and soil pollution and contamination services) 3.9.3 Mortality rate attributed to unintentional C030903 poisoning 3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World 3.a.1 Age-standardized prevalence of current Health Organization Framework Convention on C030a01 tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines 3.b.1 Proportion of the target population covered and medicines for the communicable and C030b01 by all vaccines included in their national programme non-communicable diseases that primarily affect developing countries, provide access to affordable 3.b.2 Total net official development assistance to essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with C030b02 the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and medical research and basic health sectors Public Health, which affirms the right of developing countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual 3.b.3 Proportion of health facilities that have a core Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public set of relevant essential medicines available and C030b03 health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines affordable on a sustainable basis for all
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3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in developing countries, 3.c.1 Health worker density and distribution C030c01 especially in least developed countries and small island developing States 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk 3.d.1 International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity C030d01 reduction and management of national and global and health emergency preparedness health risks
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people (a) in 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the free, equitable and quality primary and secondary end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum C040101 education leading to relevant and effective learning proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by outcomes sex 4.2.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access who are developmentally on track in health, learning C040201 to quality early childhood development, care and and psychosocial well-being, by sex pre-primary education so that they are ready for 4.2.2 Participation rate in organized learning (one primary education C040202 year before the official primary entry age), by sex 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and 4.3.1 Participation rate of youth and adults in formal men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and non-formal education and training in the previous C040301 and tertiary education, including university 12 months, by sex 4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of 4.4.1 Proportion of youth and adults with youth and adults who have relevant skills, including information and communications technology (ICT) C040401 technical and vocational skills, for employment, skills, by type of skill decent jobs and entrepreneurship 4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education 4.5.1 Parity indices (female/male, rural/urban, and ensure equal access to all levels of education and bottom/top wealth quintile and others such as vocational training for the vulnerable, including disability status, indigenous peoples and conflict- C040501 persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and affected, as data become available) for all education children in vulnerable situations indicators on this list that can be disaggregated 4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial 4.6.1 Proportion of population in a given age group proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve achieving at least a fixed level of proficiency in C040601 literacy and numeracy functional (a) literacy and (b) numeracy skills, by sex 4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable 4.7.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education development, including, among others, through and (ii) education for sustainable development, education for sustainable development and including gender equality and human rights, are sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, C040701 mainstreamed at all levels in (a) national education promotion of a culture of peace and non-violence, policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) global citizenship and appreciation of cultural diversity student assessment and of culture’s contribution to sustainable development
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4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to (a) electricity; (b) the Internet for pedagogical purposes; 4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted child, disability and gender sensitive and provide safe, infrastructure and materials for students with C040a01 non-violent, inclusive and effective learning disabilities; (e) basic drinking water; (f) single-sex basic environments for all sanitation facilities; and (g) basic hand washing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions) 4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships available to developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and African countries, for enrolment 4.b.1 Volume of official development assistance C040b01 in higher education, including vocational training and flows for scholarships by sector and type of study information and communications technology, technical, engineering and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other developing countries 4.c.1 Proportion of teachers in: (a) pre-primary; 4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of (b) primary; (c) lower secondary; and (d) upper qualified teachers, including through international secondary education who have received at least the cooperation for teacher training in developing C040c01 minimum organized teacher training (e.g. pedagogical countries, especially least developed countries and training) pre-service or in-service required for teaching small island developing States at the relevant level in a given country
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 5.1.1 Whether or not legal frameworks are in place 5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women to promote, enforce and monitor equality and C050101 and girls everywhere non -discrimination on the basis of sex 5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual or psychological violence by a current or former C050201 5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of and girls in the public and private spheres, including violence and by age trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation 5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons C050202 other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence 5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20–24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before C050301 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early age 18 and forced marriage and female genital mutilation 5.3.2 Proportion of girls and women aged 15– 49 years who have undergone female genital C050302 mutilation/cutting, by age 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, 5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic infrastructure and social protection policies and the C050401 and care work, by sex, age and location promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate 5.5.1 Proportion of seats held by women in (a) 5.5 Ensure women’s full and effective participation C050501 and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of national parliaments and (b) local governments decision-making in political, economic and public life 5.5.2 Proportion of women in managerial positions C050502
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5.6.1 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years who 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive make their own informed decisions regarding sexual C050601 health and reproductive rights as agreed in accordance relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health with the Programme of Action of the International care Conference on Population and Development and the 5.6.2 Number of countries with laws and regulations Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome that guarantee full and equal access to women and C050602 documents of their review conferences men aged 15 years and older to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education 5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, 5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to C050a01 by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or economic resources, as well as access to ownership rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure and control over land and other forms of property, 5.a.2 Proportion of countries where the legal financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in framework (including customary law) guarantees accordance with national laws C050a02 women’s equal rights to land ownership and/or control 5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in 5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile particular information and communications C050b01 telephone, by sex technology, to promote the empowerment of women 5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and 5.c.1 Proportion of countries with systems to track enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender and make public allocations for gender equality and C050c01 equality and the empowerment of all women and girls women’s empowerment at all levels
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to 6.1.1 Proportion of population using safely managed C060101 safe and affordable drinking water for all drinking water services 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable 6.2.1 Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation and hygiene for all and end open sanitation services, including a hand-washing facility C060201 defecation, paying special attention to the needs of with soap and water women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing 6.3.1 Proportion of wastewater safely treated C060301 pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially 6.3.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good C060302 increasing recycling and safe reuse globally ambient water quality
6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use 6.4.1 Change in water-use efficiency over time C060401 efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of 6.4.2 Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal C060402 people suffering from water scarcity as a proportion of available freshwater resources
6.5.1 Degree of integrated water resources C060501 6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management implementation (0–100) management at all levels, including through 6.5.2 Proportion of transboundary basin area with transboundary cooperation as appropriate C060502 an operational arrangement for water cooperation 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related 6.6.1 Change in the extent of water-related C060601 ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, ecosystems over time
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rivers, aquifers and lakes
6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in 6.a.1 Amount of water- and sanitation-related water- and sanitation-related activities and official development assistance that is part of a C060a01 programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, government-coordinated spending plan water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies 6.b.1 Proportion of local administrative units with 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local established and operational policies and procedures communities in improving water and sanitation C060b01 for participation of local communities in water and management sanitation management
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 7.1.1 Proportion of population with access to C070101 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, electricity reliable and modern energy services 7.1.2 Proportion of population with primary reliance C070102 on clean fuels and technology 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of 7.2.1 Renewable energy share in the total final C070201 renewable energy in the global energy mix energy consumption 7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in 7.3.1 Energy intensity measured in terms of primary C070301 energy efficiency energy and GDP 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and 7.a.1 International financial flows to developing technology, including renewable energy, energy countries in support of clean energy research and C070a01 efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel development and renewable energy production, technology, and promote investment in energy including in hybrid systems infrastructure and clean energy technology 7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable 7.b.1 Investments in energy efficiency as a energy services for all in developing countries, in proportion of GDP and the amount of foreign direct particular least developed countries, small island C070b01 investment in financial transfer for infrastructure and developing States and landlocked developing technology to sustainable development services countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita C080101 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and 8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed C080201 innovation, including through a focus on high-value person added and labor -intensive sectors 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, 8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and C080301 non-agriculture employment, by sex encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including
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through access to financial services
8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global 8.4.1 Material footprint, material footprint per resource efficiency in consumption and production C200202 capita, and material footprint per GDP and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 8.4.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable C200203 Consumption and Production, with developed material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP countries taking the lead 8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male 8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment employees, by occupation, age and persons with C080501 and decent work for all women and men, including for disabilities young people and persons with disabilities, and equal 8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons pay for work of equal value C080502 with disabilities 8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of 8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15–24 years) not in C080601 youth not in employment, education or training education, employment or training 8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and 8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5– C080701 elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including 17 years engaged in child labor, by sex and age recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end chi ld labor in all its forms 8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal C080801 occupational injuries, by sex and migrant status 8.8 Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including 8.8.2 Level of national compliance with labor rights migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and (freedom of association and collective bargaining) those in precarious employment based on International Labor Organization (ILO) C080802 textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant status 8.9.1 Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total C080901 8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to GDP and in growth rate promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and 8.9.2 Proportion of jobs in sustainable tourism promotes local culture and products C080902 industries out of total tourism jobs 8.10.1 (a) Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults and (b) number of automated teller C081001 8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults institutions to encourage and expand access to 8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with banking, insurance and financial services for all an account at a bank or other financial institution or C081002 with a mobile-money-service provider 8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, 8.a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework C080a01 disbursements for Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries
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8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global 8.b.1 Existence of a developed and operationalized strategy for youth employment and implement the national strategy for youth employment, as a distinct C080b01 Global Jobs Pact of the International Labor strategy or as part of a national employment strategy Organization Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation 9.1.1 Proportion of the rural population who live 9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient C090101 infrastructure, including regional and transborder within 2 km of an all-season road infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and 9.1.2 Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of C090102 equitable access for all transport
9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization 9.2.1 Manufacturing value added as a proportion of C090201 and, by 2030, significantly raise industry’s share of GDP and per capita employment and gross domestic product, in line with 9.2.2 Manufacturing employment as a proportion of national circumstances, and double its share in least C090202 total employment developed countries 9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and 9.3.1 Proportion of small-scale industries in total C090301 other enterprises, in particular in developing industry value added countries, to financial services, including affordable 9.3.2 Proportion of small-scale industries with a credit, and their integration into value chains and C090302 loan or line of credit markets 9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption of clean 9.4.1 CO 2 emission per unit of value added C090401 and environmentally sound technologies and industrial processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their respective capabilities 9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all C090501 proportion of GDP countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development 9.5.2 Researchers (in full-time equivalent) per C090502 workers per 1 million people and public and private million inhabitants rese arch and development spending 9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in developing countries through 9.a.1 Total official international support (official enhanced financial, technological and technical development assistance plus other official flows) to C090a01 support to African countries, least developed infrastructure countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States 9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in developing countries, 9.b.1 Proportion of medium and high-tech industry including by ensuring a conducive policy environment C090b01 value added in total value added for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities 9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide 9.c.1 Proportion of population covered by a mobile C090c01 universal and affordable access to the Internet in least network, by technology developed countries by 2020
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Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries 10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain 10.1.1 Growth rates of household expenditure or income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the income per capita among the bottom 40 per cent of C100101 population at a rate higher than the national average the population and the total population 10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, 10.2.1 Proportion of people living below 50 per cent economic and political inclusion of all, irrespective of of median income, by sex, age and persons with C100201 age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin, religion or disabilities economic or other status 10.3.1 Proportion of population reporting having 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the of outcome, including by eliminating discriminatory previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of C200204 laws, policies and practices and promoting appropriate discrimination prohibited under international human legislation, policies and action in this regard rights law 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social 10.4.1 Labor share of GDP, comprising wages and protection policies, and progressively achieve greater C100401 social protection transfers equality 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and institutions and strengthen the 10.5.1 Financial Soundness Indicators C100501 implementation of such regulations 10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries in decision-making in global 10.6.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of international economic and financial institutions in C200205 developing countries in international organizations order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and legitimate institutions 10.7.1 Recruitment cost borne by employee as a 10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible proportion of yearly income earned in country of C100701 migration and mobility of people, including through destination the implementation of planned and well-managed 10.7.2 Number of countries that have implemented migration policies C100702 well-managed migration policies 10.a Implement the principle of special and differential 10.a.1 Proportion of tariff lines applied to imports treatment for developing countries, in particular least from least developed countries and developing C100a01 developed countries, in accordance with World Trade countries with zero-tariff Organization agreements 10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including foreign direct investment, to 10.b.1 Total resource flows for development, by States where the need is greatest, in particular least recipient and donor countries and type of flow (e.g. developed countries, African countries, small island C100b01 official development assistance, foreign direct developing States and landlocked developing investment and other flows) countries, in accordance with their national plans and programmes 10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3 per cent the 10.c.1 Remittance costs as a proportion of the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate C100c01 amount remitted remittance corridors with costs higher than 5 per cent
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe 11.1.1 Proportion of urban population living in and affordable housing and basic services and upgrade C110101 slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing slums
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11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, 11.2.1 Proportion of population that has convenient improving road safety, notably by expanding public access to public transport, by sex, age and persons C110201 transport, with special attention to the needs of those with disabilities in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons 11.3.1 Ratio of land consumption rate to population C110301 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable growth rate urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated 11.3.2 Proportion of cities with a direct participation and sustainable human settlement planning and structure of civil society in urban planning and C110302 management in all countries management that operate regularly and democratically 11.4.1 Total expenditure (public and private) per capita spent on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, by type of heritage (cultural, natural, mixed and World 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the Heritage Centre designation), level of government C110401 world’s cultural and natural heritage (national, regional and local/municipal), type of expenditure (operating expenditure/investment) and type of private funding (donations in kind, private non- profit sector and sponsorship) 11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of 11.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and deaths and the number of people affected and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per C200303 substantially decrease the direct economic losses 100,000 population relative to global gross domestic product caused by 11.5.2 Direct economic loss in relation to global disasters, including water-related disasters, with a GDP, damage to critical infrastructure and number of C110502 focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters situations 11.6.1 Proportion of urban solid waste regularly 11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita collected and with adequate final discharge out of C110601 environmental impact of cities, including by paying total urban solid waste generated, by cities special attention to air quality and municipal and other 11.6.2 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter waste management C110602 (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population weighted) 11.7.1 Average share of the built-up area of cities 11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age C110701 inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces, in and persons with disabilities particular for women and children, older persons and 11.7.2 Proportion of persons victim of physical or persons with disabilities sexual harassment, by sex, age, disability status and C110702 place of occurrence, in the previous 12 months 11.a Support positive economic, social and 11.a.1 Proportion of population living in cities that environmental links between urban, peri-urban and implement urban and regional development plans C110a01 rural areas by strengthening national and regional integrating population projections and resource development planning needs, by size of city 11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of 11.b.1 Number of countries that adopt and cities and human settlements adopting and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies C200304 implementing integrated policies and plans towards in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and Reduction 2015–2030
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adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, 11.b.2 Proportion of local governments that adopt and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies C200305 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies holistic disaster risk management at all levels 11.c.1 Proportion of financial support to the least 11.c Support least developed countries, including developed countries that is allocated to the through financial and technical assistance, in building construction and retrofitting of sustainable, resilient C110c01 sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local and resource-efficient buildings utilizing local materials materials
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and 12.1.1 Number of countries with sustainable Production Patterns, all countries taking action, with consumption and production (SCP) national action C120101 developed countries taking the lead, taking into plans or SCP mainstreamed as a priority or a target account the development and capabilities of into national policies developing countries 12.2.1 Material footprint, material footprint per C200202 capita, and material footprint per GDP 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 12.2.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic C200203 material consumption per GDP 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses 12.3.1 Global food loss index C120301 along production and supply chains, including post- harvest losses 12.4.1 Number of parties to international 12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound multilateral environmental agreements on hazardous management of chemicals and all wastes throughout waste, and other chemicals that meet their C120401 their life cycle, in accordance with agreed commitments and obligations in transmitting international frameworks, and significantly reduce information as required by each relevant agreement their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize 12.4.2 Hazardous waste generated per capita and their adverse impacts on human health and the proportion of hazardous waste treated, by type of C120402 environment treatment 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation 12.5.1 National recycling rate, tons of material C120501 through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse recycled 12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable 12.6.1 Number of companies publishing C120601 practices and to integrate sustainability information sustainability reports into their reporting cycle 12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are 12.7.1 Number of countries implementing sustainable, in accordance with national policies and sustainable public procurement policies and action C120701 priorities plans 12.8.1 Extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable 12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the development (including climate change education) are relevant information and awareness for sustainable C120801 mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) development and lifestyles in harmony with nature curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment
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12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their 12.a.1 Amount of support to developing countries scientific and technological capacity to move towards on research and development for sustainable C120a01 more sustainable patterns of consumption and consumption and production and environmentally production sound technologies 12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor 12.b.1 Number of sustainable tourism strategies or sustainable development impacts for sustainable policies and implemented action plans with agreed C120b01 tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture monitoring and evaluation tools and products 12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and phasing out 12.c.1 Amount of fossil-fuel subsidies per unit of those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect GDP (production and consumption) and as a C120c01 their environmental impacts, taking fully into account proportion of total national expenditure on fossil fuels the specific needs and conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and the affected communities 2 Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts 13.1.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per C200303 100,000 population 13.1.2 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies C200304 in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk 13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to Reduction 2015–2030 climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all 13.1.3 Proportion of local governments that adopt countries and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies C200305 in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies 13.2.1 Number of countries that have communicated the establishment or operationalization of an integrated policy/strategy/plan which increases their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and 13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas C130201 policies, strategies and planning emissions development in a manner that does not threaten food production (including a national adaptation plan, nationally determined contribution, national communication, biennial update report or other) 13.3.1 Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early C130301 13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula and institutional capacity on climate change 13.3.2 Number of countries that have mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early communicated the strengthening of institutional, warning systemic and individual capacity-building to implement C130302 adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
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13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from 13.a.1 Mobilized amount of United States dollars all sources to address the needs of developing per year between 2020 and 2025 accountable towards C130a01 countries in the context of meaningful mitigation the $100 billion commitment actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible 13.b.1 Number of least developed countries and 13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for small island developing States that are receiving effective climate change-related planning and specialized support, and amount of support, including management in least developed countries and small finance, technology and capacity-building, for C130b01 island developing States, including focusing on mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate women, youth and local and marginalized change-related planning and management, including communities focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based 14.1.1 Index of coastal eutrophication and floating C140101 activities, including marine debris and nutrient plastic debris density pollution 14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse 14.2.1 Proportion of national exclusive economic impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, C140201 zones managed using ecosystem-based approaches and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean 14.3.1 Average marine acidity (pH) measured at acidification, including through enhanced scientific C140301 agreed suite of representative sampling stations cooperation at all levels 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices and implement 14.4.1 Proportion of fish stocks within biologically science-based management plans, in order to restore C140401 sustainable levels fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological characteristics 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and 14.5.1 Coverage of protected areas in relation to C140501 international law and based on the best available marine areas scientific information 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain 14.6.1 Progress by countries in the degree of from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that implementation of international instruments aiming to C140601 appropriate and effective special and differential combat illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation 3
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14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing States and least developed countries 14.7.1 Sustainable fisheries as a proportion of GDP from the sustainable use of marine resources, in small island developing States, least developed C140701 including through sustainable management of countries and all countries fisheries, aquaculture and tourism 14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of 14.a.1 Proportion of total research budget allocated Marine Technology, in order to improve ocean health C140a01 to research in the field of marine technology and to enhance the contribution of marine biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small island developing States and least developed countries 14.b.1 Progress by countries in the degree of 14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to application of a legal/regulatory/policy/institutional C140b01 marine resources and markets framework which recognizes and protects access rights for small -scale fisheries 14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of 14.c.1 Number of countries making progress in oceans and their resources by implementing ratifying, accepting and implementing through legal, international law as reflected in the United Nations policy and institutional frameworks, ocean-related Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the instruments that implement international law, as C140c01 legal framework for the conservation and sustainable reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law use of oceans and their resources, as recalled in of the Sea, for the conservation and sustainable use of paragraph 158 of “The future we want” the oceans and their resources Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration 15.1.1 Forest area as a proportion of total land area C150101 and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and dry lands, in line 15.1.2 Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by C150102 with obligations under international agreements protected areas, by ecosystem type 15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt 15.2.1 Progress towards sustainable forest deforestation, restore degraded forests and C150201 management substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by 15.3.1 Proportion of land that is degraded over total C150301 desertification, drought and floods, and strive to land area achieve a land degradation-neutral world 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain 15.4.1 Coverage by protected areas of important C150401 ecosystems, including their biodiversity, in order to sites for mountain biodiversity enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development 15.4.2 Mountain Green Cover Index C150402 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of 15.5.1 Red List Index C150501 biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the
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extinction of threatened species
15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits 15.6.1 Number of countries that have adopted arising from the utilization of genetic resources and legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to C150601 promote appropriate access to such resources, as ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits internationally agreed 15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and 15.7.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was C200206 address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife poached or illicitly trafficked products 15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the 15.8.1 Proportion of countries adopting relevant introduction and significantly reduce the impact of national legislation and adequately resourcing the C150801 invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems prevention or control of invasive alien species and control or eradicate the priority species 15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity 15.9.1 Progress towards national targets established values into national and local planning, development in accordance with Aichi Biodiversity Target 2 of the C150901 processes, poverty reduction strategies and accounts Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial 15.a.1 Official development assistance and public resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of C200207 use biodiversity and ecosystems biodiversity and ecosystems 15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance sustainable forest 15.b.1 Official development assistance and public management and provide adequate incentives to expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of C200207 developing countries to advance such management, biodiversity and ecosystems including for conservation and reforestation 15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, 15.c.1 Proportion of traded wildlife that was including by increasing the capacity of local C200206 poached or illicitly trafficked communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 16.1.1 Number of victims of intentional homicide C160101 per 100,000 population, by sex and age 16.1.2 Conflict-related deaths per 100,000 C160102 population, by sex, age and cause 16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and 16.1.3 Proportion of population subjected to related death rates everywhere physical, psychological or sexual violence in the C160103 previous 12 months 16.1.4 Proportion of population that feel safe C160104 walking alone around the area they live 16.2.1 Proportion of children aged 1–17 years who experienced any physical punishment and/or C160201 psychological aggression by caregivers in the past 16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms month of violence against and torture of children 16.2.2 Number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age and form of C160202 exploitation
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16.2.3 Proportion of young women and men aged 18–29 years who experienced sexual violence by C160203 age 18 16.3.1 Proportion of victims of violence in the previous 12 months who reported their victimization 16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and C160301 to competent authorities or other officially recognized international levels and ensure equal access to justice conflict resolution mechanisms for all 16.3.2 Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of C160302 overall prison population 16.4.1 Total value of inward and outward illicit C160401 financial flows (in current United States dollars) 16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the recovery and return of 16.4.2 Proportion of seized, found or surrendered arms whose illicit origin or context has been traced or stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime C160402 established by a competent authority in line with international instruments 16.5.1 Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a C160501 public official, or were asked for a bribe by those 16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all public officials, during the previous 12 months their forms 16.5.2 Proportion of businesses that had at least one contact with a public official and that paid a bribe C160502 to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials during the previous 12 months 16.6.1 Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget, by sector (or C160601 16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent by budget codes or similar) institutions at all levels 16.6.2 Proportion of population satisfied with their C160602 last experience of public services 16.7.1 Proportions of positions (by sex, age, persons with disabilities and population groups) in public institutions (national and local legislatures, public C160701 16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and service, and judiciary) compared to national representative decision-making at all levels distributions 16.7.2 Proportion of population who believe decision-making is inclusive and responsive, by sex, C160702 age, disability and population group 16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of 16.8.1 Proportion of members and voting rights of developing countries in the institutions of global C200205 developing countries in international organizations governance 16.9.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age 16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including whose births have been registered with a civil C160901 birth registration authority, by age 16.10.1 Number of verified cases of killing, kidnapping, enforced disappearance, arbitrary 16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect detention and torture of journalists, associated media C161001 fundamental freedoms, in accordance with national personnel, trade unionists and human rights advocates legislation and international agreements in the previous 12 months 16.10.2 Number of countries that adopt and C161002 implement constitutional, statutory and/or policy
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guarantees for public access to information
16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international cooperation, for 16.a.1 Existence of independent national human building capacity at all levels, in particular in rights institutions in compliance with the Paris C160a01 developing countries, to prevent violence and combat Principles terrorism and crime 16.b.1 Proportion of population reporting having personally felt discriminated against or harassed in the 16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws previous 12 months on the basis of a ground of C200204 and policies for sustainable development discrimination prohibited under international human rights law Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Finance
17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, 17.1.1 Total government revenue as a proportion of C170101 including through international support to developing GDP, by source countries, to improve domestic capacity for tax and 17.1.2 Proportion of domestic budget funded by C170102 other revenue collection domestic taxes 17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed 17.2.1 Net official development assistance, total and countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross to least developed countries, as a proportion of the national income for official development assistance Organization for Economic Cooperation and C170201 (ODA/GNI) to developing countries and 0.15 to Development (OECD) Development Assistance 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed Committee donors’ gross national income (GNI) countries; ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries 17.3.1 Foreign direct investment (FDI), official development assistance and South-South cooperation C170301 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for as a proportion of total domestic budget developing countries from multiple sources 17.3.2 Volume of remittances (in United States C170302 dollars) as a proportion of total GDP 17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt relief and debt 17.4.1 Debt service as a proportion of exports of C170401 restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external goods and services debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress 17.5.1 Number of countries that adopt and 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion implement investment promotion regimes for least C170501 regimes for least developed countries developed countries Technology
17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular 17.6.1 Number of science and/or technology regional and international cooperation on and access cooperation agreements and programmes between C170601 to science, technology and innovation and enhance countries, by type of cooperation
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knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed terms, including through improved coordination among 17.6.2 Fixed Internet broadband subscriptions per existing mechanisms, in particular at the United C170602 100 inhabitants, by speed Nations level, and through a global technology facilitation mechanism 17.7 Promote the development, transfer, 17.7.1 Total amount of approved funding for dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound developing countries to promote the development, technologies to developing countries on favorable C170701 transfer, dissemination and diffusion of terms, including on concessional and preferential environmentally sound technologies terms, as mutually agreed 17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries by 2017 and 17.8.1 Proportion of individuals using the Internet C170801 enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and communications technology Capacity-building
17.9 Enhance international support for implementing 17.9.1 Dollar value of financial and technical effective and targeted capacity-building in developing assistance (including through North-South, countries to support national plans to implement all C170901 South-South and triangular cooperation) committed to the Sustainable Development Goals, including through developing countries North -South, South -South and triangular cooperation Trade
17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization, including 17.10.1 Worldwide weighted tariff-average C171001 through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha Development Agenda 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular with a view to doubling the 17.11.1 Developing countries’ and least developed C171101 least developed countries’ share of global exports by countries’ share of global exports 2020 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade 17.12.1 Average tariffs faced by developing Organization decisions, including by ensuring that countries, least developed countries and small island C171201 preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from developing States least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access Systemic issues
Policy and institutional coherence
17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy coordination and policy 17.13.1 Macroeconomic Dashboard C171301 coherence 17.14.1 Number of countries with mechanisms in 17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable place to enhance policy coherence of sustainable C171401 development development
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17.15 Respect each country’s policy space and 17.15.1 Extent of use of country-owned results leadership to establish and implement policies for frameworks and planning tools by providers of C171501 poverty eradication and sustainable development development cooperation Multi-stakeholder partnerships
17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, complemented by multi-stakeholder 17.16.1 Number of countries reporting progress in partnerships that mobilize and share knowledge, multi-stakeholder development effectiveness expertise, technology and financial resources, to C171601 monitoring frameworks that support the achievement support the achievement of the Sustainable of the sustainable development goals Development Goals in all countries, in particular develo ping countries 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public- 17.17.1 Amount of United States dollars committed private and civil society partnerships, building on the C171701 to public-private and civil society partnerships experience and resourcing strategies of partnerships Data, monitoring and accountability
17.18.1 Proportion of sustainable development indicators produced at the national level with full 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to disaggregation when relevant to the target, in C171801 developing countries, including for least developed accordance with the Fundamental Principles of Official countries and small island developing States, to Statistics increase significantly the availability of high-quality, 17.18.2 Number of countries that have national timely and reliable data disaggregated by income, statistical legislation that complies with the C171802 gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics disability, geographic location and other 17.18.3 Number of countries with a national characteristics relevant in national contexts statistical plan that is fully funded and under C171803 implementation, by source of funding 17.19.1 Dollar value of all resources made available to strengthen statistical capacity in developing C171901 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop countries measurements of progress on sustainable 17.19.2 Proportion of countries that (a) have development that complement gross domestic conducted at least one population and housing census product, and support statistical capacity-building in in the last 10 years; and (b) have achieved C171902 developing countries 100 per cent birth registration and 80 per cent death registration
* As contained in the Annex of the resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
1 Resolution 68/261. † Indicator codes were developed by UNSD for data transfer, tracking and other statistical purposes.
2 Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. 3 Taking into account ongoing World Trade Organization negotiations, the Doha Development Agenda and the Hong Kong ministerial mandate.
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A1.4 - OECD SDG INDICATOR SET 37
37 www.oecd.org/std/OECD-Measuring-Distance-to-SDGs-Targets-Metada.pdf
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Note: These indicators were selected after consideration of the UN Global indicator framework and according to the criteria discussed in section 4. (*): the target is set as the level prevailing in the top 10% of OECD countries with the best performance. (**): the target is set as a fraction or multiple of the score of the OECD median country in the reference year. UN-STAT - refers to indicators coming from the SDG Indicators Global Database (https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database)
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A1.5 - EU SDG Indicator Set
Code MPI Indicator name Frequency of Data (indicator) data provider collection
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
01.11 People at risk of poverty or social exclusion every year Eurostat
01.12 People at risk of poverty after social transfers every year Eurostat
01.13 Severely materially deprived people every year Eurostat
01.14 People living in households with very low work every year Eurostat intensity
01.21 Housing cost overburden rate every year Eurostat
01.22 Share of total population living in a dwelling with a every year Eurostat leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames or floor
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
03.41 mpi <- 3 Self-reported unmet need for medical examination every year Eurostat and care
06.11 mpi <- 6 Share of total population having neither a bath, nor a every year Eurostat shower, nor indoor flushing toilet in their household
07.10 mpi <- 7 Percentage of people affected by fuel poverty every year Eurostat (inability to keep home adequately warm)
10.11 mpi <- 10 Real adjusted gross disposable income of households every year Eurostat per capita in PPS
Goal 2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
02.11 Obesity rate every > 3 Eurostat years
02.21 Agricultural factor income per annual work unit every year Eurostat (AWU)
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02.26 Government support to agricultural research and every year Eurostat; OECD development
02.31 Area under organic farming every year Eurostat
02.52 Ammonia emissions from agriculture every year EEA
02.54 Gross nutrient balance on agricultural land every year Eurostat
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
06.24 mpi <- 6 Nitrate in groundwater every year EEA
15.31 mpi <- 15 Common bird index every year European Bird Census Council
15.41 mpi <- 15 Estimated soil erosion by water a-periodic JRC
Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
03.11 Life expectancy at birth every year Eurostat
03.14 Self-perceived health every year Eurostat
03.25 Death rate due to chronic diseases every year Eurostat
03.31 Suicide death rate every year Eurostat
03.36 Smoking prevalence every > 3 Eurostat years
03.41 Self-reported unmet need for medical examination every year Eurostat and care
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
02.11 mpi <- 2 Obesity rate every > 3 Eurostat years
08.60 mpi <- 8 Fatal accidents at work by sex (NACE Rev. 2, A, C-N) - every year Eurostat Unstandardised incidence rate
11.25 mpi <- 11 People killed in road accidents every year DG MOVE
11.31 mpi <- 11 Urban population exposure to air pollution by every year EEA particulate matter
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11.36 mpi <- 11 Proportion of population living in households every year Eurostat considering that they suffer from noise
Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
04.10 Early childhood education and care every year Eurostat
04.20 Early leavers from education and training every year Eurostat
04.30 Tertiary educational attainment every year Eurostat
04.31 Employment rate of recent graduates every year Eurostat
04.40 Adult participation in learning every year Eurostat
04.50 Underachievement in reading, maths and science every 3 years OECD
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
08.20 mpi <- 8 Young people neither in employment nor in every year Eurostat education and training
Goal 5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
05.10 Gender pay gap every year Eurostat
05.12 Gender employment gap every year Eurostat
05.20 Proportion of seats held by women in national every year EIGE; DG JUST parliaments and local government
05.21 Proportion of women in senior management every year EIGE; DG JUST positions
05.33 Physical and sexual violence by a partner or a non- a-periodic EU Agency for partner Fundamental Rights
05.44 Inactivity rates due to caring responsibilities every year Eurostat
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
04.20 mpi <- 4 Early leavers from education and training every year Eurostat
04.30 mpi <- 4 Tertiary educational attainment every year Eurostat
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04.31 mpi <- 4 Employment rate of recent graduates every year Eurostat
Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
06.11 Share of total population having neither a bath, nor a every year Eurostat shower, nor indoor flushing toilet in their household
06.13 Population connected to urban wastewater every 2 years Eurostat treatment with at least secondary treatment
06.21 Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers every year EEA
06.24 Nitrate in groundwater every year EEA
06.26 Phosphate in rivers every year EEA
06.41 Water exploitation index (WEI) every 2 years Eurostat
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
14.13 mpi <- 14 Bathing water quality every year EEA
Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
07.10 Percentage of people affected by fuel poverty every year Eurostat (inability to keep home adequately warm)
07.20 Share of renewable energy in gross final energy every year Eurostat consumption
07.30 Primary energy consumption; final energy every year Eurostat consumption by sector
07.32 Final energy consumption in households per capita every year Eurostat
07.33 Energy dependence every year Eurostat
07.35 Energy productivity every year Eurostat
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
13.14 mpi <- 13 Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of energy every year EEA; Eurostat consumption
Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all
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08.10 Real GDP per capita - growth rate every year Eurostat
08.20 Young people neither in employment nor in every year Eurostat education and training
08.30 Total employment rate every year Eurostat
08.31 Long-term unemployment rate every year Eurostat
08.35 Involuntary temporary employment every year Eurostat
08.60 Fatal accidents at work by sex (NACE Rev. 2, A, C-N) - every year Eurostat Unstandardised incidence rate
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
05.44 mpi <- 5 Inactivity rates due to caring responsibilities every year Eurostat
12.40 mpi <- 12 Resource productivity every year Eurostat
Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
09.10 Gross domestic expenditure on R&D every year Eurostat
09.11 Employment in high- and medium-high technology every year Eurostat manufacturing sectors and knowledge-intensive service sectors
09.13 Total R&D personnel every year Eurostat
09.14 Patent applications to the European Patent Office every year Eurostat (EPO)
09.40 Share of collective transport modes in total every year Eurostat passenger land transport
09.41 Share of rail and inland waterways activity in total every year Eurostat freight transport
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
12.51 mpi <- 12 Average CO2 emissions per km from new passenger every year EEA cars
Goal 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
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10.101 GDP per capita in PPS every year Eurostat
10.11 Real adjusted gross disposable income of households every year Eurostat per capita in PPS
10.22 Relative median at-risk-of-poverty gap every year Eurostat
10.24 Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income every year Eurostat
10.25 Income growth of the bottom 40 per cent of the every year Eurostat population and the total population
10.31 Number of first time asylum applications (total and every year Eurostat accepted) per capita
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
01.12 mpi <- 1 People at risk of poverty after social transfers every year Eurostat
17.11 mpi <- 17 EU financing for developing countries every year OECD (DAC)
17.12 mpi <- 17 EU Imports from developing countries every year Eurostat
Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
11.12 Overcrowding rate by degree of urbanisation every year Eurostat
11.21 Distribution of population by level of difficulty in a-periodic Eurostat accessing public transport
11.25 People killed in road accidents every year DG MOVE
11.31 Urban population exposure to air pollution by every year EEA particulate matter
11.36 Proportion of population living in households every year Eurostat considering that they suffer from noise
11.52 Recycling rate of municipal waste every year Eurostat
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
11.12 Overcrowding rate by degree of urbanisation every year Eurostat
11.21 Distribution of population by level of difficulty in a-periodic Eurostat accessing public transport
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11.25 People killed in road accidents every year DG MOVE
11.31 Urban population exposure to air pollution by every year EEA particulate matter
11.36 Proportion of population living in households every year Eurostat considering that they suffer from noise
11.52 Recycling rate of municipal waste every year Eurostat
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
01.22 mpi <- 1 Share of total population living in a dwelling with a every year Eurostat leaking roof, damp walls, floors or foundation, or rot in window frames or floor
06.13 mpi <- 6 Population connected to urban wastewater every 2 years Eurostat treatment with at least secondary treatment
09.40 mpi <- 9 Share of collective transport modes in total every year Eurostat passenger land transport
15.21 mpi <- 15 Artificial land cover per capita every 3 years Eurostat
15.24 mpi <- 15 Change in artificial land cover per year every 3 years Eurostat
16.19 mpi <- 16 Share of population which reported occurrence of every year Eurostat crime, violence or vandalism in their area
Goal 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
12.10 Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes every year Eurostat
12.11 Recycling and landfill rate of waste excluding major every year Eurostat mineral wastes
12.30 Consumption of toxic chemicals every year Eurostat, PRODCOM and COMEXT
12.40 Resource productivity every year Eurostat
12.51 Average CO2 emissions per km from new passenger every year EEA cars
12.54 Volume of freight transport relative to GDP every year Eurostat
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Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
07.20 mpi <- 7 Share of renewable energy in gross final energy every year Eurostat consumption
07.30 mpi <- 7 Primary energy consumption; final energy every year Eurostat consumption by sector
07.35 mpi <- 7 Energy productivity every year Eurostat
Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
13.11 Greenhouse gas emissions (indexed totals and per every year EEA capita)
13.14 Greenhouse gas emissions intensity of energy every year EEA; Eurostat consumption
13.21 Global (and European) near surface average every year EEA temperature
13.45 Economic losses caused by climate extremes every year EEA (consider climatological, hydrological, meteorological)
13.51 Contribution to the 100bn international commitment every year EIOnet; DG on climate related expending (public finance) CLIMA
13.63 Share of EU population covered by the new Covenant every year Covenant of of Mayors for Climate and Energy (integrating Mayors office mitigation, adaptation, and access to clean and affordable energy). Continuously updated.
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
07.20 mpi <- 7 Share of renewable energy in gross final energy every year Eurostat consumption
07.30 mpi <- 7 Primary energy consumption; final energy every year Eurostat consumption by sector
12.51 mpi <- 12 Average CO2 emissions per km from new passenger every year EEA cars
14.31 mpi <- 14 Ocean acidification (CLIM 043) every > 3 EEA / The years Laboratory for Microbial
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Oceanography (Hawaii); CMIP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Copernicus
Goal 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
14.13 Bathing water quality every year EEA
14.21 Sufficiency of marine sites designated under the EU every year EEA; DG ENV habitats directive
14.31 Ocean acidification (CLIM 043) every > 3 EEA / The years Laboratory for Microbial Oceanography (Hawaii); CMIP Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Copernicus
14.41 Catches in major fishing areas every year Eurostat
14.43 Assessed fish stocks exceeding fishing mortality at every year STECF (JRC) maximum sustainable yield (Fmsy)
Goal 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
15.11 Forest area as a proportion of total land area every 5 years Eurostat
15.21 Artificial land cover per capita every 3 years Eurostat
15.24 Change in artificial land cover per year every 3 years Eurostat
15.31 Common bird index every year European Bird Census Council
15.32 Sufficiency of terrestrial sites designated under the every year EEA; DG ENV EU habitats directive
15.41 Estimated soil erosion by water a-periodic JRC
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Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
06.21 mpi <- 6 Biochemical oxygen demand in rivers every year EEA
06.24 mpi <- 6 Nitrate in groundwater every year EEA
06.26 mpi <- 6 Phosphate in rivers every year EEA
Goal 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
16.10 Death due to homicide, assault, by sex every year Eurostat
16.19 Share of population which reported occurrence of every year Eurostat crime, violence or vandalism in their area
16.32 General government total expenditure on law courts every year Eurostat
16.50 Corruption Perception Index every year Transparency International
16.61 Perceived independence of the justice system every year DG COMM
16.62 Level of citizens' confidence in EU institutions every year DG COMM
Multipurpose indicators: Supplementary indicators of other goals which complement the monitoring of this goal
05.33 mpi <- 5 Physical and sexual violence by a partner or a non- a-periodic EU Agency for partner Fundamental Rights
Goal 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
17.10 Official development assistance as share of gross every year OECD (DAC) national income
17.11 EU financing for developing countries every year OECD (DAC)
17.12 EU Imports from developing countries every year Eurostat
17.13 General government gross debt every year Eurostat
17.19 Shares of environmental and labour taxes in total tax every year Eurostat revenues
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A1.6 - EUSALP action plan: Example of indicators and targets
Economic growth and innovation (Fair access to job opportunities, building on the high competitiveness of the Alpine region) Action indicator Unit Target value
1. To develop an effective research and Joint EUSALP research and innovation Number of agendas 1 by 2020 innovation agenda agenda Joint Alpine Region research actions Number of research actions Baseline and source to be defined related to specific Alpine development fields 2. To increase the economic potential of Support to trans-border cooperation Number of SMEs receiving support To be set once baseline values will be strategic sectors structures aiming to enhance the available innovation capacity of SMEs
Established Alpine Region brands Number of brands To be set once baseline values will be available Youth entrepreneurship – individual Share of youth entrepreneurs To be set once baseline values will be business owners younger than 30 available years 3: To improve the adequacy of labour Joint Alpine Region job-centres Number of online platforms To be set once baseline values will be market, education and training in strategic available sectors Joint Alpine Region training sessions Number of training sessions or To be set once baseline values will be provided (or participants in these participants available sessions) related to specific Alpine development fields
Mobility and connectivity (Sustainable internal and external accessibility to all) Action indicator Unit Target value 4: To promote inter -modality and Internal and external connectivity in Km To be set once baseline values will be interoperability in passenger and freight the Region including travel time (km available transport of railway lines complying with TEN-T criteria and guidelines)
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Action indicator Unit Target value Strengthening regional transport N° of passengers using public To be set once baseline values will be systems by linking peripheral regions transport / train services available to TEN-T networks and secondary Availability of last-mile infrastructure Streamlining of connections – n° of N° of identified bottlenecks To be set once baseline values will be identified bottlenecks eliminated (infrastructure, capacity) available through small-scale interventions Improvement of the interoperability Infrastructure utilisation rate To be set once baseline values will be procedures of rail public transport at available transnational and cross border level Promoting resource-efficient use of Emissions (PM, NOx, SO2). To be set once baseline values will be infrastructure Availability of refuelling available infrastructures for alternative fuels Use of public transport compared to Ratio and trends To be set once baseline values will be private means available Common management, ticketing and N° of schemes developed for use of To be set once baseline values will be information systems common management systems available Optimal interconnection of national Border waiting time To be set once baseline values will be transport networks available Annual use of main networks of N° of users, border waiting time To be set once baseline values will be collective passenger transport at available cross-border level Increase potential capacity N° of trains – % of increase To be set once baseline values will be trains/day, reduction of travel time mean travel time by sections available Tons of goods loaded/unloaded in Ratio out of total transported goods To be set once baseline values will be interchange nodes available Rail passenger traffic generated by ? Baseline and source to be defined ports, logistic centres and airports Coverage of basic services (medical, % of the communities covered To be set once baseline values will be postal, grocery) for local communities available Quality of transport Transport time, mean speed, To be set once baseline values will be frequency, parking availability for available freight, road safety
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Action indicator Unit Target value 5. to connect people electronically and Coverage of households by % of households 100 % by 2020 promote accessibility accessibility to public broadband with minimum 30 Mbps services download speed Coverage of households by % of households 100 % by 2020 broadband with minimum30 Mbps download speed in the most remote areas Coverage of enterprises and public % of enterprises and public buildings To be set once baseline values will be buildings covered by broadband with available minimum 30 Mbps download speed Rate of e- health users % To be set once baseline values will be available Rate of e -commerce users % To be set once baseline values will be available Rare of e- government users % To be set once baseline values will be available Rate of population close to minimum % To be set once baseline values will be services (less than 20 min drive) available N° of developed innovating cross- N° To be set once baseline values will be border services solutions (cross available border and e-services) Percentage of people using Internet % To be set once baseline values will be available Building of a composite indicator for ? Baseline and source to be defined assessing/comparing the quality of e- services of general interest Use of the common 112 dial N° of uses To be set once baseline values will be emergency number available
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Environment and energy (More inclusive environmental framework for all and renewable and reliable energy solutions for the future) Action indicator Unit Target value 6. To preserve and valorise natural Unlocking creative potential in the Number of products Development of label and award of resources, including water and cultural development of products and services, this label to at least 150 products or resources building on natural and cultural resources services over 5 years through the development of an ‘Alpine innovation label’ for products from the ‘green economy sector’ building on natural and cultural resources including bio-based products in the bio-economy sector Improved valorisation of the Alpine N° of nominations 2 new nominations of UNESCO World resources at an international level heritage sites by UN (especially of through improved representation of the trans-boundary and serial Alpine Sites within the UNESCO world transnational sites) list 38 Guaranteed long-term access to drinking percent of Regions/States 100 % of drinking water supply under water through public water supply is state supervision (completely) organised by public institutions in order to ensure equal accessibility Watershed management systems are Yes/No Network established with relevant established at transnational and cross- public institutions from all EUSALP sectorial level through the establishment countries represented of an international stakeholders’ network for integrated water management for the Alpine Region
38 According to the Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
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Action indicator Unit Target value Joint integrated ‘identity’ plan for a Yes/No Joint plan developed sustainable development and attractiveness of the Alpine Region based on richness of different natural, bio- based, cultural values and typical products Investments in valorisation of cultural and Number of enterprises 200 enterprises involved in natural heritage, in ecosystem services investments and green infrastructures Protect and enhance agricultural and Percent of agricultural and forestry Increase in the percentage of the forestry systems of high natural value area surface of agricultural and forestry areas under commitments supporting biodiversity in line with the EU Biodiversity Strategy, the EU Forest Strategy and the EU Rural Development Policy as laid down in the Rural Development Programmes 7: To develop ecological connectivity in Alpine States and Regions are sharing Yes/No Alpine-wide standardised software is the whole EUSALP territory cross-border harmonised information and established methods on ecological connectivity through the implementation of an Alpine- wide standardised publicly accessible software tool Alpine States and Regions are sharing Yes/No Joint monitoring system established cross-border harmonised information and methods through a joint monitoring of landscape fragmentation using European- wide indicators e.g. effective mesh size, effective mesh density, weighted urban sprawl, indicator species) and implementation of results into other monitoring systems (e.g. biodiversity monitoring or monitoring of sustainable development)
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Action indicator Unit Target value Development of a trans-sectorial strategic Yes/No Strategic vision developed on an landscape vision to improve ecological Alpine level and officially endorsed by connectivity between and outside all EUSALP countries protected areas and between surrounding mountainous regions Connectivity is integrated into spatial Number of planning instruments 50 % of States and Regions referring planning and coordinated with all relevant referring to landscape vision in their planning instruments to the sectors through consideration of the Alpine landscape vision trans-sectorial strategic landscape vision in regional and national spatial planning instruments Adoption of plans and/or programmes Number of plans adopted 1 additional concept per region per exploiting synergies at international level year. between protected areas, such as the NATURA 2000 or Emerald network sites, in view of improving ecological connectivity in the whole Alpine Region 8. To improve risk management and to Development of a strategy for observation Creation of an Alpine network of Yes (strategy available in regularly better manage climate change, and modelling of climate change impact climate change observatories updated version) including major natural risks prevention and vulnerability assessments. (Yes/No) Creation of an Alpine network of climate Yes/No Creation of observatory with all change observatories EUSALP countries participating Develop of an Alpine adaptation strategy An Alpine adaptation strategy exists Action Plan exists (Yes/No) and accompanying action plan based on a (Yes/No) comprehensive vulnerability assessment and in line with the existing national adaptation strategies Number of implementing actions Yes (1 Alpine adaptation strategy Continuously increasing number according to AP available in regularly updated version) Implementation of risk management Percent of regions Percent of regions having risk information systems and early warning management information systems systems (EAS) at regional level and EAS implemented. Information available to stakeholders.
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Action indicator Unit Target value Coordination mechanisms between Percent of regions Percent of regions having disaster risk management and climate coordination mechanisms in place change adaptation established
9: To make the territory a model region Establishment of a cluster on Alpine Number of stakeholders in the cluster At least 200 stakeholders involved in for energy efficiency and renewable Energy Efficiency (e.g. for buildings) the cluster representing all EUSALP energy countries Renewable energy production in the Alps TWh, in total and by RES source Increasing RES production in the whole EUSALP territory in proportion to the EU RES target for each State and Region, in particular by improving the efficiency of exiting power plants ‘Greening the Alpine infrastructure’ Set of Alp ine -wide indicators is Yes through the development and developed or implemented (Yes / No) implementation of joint energy efficiency Number of administrative procedures indicators 39 (approval procedures, funding schemes, public procurement law) 1 administrative procedure per including joint Energy Efficiency State/Region Indicators for Alpine infrastructure on different levels (international, national, regional) Development of a set of sustainability Development of a set of sustainability Development of a set of sustainability criteria for electricity grids criteria for electricity grids criteria for electricity grids Strengthen transnational cooperation Number of transnational agreements when planning and evaluating energy infrastructure
39 Buildings, transport infrastructure, infrastructure for recreation sector like cable cars etc.
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Action indicator Unit Target value Development of smart energy monitoring Number of smart energy monitoring Number of municipalities that have and management systems platforms shared and adopted smart energy management systems Set up of sustainable bioenergy supply Tonnes of woody biomass used for Amount of biomass used according to chains energy purposes sustainable approaches/schemes (PEFC, FSC, LCA, certified by biomass sustainability standards) Integrated plans for local waste KWh produced from different local Number of municipalitie s adopting management for energy use waste sources (domestic organic the plans waste, manure etc.)
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ANNEX 2: TERRITORIAL PROFILES
A2.1 Territorial Profile (Piedmont Region)
A2.2 Territorial Profile (Lombardy region)
A2.3 Territorial Profile (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)
A2.4 Territorial Profile (Veneto Region)
A2.5 Territorial Profile (Slovenia)
A2.6 Territorial Profile (Vorarlberg)
A2.7 Territorial Profile (Oberbayern/Upper Bavaria)
A2.8 Territorial Profile (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur)
A2.9 Territorial Profile (Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein)
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A2.1 Territorial Profile (Piedmont Region)
Partner: Environment, Government and Territorial Protection Directorate, Piedmont Regional Government. Competences: Cross-sector territorial governance on environmental, social and economic sustainability (LP-PP1).
OVERVIEW
Key Characteristics of the territory (NUTS 2 level)
Piedmont Region is located in the south-west of EUSALP area; it borders the north with Valle d’Aosta and Switzerland, the south with Liguria, the west with France (Rhône-Alpes, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur), the east with Lombardy and Emilia Romagna. It has a total population of 4.404.246 inhabitants with an average density of 173, 5 inhabitants/km2 (statistical survey 2015).
Piedmont is characterized by a high administrative fragmentation and a large number of municipalities with less than 10.000 inhabitants (about 94%), out of a total of 1.206 municipalities, 515 are classified as predominantly mountainous. Piedmont Region is a complex geographical area consisting of peri-urban agricultural areas, extensive portions of plain agricultural areas, valley systems, and various river basins, hillside and mountainous areas. The territory is characterized by a polycentric structure for areal type (the presence on the territory of more polarities within an urban, economic and social fabric) and reticular type (in consideration of interactions and interdependencies between the various areas).
The extension of the territory, the different vocations and stories have led to a strong articulation of the productive sectors and of the areas of gravitation and to the formation of subsystems that characterize the "different Piedmont", in which the City of Turin (fourth Italian city by number of inhabitants) plays an indispensable central role at the level of regional and sub regional networks. This is also due to the fact that it has been able to convert from "one company town" to "post-industrial city".
The Piedmont Infrastructure System consists of metropolitan, railway, airport, highway, road and lake lines. The railway network of Piedmont is about 2000 km. Piedmont has two international airports.
The region is equipped with an efficient road and freeway network, extending for 29.165 km, of which 2.664 are state roads. The large number of infrastructure projects underway and planned, on the regional network and in major urban hubs, open for the Piedmont region, the central part of north-western platform that extends from the Italian-French border to the Milan conurbation, the prospect of being able to play an important role as a territorial hinge between two strong continental-level axes (Corridor 5 Lisbon-Kiev and Corridor 24 Genoa-Rotterdam) intersecting at the major urban pole of the eastern system (the City of Novara).
Piedmont is a fertile agricultural region. The main agricultural products are cereals, mostly rice, representing more than 10% of national production, maize, grapes for wine-making, fruit and milk. The main macroeconomic activities with respect to GDP are the industry and the tertiary sector followed by the building industry, agricultural, wood and farm sectors. The industries, especially the automotive one, are very developed. Also important are the chemical, food sectors, textiles and clothing. Among the Italian regions, Piedmont is the one that invests more in the electronics industry. In the tertiary sector, banking and insurance activities, retail, publishing and alpine and lake tourism are important. Piedmont is one of the great winegrowing regions in Italy. More than half of its 700 square kilometres of vineyards are registered with DOC designations. More than half of the population lives in the province of Turin. Furthermore the Rural Development Program 2014-2020 divides the Piedmont territory in:
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A. Urban and peri-urban areas, in which are included all the provincial capitals and non-rural communes (7,43 % of total regional territory); B. Rural areas with intensive agriculture, in which the rural communal aggregates classified as lowland by Istat 40 are included (23,93 % of total regional territory); C. Intermediate rural areas in which the rural communes classified as hill by Istat are included (29,50 % of total regional territory); D. Rural areas with development problems, including rural aggregates classified as mountain by Istat (43,14% of total regional territory).
Figure A2.1-1 Urban-Rural area classification (Rural Development Programme Piedmont 2014-2020)
40 Italian National Statistics Institute.
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Therefore, the Piedmont territories in the areas C and D (definable in their entirety as rural areas in the strict sense) have a total land area of 1,884,115 hectares, corresponding to approximately 73% of the regional territorial area.
The Piedmont Region has recognized since 1975 the importance of the natural environment as a present universal value and for future generations, and recently it has redefined how to preserve biodiversity and to manage the territories by regional ecological network. Regional protected areas were established 94 Protected areas for a total area of 137,332 hectares. There are two national parks: Gran Paradiso set up and Val Grande, which altogether affect an area of 48.500 hectares. Among the protected areas, the Po River System is of particular importance, including the entire Piedmont section of the River. However, natural resources and biodiversity are affected by the impacts of global climate change and pressure on human activity.
Piedmont territory has different landscape typologies, due to geographical location. There is an extremely varied mosaic of landscapes, many of which are unique in the context of the surrounding regions, while others are connected with continuity. Piedmont has so much complexity and articulation of the territory that it can be presented as a system of very different identities of landscapes:
• The Alpine arch: visually framed the plurality of regional landscapes, taking on a plurality of roles (ecological, economic and productive, historical and recent infrastructures, differentiation local cultures).
• The river system: constitutes the carrier framework of the regional ecological network.
• The piedmont area: the origin of the name of the region itself. This is a crucial area of tension between the "natural" ecology of the mountain range and the "anthropic" of the plain. It is Interested in urban expansion, which tends to erase the rich system of perceptual relationships and connections.
• The system of agrarian landscapes: that characterizes the local scale and the forms of historical settlement and historical routes.
• The urban system: the hierarchy of the centres in which the regional settlements have been structured over the centuries. The minor centres of piedmont areas suffer from the loss of identity of the urban form.
In Piedmont there are 4 UNESCO sites: the Sabaude Residences, The Sacred Mountains of Piedmont and Lombardy, the Alpine Prehistoric stilt houses sites, the Langhe-Roero and Monferrato Vineyard Landscape.
Key Documents related to territorial development
The key strategic documents where the current territorial development challenges, opportunities and policy objectives are defined are:
• The Regional Spatial Plan (Piano Territoriale Regionale PTR approved July 21, 2011) • The Regional Landscape Plan (Piano Paesaggistico Regionale PPR adopted May 18, 2015) Both plans assume a key role for the success of policies, participated and shared actions aimed at achieving the development goals of the regional community in line with the principles of sustainability, environmental protection, conservation and land restoration.
Key Territorial Development Challenges and Opportunities
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The PTR defines the general and sector guidelines of the Regional Spatial Planning and It take in account the contents and requirements of the plans and sector programs that have spatial impact and that are prepared in application of provisions of national and regional regulatory framework and provide for their coordination while respecting the competences of state bodies involved.
The PTR is the connecting tool between the indications deriving from the system of regional planning and the recognition of the vocations of the territory.
It bases its roots in the principles defined by the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) and the policies of social cohesion, and focuses on the recognition of the regional polycentric system and its potential, the principles of subsidiarity and co-planning.
The ESDP objectives include: the pursuit of a model of polycentric space development in order to foster the creation of more areas of global economic integration and the promotion of a balanced system of metropolitan regions and city clusters; the promotion of integrated urban development strategies within Member States incorporating adjacent rural areas; the strengthening of thematic cooperation (local transport, links between universities and research centres, cultural heritage management, integration of new migrants) in cross-border and transnational networks.
In order to allow for sustainable development, the integrated urban and urban areas development strategies have to face some major challenges: to strengthen the strategic role of the metropolitan regions and the "port cities" (such as Turin) that give access to the territory of the Union, paying particular attention to peripheral regions; to control the expansion of cities; to improve the economic base by exploiting the peculiar potential of the territory and setting up innovative, diversified and creative employment; to promote the multi-functionality and plurality of social groups, especially in the metropolises, to fight against the social exclusion of part of the population, to restructure and enhance the crisis areas and to re-industrialize dismantled industrial sites; Intelligently managing resources such as water, soil, energy and waste, safeguarding nature and cultural heritage, and expanding natural spaces; to improve the accessibility of these areas by efficient and non-polluting means of transport.
More specific key territorial development challenges of PTR are:
• to valorise the existing territorial capital;
• to support the process of internationalization of the piedmont economy based on the local resources and local territorial systems capacity;
• cooperative definition of objectives and actions (multilevel governance);
• multidimensionality of policies and projects and responsible sharing of a plurality of institutional and non- institutional actors.
The PTR is the main regional strategic plan for territorial and sector planning at regional, sub-regional, provincial and local level for an efficient and sustainable governance of activities within the territory.
The Regional Landscape Plan (PPR), is designed to promote and disseminate knowledge of the Piedmont landscape and its strategic role in the sustainable development of the territory.
PTR and PPR also have a special focus on alpine and rural areas: Both plans, at regional and local level, identify the strategic orientations that are specified in the defined territorial areas (PTR) and defined landscape areas (PPR), taking into account all the territorial cooperation programs affecting the Alpine Area.
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Key Territorial Policy Orientations and Objectives
The territorial policy orientations and objectives can be identified through an analysis of the aforementioned key policy documents. PTR pursues three overall goals:
• territorial cohesion which represents its strategic component, to be found in the territorial dimension of sustainability; • the polycentric scenario understood as the recognition of urban systems within the networks; • co-planning introducing new governance tools.
In particular, the PTR assumes the strategic objective of containment of soil consumption, aiming at the reduction and the qualitative improvement of soil occupation due to the ecological, social and economic needs of the different territories concerned. The Plan introduces some control criteria and methodologies such as ecological compensation as a counterpart to the new soil used and consumption monitoring by means of tools designed to provide a coherent and shared information system with provinces, which can be updated periodically. The PPR recognizes the particular characteristics and landscape features of the territory of the Region and delimits the relevant areas; establishes, also, specific provisions aimed at the preservation, protection and promotion of landscape values, as well as the redevelopment and regeneration of degraded areas. The PPR, with regard to the protection of the landscape, overcomes over the other acts of planning, including area plans of protected areas. The PPR is also framework and guidance for the drawing up of planning instruments and sector plans. The PPR sets rules and objectives for the conservation and enhancement of landscape and environmental, historical, cultural identity of Piedmont. The PPR's objectives are a reference for landscape quality aspects: • Integrating environmental, historical, cultural, landscaping and related activities; • Redevelopment of urban areas and regeneration of demerged and degraded areas; • Recovering and reclamation of degraded areas in rural areas (demolished industrial sites, quarries, landfills, etc.); • Containment of settlement fragmentation and dispersed building (urban sprawl).
The PPR promotes the preservation of agrarian landscapes and the containment of soil consumption, it defines specific criteria and addresses for urban planning and construction and defines guidelines for analysis, safeguarding the value and safeguarding the scenic-perceptual aspects of the landscape. These broad objectives are to be achieved through the following key policy measures: Common strategies for PTR and PPR are:
Strategy 1 -Regional qualification, protection and enhancement of the landscape. It aims to promote the integration between the enhancement of the environmental-historical-cultural heritage and the business activities associated with it; the upgrading of urban areas in terms of quality of life and social inclusion, revitalization of mountain and hilly suburbs, economic development and regeneration of degraded areas. Related general policy objectives are:
• Valorisation of polycentrism and cultural and socio-economic identities of local systems; • Safeguarding and enhancing biodiversity and natural-environmental heritage; • Valorisation of the material and immaterial cultural heritage of the territories; • Protect and redevelopment of the identity characters and image of the landscape; • Redevelopment of the urban and peri-urban context; • Valorising the specificities of rural contexts; • Integrated conservation and enhancement of river and lake boundaries;
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• Mountain and hill revitalization; • Recovery and rehabilitation of degraded, abandoned and dismissed areas.
Strategy 2 - Environmental Sustainability, Energy Efficiency. It is aimed at promoting long-term eco-sustainability of economic growth by pursuing greater resource efficiency. Related general policy objectives are:
• Protection and enhancement of primary resources: water, air, soil and subsoil, forestry heritage; • Promoting an efficient energy system; • Prevention and protection against natural and environmental hazards; • Containment of production and optimization of the waste collection and disposal systems.
Strategy 3 - Territorial integration of mobility, communication, logistics infrastructures. It is aimed at strengthening territorial cohesion and the development of the northwest in the context of a European economic and territorial context; PTR's actions aim at establishing lasting relations to ensure trade and economic prospects between the Mediterranean and the North Sea (Corridor 24 or the two seas) and between the West and East (Corridor 5). Related general policy objectives are:
• Reorganization of the territorial network of transport, mobility and related infrastructures • Reorganization and development of logistics nodes • Balanced development of the telematics network
Strategy 4 - Research, innovation and economic-productive transition. Identify localization and territorial context conditions that are most appropriate to enhance the competitiveness of the regional system by increasing its ability to produce research and innovation, absorb and transfer new technologies, including with reference to border issues, field innovations Environmental and development of the information society. Related general policy objectives are:
• Selective promotion of research, technology transfer, services for companies and specialized training; • Promotion of local agricultural and agro-industrial production systems; • Promotion of local industrial and handicraft production systems; • Redevelopment and selective development of tertiary activities; • Promotion of tourist networks and circuits.
Strategy 5 -Valorisation of resources and institutional capabilities. It captures the potential inherent in the ability to make system between the different subjects interested in programming / planning through the process of territorial governance.
• Promotion of a process of territorial governance and promotion of integrated planning at the supra-municipal level; • Optimal organization of collective services on the territory.
Current Use of Spatial Data and Indicators
Piedmont Region uses and constantly implements geographic data, information services, metadata, web GIS applications, some of these are available on Open Data Piedmont. Different set of indicators are used at different steps of the policy cycle: context indicators and implementation indicators.
Context indicators: they identify the environmental and the territorial characteristics necessary to planning (defining strategies and objectives, identifying priorities, selecting of viable alternatives, and design the processes of
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communication, information and participation).In the implementation phase, they measure the transformations of regional scenario induced by the implementation of the Plan and check whether it is necessary to reorient it.
Implementation indicators: They assess the level of implementation of the Plan (Efficiency: the respect of its timing and conditions of its realization), and the level of achievement of its objectives, (Efficacy). The indicators are related to the implementing plant provisions (NTA). Quantitative indicators have been chosen, and some (e.g. soil consumption) have reference values (threshold values, targets, benchmarks). The indicators are structured in accordance with the DPSIR model. The Set of indicators are assembled using defined sets at the local and national level. For each of the indicators has been defined a protocol with detailed information of data (source, calculation mode, timing, reference methodologies, etc.).
The set of sustainability indicators includes indicators to monitor the economic, social and environmental performance of a territory. The sustainability indicators are helpful tool for the environment and economy report state. Some of these sustainability indicators are useful to measure the results achieved in a territory through local governance. Indicators are used by the political world to clarify goals and set priorities, to evaluate policy performance, and to monitor progress towards sustainable development. They are also used by the scientific world, by the stakeholders from private technicians to measure event and their evolution for the elaboration of studies and research. Indicators are used by people for their attention, always greater, for the environment, the quality of life.
In general terms, in Italy the sustainability indicators of a territory in Italy derive from the application of SEA (strategic Environmental Assessment) rules. There are few initiatives that implement a monitoring and sustainability evaluation system, independently by the SEA process. These local initiatives on a voluntary basis, such as Agenda 21, the Covenant of Mayors, ICLEI, are addressed to sustainable development, but they are focused more on energy aspects and GHG emissions. In this case the indicators are closely related to the actions taken but don’t produce an overall sustainability score .
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A2.2 Territorial Profile (Lombardy region)
Partner: Regione Lombardia, Urban Planning Department. Compeences: Cross-sector territorial governance on environmental, social and economic sustainability. (RLB)
OVERVIEW
Key Characteristics of the territory (NUTS 2 level)
Lombardy Region is located in the North part of Italy and at the south edge of the EUSALP macro-region. It borders with the Swiss Cantons of Ticino and Ostschweitz to the North, with the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen and the Autonomous Province of Trento to the North-East, with the Veneto Region to the East, with the Emilia-Romagna Region to the South and with the Piedmont Region to the West.
Lombardy has a total land area of 23.864 km2 and a population of 10,018,820 inhabitants, with a density of 419.84/km2 in the year 2016. Life expectancy at birth is 83.9 years in 2016 41 . The population is highly concentrated in the Milan metropolitan area and the Alpine foothills that compose the southern section of the provinces of Varese, Como, Lecco, Monza and Brianza and Bergamo. A lower average population density is found in the Po valley and the lower Brescia valleys; much lower densities characterize the northern mountain areas and the southern province of Pavia.
Regarding to the accessibility, Lombardy is crossed by two TEN-T Corridors 42 : the Mediterranean Corridor and the Rhine- Alpine Corridor. It also has a relevant international airport network (Malpensa, Linate, Orio al Serio) and an inland waterway system with the two core ports of Cremona and Mantova. The high-speed railways and the motorway system link the Lombardy with the neighbouring Regions.
With regard to Urban- rural typologies following the OECD approach adapted to Lombardy the regional territory can be divided in:
Typology Surface (km2) Surface (%)
Urban Poles 1,412 5.92
Rural Areas with Specialized Intensive Agriculture 10,234 42.88
Intermediate rural areas 7,906 33.13
Rural Areas with Overall Development Problems 4,312 18.07
Lombardy Region 23,864 100.00
Data: Lombardy Rural Development Plan 2014-2020
The “Urban Poles”, where the agriculture is less important and the urbanization is predominant, occupy a small part of the Region. Almost all the plain part of Lombardy is classified as “Rural Areas with Specialized Intensive Agriculture”; it also represents the biggest part of the Region. The “Intermediate rural areas”, where the agriculture is important even if it has
41 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistical-atlas/ 42 https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure/ten-t-guidelines/corridors_en and http://ec.europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/tentec/tentec-portal/map/maps.html?layer=input_1,20,21&country=IT
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not an intensive connotation, are located on the hills and on the mountains areas. The most isolated mountains areas of the Region (both at the North and at the South of Lombardy) are classified as “Rural Areas with Complex Problems of Development”.
Figure A2.2-1 Urban- rural typologies Lombardy region (Rural development Plan 2014-2020)
The gross domestic product (GDP) of Lombardy accounts for about 20% of the total GDP of Italy. Lombardy is the leading provider of financial services in Italy. The Region is also a renowned centre of creativity, particularly in fashion, advertising and industrial design. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) represent the backbone of the Lombardy’s economy. The Region can broadly be divided into three areas as regards the productive activity. Milan, where the services sector makes up for 65.3% of the employment; a group of provinces, Varese, Como, Lecco, Monza and Brianza, Bergamo and Brescia, highly industrialized, although in the plains of the two latter ones there is also a rich agricultural sector. Finally, in the provinces of Sondrio, Pavia, Cremona, Mantova and Lodi, there is a consistent and prevalent agricultural activity. Lombardy is one of the “Four Motors for Europe”, which is a long-lasting cooperation to contribute to both the internationalization of the Regions and to promote the role of the Regions in Europe and within the European institutions 43 .
Lombardy offers a variety of territories and landscapes. It counts many protected areas, which occupy a relevant portion of the entire Region. The most important are the Stelvio National Park and the Ticino Valley Natural Park, instituted on the Lombard side of the Ticino River to protect and conserve one of the last major examples of fluvial forest in northern Italy.
43 http://4motors.srv21.auvergnerhonealpes.eu/en/presentation-3/
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The waterway system is also very important: the Po River marks the southern border of the Region for a length of about 210 km and it receives the waters of the Ticino, the Adda, the Oglio and the Mincio Rivers. In the northern highlands there are numerous and wide glacial lakes: Lake Maggiore, Lake Lugano (both shared with Switzerland), Lake Como, Lake Iseo, Lake Idro and Lake Garda, the largest lake in Italy.
Key Documents related to territorial development
The most important strategic document related to spatial planning at regional level is the Regional Territorial Plan - Piano Territoriale Regionale (PTR). The PTR provides the criteria for territorial development for the entire Region and gives the guidelines for spatial plans of provinces and municipalities, such as the Provincial Territorial Plan (Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento Provinciale - PTCP) and the Municipal Urban Plan (Piano di Governo del Territorio - PGT). It also covers all regional sector plans and programs.
Key Territorial Development Challenges and Opportunities
The PTR defines the following major challenges and opportunities as relevant for the entire regional territory: • To face up the development problem of marginal territories, such as the mountain areas; • To solve the problem of congestion, especially in more attractive areas, implementing a connected infrastructures network, including the railways and the inland waterways, and improving the logistics system; • To support the networking of SMEs, in order to improve their competitiveness and to increase their know-how; • To reduce the urbanization sprawl and the soil consumption; • To improve the water and air quality; • To afford the natural risks (seismic, hydro geological, hydraulic); • To make the territory more resilient to climate change; • To enhance the protected areas and the ecological network and to contrast the trivialization of landscapes and biodiversity.
In particular, for the mountain areas the PTR illustrates the following main challenges:
• The rural depopulation and the aging of the population; • The development of tertiary sector and the diffusion of services; • The development of an eco-friendly tourism, that doesn’t produce impacts on the territories (i.e. sustainable ski domains, low impact hotels); • The enhance of the agricultural activity and the improvement of its role to protect the territories; • A sustainable promotion of renewable energies; • The improvement of the infrastructural accessibility; • The hydro geological instability and other connected risks; • The valorisation of traditions and culture of alpine territories; • The reduction of digital divide.
Key Territorial Policy Orientations and Objectives
The PTR defines 3 important strategic objectives for the entire Region, which are to be implemented to reach a sustainable development:
1. To strengthen the competitiveness of the Lombardy territories, not only from the economic point of view, but also from the territorial one (efficient infrastructural transport and telecommunications networks, good
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environmental conditions, efficient services, and so on). Improving the quality of life increases the ability of the territory to attract new resources and investments; 2. To rebalance the different Lombardy territories (urbanized areas, plains, hills, mountains, lakes and rivers), trying to pursue the same level of accessibility to the infrastructures, to the services and to the knowledge for all the population; 3. To protect and enhance the resources of the Region, both the natural and the cultural ones. The challenge is to protect and, at the same time, to valorise, even through innovative tools, these resources, which constitute strength for Lombardy.
The PTR defines the following 24 policy measures as relevant for the entire Regional territory: 1. To promote the innovation and the development and dissemination of knowledge in many sectors (production, services, use of natural resources, territorial governance) 2. To support long and short-range relations across the territories of Lombardy and between the regional territory and external territories 3. To ensure access to public services across the territories and for all citizens 4. To pursue the efficiency in the provision of public services and utilities 5. To improve the quality and vitality of urban areas 6. To provide conditions for an adequate supply of space for residency, production, commerce, sports and leisure 7. To protect citizens’ health, improving the quality of environment 8. To pursue citizens’ security on risks arising from the use of land 9. To ensure fairness in the distribution of costs and of economic, social and environmental benefits deriving from economic and infrastructural development 10. To promote the integrated offer of sustainable tourism and recreational functions 11. To promote an excellent production system 12. To enhance Milan’s role in the economic, cultural and innovation system and as a competitor at global scale 13. To realize a polycentric system of urban centres 14. To valorise the environment and the landscape of Lombardy territories 15. To support Local Authorities in their programming activities, to promote quality planning and design 16. To protect the resources essential for the development (water, soil and energy) through a rational and responsible use 17. To ensure the quality of natural and environmental resources through the design of ecological networks, the reduction of the pollution of water and soils, noise, and air, electromagnetic and luminous pollution, the integrated water management 18. To encourage the gradual transformation of behaviours and cultural approaches towards a rational and sustainable use of resources, the attention to environment, biodiversity, landscape and culture and sustainable tourism 19. To valorise the territory and its resources, integrating landscape and cultural, environmental and naturalistic heritage, forestry and agro-food 20. To promote the landscaping, environmental and naturalistic integration in all the projects having impacts on the territory, promoting the projects quality and the mitigation of environmental impacts 21. To implement an integrated territorial planning and design, with particular emphasis on the mitigation of impacts 22. To empower the community and promote product and process innovation 23. To manage, in cooperative institutional modes, the functions and complexities of trans-regional systems through the improvement of cooperation 24. To strengthen the role of “European Motor” for Lombardy
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In particular, for the mountain areas the main policy orientations and objectives are the following:
• To protect the natural and environmental resources; • To protect the landscape, cultural, architectural and identity aspects of the territory; • To ensure that territorial planning takes into account the soil protection and the integrated risks management; • To promote an environmentally friendly rural and productive development; • To valorise territory for tourism purposes, with a long-term perspective and without affecting its quality; • To program infrastructures and public transport, evaluating their impacts on landscape and on natural environment; • To support Municipalities in identifying different funding opportunities;
• To contain the phenomenon of depopulation of small mountain centres;
• To promote innovative ways in providing services to small towns (ICT, …); • To balance the relationships between the different mountain areas; • To enhance the networking of winter sports facilities and services; • To govern soil consumption and sprawl, especially in the valleys
Current Use of Spatial Data and Indicators
In the Lombardy Region the main data sources to monitor and evaluate objectives and policy actions al territorial scale are the Integrated territorial information system 44 , the Regional statistical yearbook 45 , the Open data portal 46 , the Geoportal 47 , the ARPA environmental report 48 , the agricultural statistics collected in the Agro-food system report 49 , the ERSAF forest status report 50 , the energy database SIRENA Factor20 51 , the quality air inventory INEMAR 52 , the agriculture database SiSco 53 , SIAGE (which contains data about regional contributions) 54 . Among the National sources, data at regional level can be found for example in the ISTAT databases 55 and in the ISPRA environmental data yearbook 56 . All these sources can be used to analyze and evaluate the state of the regional context in terms of territorial, environmental, socioeconomic indicators; those data also constitute the most relevant source to monitor all the regional indicators.
Furthermore, an important source of data is the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of both territorial and sector plans and programs (P/P) that can have environmental impacts, as established by the Directive 2001/42/EC. SEA should
44 www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/istituzionale/HP/servizi-e-informazioni/enti-e-operatori/territorio/sistema-informativo- territoriale-sit 45 www.asr-lombardia.it/ASR/ 46 https://dati.lombardia.it/ 47 www.geoportale.regione.lombardia.it/ 48 http://shp.arpalombardia.it/sites/arpalombardia2013/RSA/Pagine/default.aspx 49 www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/istituzionale/HP/DettaglioRedazionale/servizi-e-informazioni/Imprese/Imprese- agricole/ricerca-e-statistiche-in-agricoltura/rapporto-agroalimentare-2016/rapporto-agroalimentare-2016 50 www.ersaf.lombardia.it/servizi/Menu/dinamica.aspx?idSezione=16977&idArea=16990&idCat=16991&ID=16991&TipoElemento=categ oria 51 www.factor20.it/sirenafactor20 52 www.inemar.eu/xwiki/bin/view/Inemar/HomeLombardia 53 https://agricoltura.servizirl.it/sisco-web-crs/sisco/news/home.xhtml 54 www.siage.regione.lombardia.it/siage/welcome/idpc/page 55 www.istat.it/it/ 56 http://annuario.isprambiente.it/
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accompany the process of definition of a P/P development scenarios and it defines the monitoring system to be used during its implementation.
Unfortunately, there are some critical issues about the use of SEA indicators from the monitoring systems of P/P at regional level. First, Public Administrations often have neither financial nor human resources to implement the monitoring systems. Moreover, they sometimes do not identify any process indicators, related to the P/P objectives and actions, so the monitoring system couldn’t be applied to evaluate the impacts due to the P/P and to re-orient the P/P objectives and actions, if needed. Other critical issues include:
• The dispersal of information held by different subjects; • The actual availability of data; • The missing information about data reference period and time-series.
Another important tool to support in particular the monitoring systems of Municipal territorial plans in Lombardy Region is SIMON 57 . SIMON is a web app used by the Municipalities to upload their territorial data and indicators; the tool then automatically calculates the impacts of PGT on the environment and on territory. Data have to be updated as the implementation phase previsions goes on. The first upload is made when the PGT is approved. Then data are updated at different steps during the actuation phase: each time the Municipality uploads new data, the impacts assessment can be updated. This tool is useful not only for Municipalities but also for the Region, to calculate the cumulative impacts at regional scale (i.e. the land consumption, the fragmentation of the ecological network, etc.) due to all PGTs. Also at local scale there are some difficulties in the monitoring activities:
• Municipalities don’t have enough resources to spend; • The application of SEA is sometimes seen as a formality rather than a useful instrument for drawing up the plan and evaluating its sustainability and the monitoring system is believed to be useless; • Each Municipality has different systems of monitoring (different indicators, different objectives, …), so the comparison between different territories becomes difficult; • Other P/P besides PGT also have impacts on the same territory of a Municipality, but the monitoring system of PGT isn’t able to monitor the effects of other P/P, so it’s impossible to properly assess all the impacts of the entire set of P/P on the territory; • Data belong to different sources with different updating, scale, format, unit of measure; • Sometimes data have long response time and they cannot catch impacts at the right moment. So it is necessary to introduce forecast indicators that can estimate a prevision of impacts of the plan, before impacts happen.
57 www.territorio.regione.lombardia.it/cs/Satellite?c=Redazionale_P&childpagename=DG_Territorio%2FDetail&cid=1213713807605&pa ckedargs=NoSlotForSitePlan%3Dtrue%26menu-to-render%3D1213277392476&pagename=DG_TERRWrapper
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A2.3 Territorial Profile (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)
Partner: Regional Agency Auvergne Rhône–Alpes energie environnement (RAEE). Comptences: The agency aims at promoting, co-coordinating and developing programs and actions in favour of sustainable energies in the building and transport sectors, climate change mitigation and adaptation, environment protection and sustainable development.
OVERVIEW
Key Characteristics of the territory (NUTS 2 level)
Auvergne Rhône-Alpes is located in the centre east of France and at the west part of EUSALP. This new region was born in 2016, when the former Rhône-Alpes region and Auvergne region merged due to a new territorial reform in France.
Figure A2.3-1 Auvergne Rhone-Alpes Region
Auvergne Rhône-Alpes has become one of the very first regions in Europe, more populated than 13 of the 28 countries of the European Union. Covering nearly 70,000 km², or 13% of metropolitan territory, it extends from the Massif Central to
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the west, to the Alps to the east. Its area is equivalent to that of Ireland. With 80% of its territory in the mountains, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes is the largest mountain region in Europe. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes is the second most populous region in France with about 7,8 million inhabitants, representing 12% of the French population accounting for 13% of the French territory. It is the 10th most populated region in Europe. Its population is higher than some countries such as Bulgaria, Denmark or Finland. Its population growth is dynamic: + 0.8% per year between 2007 and 2012 (+ 0.5% in metropolitan France in the same period). 78% of its population resides in urban areas, in the 5 largest agglomerations: metropolitan area of Lyon, Saint Etienne, Grenoble, Clermont Ferrand and the French part around Geneva. But rural and mountainous areas, which cover one third of the territory, remain important.
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes is one of the largest regions in the European Union, be in terms of area, population or of the creation of wealth. It benefits from powerful assets: a strategic position at a European crossroad, the proximity of significant markets, and a remarkable living environment together with a young and active population. The high educational level of its inhabitants and a strong potential for research and innovation complement the dynamism of the region’s economic activities and its attractiveness.
At the crossroads of Europe’s main transport routes, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes is serviced by the following first class facilities: - A network of airports used by more than 9,799,050 commercial passengers in 2015 - TGV trains: 22.9 million passengers in 2015. - A dense network of 1,695 km of motorways linked to the Swiss and Italian networks. With numerous logistic platforms, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes is a major hub for the flow of goods: - Road: 240.8 million tons in 2015. - River and river-maritime: 2.7 million tons handled by public harbours in Rhône-Alpes in 2015. In terms of GDP, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes is the second French region and the fourth largest region in the European Union. It has a solid industrial base as well as a substantial tertiary sector, with strong tourism activity. The region is well equipped with economic decision-making centres, making it attractive to foreign investors. At the heart of the economic infrastructure, the Chambers of Commerce and Industry represent 360,000 industrial, commercial and service establishments. The GDP per capita is around 31 000 euro (2013). Rhône-Alpes is a major industrial area in terms of what it contributes to the added value of French industries as well as its reception of establishments in this sector. Its areas of activity are diversified, with intermediate goods and equipment industries being highly represented, and is widely open to export. The region boasts many strengths in the high-tech industries such as machines, digital technology, electronic components, energy, pharmaceuticals and medical technology, bar turning, rubber/pneumatics, plastics and eco-technology. The Michelin group, with its headquarters at Clermont-Ferrand, is the largest regional employer. Concerning the construction sector, 79% of all employees in the sector work in the building industry and 21% in the civil engineering industry. In 2015, a total of 5 billion Euros was spent on civil engineering projects in the Auvergne-Rhône- Alpes region. The total turnover of the building industry amounted to 15.7 billion Euros. The service industries play a predominant role in terms of added value and employment. They represent more than 6 out of 10 new business creations. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes offers a wide range of services (engineering, computer services, temporary work, etc.) to businesses and financial establishments in France and around the world. The agriculture is also very well developed, with many vineyards, fruits plantation in the Rhône valley, a wood industry well developed. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes holds 76 Appellations d’Origine Protégée (AOP) and 49 Indications Géographiques Protégées (IGP). The region notably distinguishes itself by its production of quality wines, the richness of its orchards, its
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cereals production and specialty cheeses. Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes has the second largest concentration of organic farms in France. Key Documents related to territorial development In the CESBA Alps project RAEE is going to focus specifically on territorial polices related to the development of a low carbon economy. To this end the Key strategic documents at regional level are: - SRCAE Auvergne-Rhône Alpes (regional scheme for climate, air and energy, approved in 2014) 58 - SRADDET (regional spatial planning plan). The document is still in preparation phase in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It will be adopted at the end of 2018, and will include climate, air and energy objectives thus replacing the SRCAE provisions.
SRADDET (regional spatial planning plan)
This regional plan aims at promoting sustainable development and equality between territories. It is currently under development and should be adopted by the regional council at the end of 2018.
Figure A2.3-2 Ongoing reform of the regional planning system in Auvergne Rhone-Alpes
The SRADDET will replace the afore mentioned SRCAE, which was adopted in 2012, and will include a regional Waste Plan, regional Plan for inter-modality of transportation, biodiversity plan and regional Plan on climate change, air quality and energy. All other spatial plans (SCOT, PLU, PLUi… ) and action plans at lower level (PCAET, PLH, PDU etc.) will have to be conform with its policy orientations and objectives, in particular:
- SCOT (territory spatial planning plan) - PLU (local spatial planning plan)
58 www.auvergne-rhone-alpes.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/le-schema-regional-climat-air-energie-srcae- a2594.html
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- PLH (local action plan on housing) - PDU (local action plan on transportation and urban mobility) - PCAET (local SEAP) - TEPOS (local action plan on energy “positive energy territories”) - TEPCV (local action plan on energy, “green growth & positive energy territories) - Local and voluntary action plan (example of CAPI territory) - PTRE (local action support on housing renovation)
Key Territorial Development Challenges and Opportunities
Based on a business as usual scenario for 2020, the key territorial development challenges that the current regional scheme for climate, air and energy (SRCAE 2014) sought to address are defined as follow: Energy consumption in general in Rhône-Alpes - There is a downward trend in energy consumption. However, the level of energy consumption hardly regains the level of 1990 in 2020 and the region remains heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Further efforts are therefore needed. Energy consumption in residential sector - There is a downward trend in energy consumption. However, the level of energy consumption in the residential sector remains well above the 1990 level and the sector remains highly dependent on fossil fuels (almost half of the consumption). The market shares of renewable energies and waste and electricity are rising sharply. Additional efforts are therefore needed to reduce the energy consumption of the sector and to encourage more substitution of petroleum products. Energy consumption in tertiary sector - There has been a downward trend in energy consumption despite strong growth in tertiary activities. The sector is highly dependent on electricity because of the increase in consumption of specific uses due in particular to the growth of the private service sector (offices, etc.). Further efforts are therefore needed to reduce the sector's specific electricity consumption Energy consumption in transports - There has been a downward trend in energy consumption thanks to improved vehicle performance, despite the increase in traffic, mainly road transport. The sector remains totally captive of petroleum products without the development of renewable energies, electricity or gas. Further efforts are therefore needed to reduce road traffic and encourage modal shift. Energy consumption in industry - The trend is towards a decline in energy consumption with energy consumption in 2020, which is expected to be well below the 1990 level. This result is linked to improved energy performance and changes in industrial structure. Manufacturers remain committed to their original fuel and coal is still consumed in the industrial sector by 2020. Further efforts are therefore needed to encourage energy substitution in favour of less carbon-intensive energies. The reduction in energy consumption should not mask a decline in industrial activity and therefore an increase in the use of imports. Energy consumption in agriculture - Energy consumption in agriculture remains low by 2020. The decrease in energy consumption is mainly due to the decline in activity in the sector. Agriculture remains heavily dependent on petroleum products and Renewable are developing in a sector potential. Further efforts are therefore needed to encourage energy substitution in favour of less carbon-intensive energies. The reduction in energy consumption should not mask a drop in agricultural activity. Energy production - The share of renewable energies in final energy consumption is expected to increase in line with current trends, reaching 20.1% by 2020. The national objective of 23% of renewable energies in final energy consumption would therefore not be achieved. Moreover, given the region's strong potential in terms of renewable energies, one could expect the Rhône-Alpes region to exceed this objective. For this, it is necessary to:
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• Continue efforts to increase Renewable Energies • Increase the reduction in energy consumption.
Key Territorial Policy Orientations and Objectives
SRCAE strategic scheme define regional target and policy orientations for the Auvergne-Rhone Alpes region to contribute to the National commitments on H2020 objectives Overall regional objectives and targets for Auvergne-Rhone Alpes are: - Reduction of energy consumption (-21.4% of primary energy/trend; -20% final energy/trend); - Reduction of the Emissions of greenhouse gases in 2020 (-29.5% / 1990; -34% / 2005) - Reduction of Emissions of air pollutants: PM10 (-25% en 2015/2007 and -39% in 2020/2007) and NOx (-38% en 2015/2007 -54% en 2020/2007); - Share of Renewable energy production in final energy consumption in 2020 (23%). These targets are to be reach through the following key territorial policy orientations and measures:
1. Building sustainable cities, polarizing development on centralities, densify urbanization around train stations and multimodal transportation centres , 2. Preparing tomorrow’s mobility preserving air quality 3. Optimizing the transportation of goods by encouraging the less pollutant’s logistic schemes 4. Reducing nuisances and encouraging new technologies for mobility 5. Pacing the renovation of buildings at the heart of the energy strategy 6. Building in an exemplary way (new buildings) 7. Saving energy in various industrial sectors 8. Stabilizing agricultural lands 9. Optimizing agricultural practices for reducing impact and pollutant emissions of agriculture 10. Ensuring a sustained development and quality of the wind energy 11. Reconciling hydroelectricity with its environment 12. Developing wood energy by a sustainable exploitation of forest by preserving the outdoor air quality 13. Developing biogas with new territorial projects 14. Developing solar thermal plants based on quality products and promote their integration in new and renovated buildings 15. Adapting to the new feed in tariff for continuing the development of PV 16. Developing heating district with RES 17. Encouraging the use of geothermal energy 18. Adapting energy policies to the stakes of outdoor air quality 19. Developing regional research centres, agencies and dissemination of knowledge
All these main policy orientations set at regional level should be adopted by the various Sustainable Energy Action Plans at territorial level and other territorial policies. It is not a question of adopting objectives identical to those of the SRACE, as every territory as its own context, but of determining on the basis of local reflection of local actors and local appropriation of potential actions regarding local specificities. To ensure a consistency between these targets at regional level and territorial policies, the regional council provided a tool to support local authorities. This tool, excel based, provides a declination of the intermediate parameters of the scenario of objectives of the SRCAE ( for example, the pace of renovation of housing) as well as a first attempt to take into account territorial specificities that could help to modulate the distribution of regional objectives between territories.
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The results proposed by this tool should be considered as an indication to illustrate the level of ambition of the SRACE and to support local authorities to set their own goals.
Current Use of Spatial Data and Indicators Created in 2002, the regional energy and GHG emissions observatory “OREGES “was set up in response to the desire to make available, on a regional and territorial basis, a relevant observation and information tool to members of the general public, local authorities and players in the world of energy. Its steering committee is co-chaired by the State and the Region, and is financed by the regional Council of Rhône-Alpes and the ADEME (French environment and energy management agency). The work is conducted by two technical organizations: Rhônalpénergie-Environnement since 2002 and ATMO Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes since 2009. The OREGES was involved in the elaboration of the regional plan for air quality, climate change and energy (SRCAE), co-designed by the regional council and the regional representation of the national state, and officially approved in April 2014. The OREGES is in charge of monitoring the impacts of this regional plan.
The OREGES, regional energy and GHG emissions is monitoring: 1. Final energy consumption and GHG emissions(energetic and non-energetic GHG emissions, including CH4 emissions from the agriculture sector) at municipal level. To calculate energy consumption and GHG emissions, the OREGES relies on a modelling, based on official public statistics (national census...), public energy data and on data provided by partners through a collaboration model (TSO, DSO...). The OREGES calculates consumption by sector of activity, by energy products and by usage, with the year 1990 as baseline, and years 2000, 2005, 2010 to 2015. The OREGES always recalculates previous years with methodological changes with the current version, to ensure comparability between years. Indirect emissions due to the consumption of goods produced outside the territory are not monitored. 2. Energy production (mainly from renewable sources). To calculate energy production, the OREGES relies on various censuses by local and regional energy agency, on public data and data provided by partners. It gives an estimation of production at local level. 3. Other data OREGES provides also data such CO2 absorption and energy bills at territorial level. Energy balances and GHG inventories are used as inputs for defining the regional and territorial policies on energy and climate change. Reports include identification of renewable energy sources. They are published on a yearly basis and are available free of charge on the observatory’s website. Data is available at communal level as far as technically and legally possible (there are some confidentiality issues) 59 . As OREGES focuses mainly on energy data, some other organizations provide data on: - Air pollution, by ATMO Auvergne Rhône-Alpes. These data are free of charge for territories, and available on website 60 ; - Data related to construction sector, by CERA, the observatory of construction sector Data at regional level are free of charge, and specific studies can be carried out at territorial level, but territories should pay for these studies 61 . The regional open data platform can also be a source of interesting data 62 . The National institute of statistics (INSEE) provides also data.
59 More info on www.oreges.auvergnerhonealpes.fr . 60 www.air-rhonealpes.fr 61 www.cellule-eco-rhone-alpes.asso.fr 62 www.datara.gouv.fr
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A2.4 Territorial Profile (Veneto Region)
Partner: Department of Territorial Planning Veneto Regional Government. Comptences: Cross-sector territorial governance on environmental, social and economic sustainability (VEN)
OVERVIEW
Key Characteristics of the territory (NUTS 2 level)
Veneto Region is located at the southeast edge of the EUSALP macro-region. It borders with the Province of Bolzano and the Austrian regions of Carinzia and East Tyrol to the North, with the province of Trento and the Lombardia Region to the west, with the Friuli Venezia Gulia region and the Adriatic Sea to the east. It has a total land area of 18,399 km 2 and a population of 4,857,000 million inhabitants with a density of 260 inh/km 2 in the year 2011.
Its territory is morphologically diverse, with a prevalence of plain (56 %), but also, in the north, extensive mountainous areas (29 %) and, to a lesser extent, hilly areas (14.5%). From north to south, it has an articulated morphological and landscape layout, ranging from dolomite mountains to wide low plains subject to hydraulic reclamation and crossed by a dense hydrographic network formed by the main rivers and hundreds of kilometres of canals excavated by the Reclamation Consortia and bordered by discontinuous area of coastal lagoons.
According to CORINE-Land-Cover 2006 classification (Table. 4.4.1) there is a prevalence of agricultural areas (57.2%), a significant part of wooded and / or semi-natural areas (29.1%), while 4% of the territory insists on water bodies and 1.5% is composed by wetlands. Urban, industrial and infrastructural areas, on the other hand, represent 8.2% of the regional territory.
Figure A2.4-1 - Regional Territory for altitude (left) and by thematic classification of soil cover types
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Following the OECD approach, adapted to Veneto, considering the population density and socio-economic factors the regional territory can be disaggregated into three macro-categories (table 4.4.2):
Figure A2.4-2 RDP Veneto 2014-2020 Classification of Municipalities
Urban and peri-urban areas (A typology) which include the provincial capitals of the central part of the region, their centres and urban belts and the more industrialized settlements developed along the main road axes.
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Urbanized rural areas with specialized intensive agriculture, (B typology) extending across the central part of Veneto and the coastal areas; these areas are further distinguished in B1- with prevailing rural-urban characteristics and B2-with prevailing urban characteristics.
Rural areas, further divided into areas with development problems (D typology) and intermediate rural areas (C typology), that are located in mountainous areas and, further south, in some flat areas of the Polesine.
Urbanized rural areas (B typology) are at the heart of the Veneto industry. In these areas, beside agriculture, a myriad of SMEs have developed since the 1970s, and it is in these same areas that, more recently, has started a process of outsourcing of the economical structure with the expansion of the tertiary sector that made the service sector the first for added value. The economy of these areas is nowadays based on industrial and handicraft production, agriculture, services and tourism. The spread of SMEs across this territory has prevented the exodus from rural areas and the need for ad-hoc public intervention in support of their industrialization process. Most of the SMEs in these areas are specialized in traditional “Made in Italy” productions. Even if with a small share of added value, agriculture continues to represent a part of the economic structure of these areas with some sectors of excellence for agro-food production such as the wine sector (the first region in Italy) and the fruit and vegetable sector.
The rural areas (C and D types), mainly located in the mountain areas and in the plains of Polesine, are sparsely populated and characterized by a different economic structure from that of the above-described urbanized countryside. In these territories the number of SMEs is smaller and the primary sector is characterized by a high presence of not very profitable agricultural activities. Luckily, such disadvantage is offset by the fact that both territories (C and D) are characterized by a natural, landscape and cultural heritage of great value which have remained so, thanks also to the limited diffusion of the manufacturing sector. They include almost all protected areas. Areas with more specifically rural connotations (D types) remain confined to the mountains of Belluno and Verona, and are distinguished by the greater presence of forest area, confirming the strong natural value of these territories. For the rural areas that lie in the mountains (province of Belluno) and towards the coast (Province of Rovigo), the tourism sector is important but the local tourist networks and systems are lagging behind compared to those of other territories, both inside and outside the Region. The current economic situation and the recent crisis have put the economic structure of the entire region under strain, with very negative impacts both for urban and intermediate urban areas as well as for those with overall development problems, increasing the gap between the most productive and the backward areas.
In the general context of Italian landscapes, that of Veneto is distinguished by the variety and complexity of environmental systems: from Alpine ecosystems to pre-alpine, hilly, planic and coastal ecosystems, to varying degrees transformed by human activities over the centuries. The pre-Alpine and hilly landscapes are characterized by the widespread of agricultural settlements and crops, which have limited the forest to the most marginal areas. The alternation of woods and meadows at higher altitudes, associated with the great morphological variety and the variety of agricultural crops at lower altitudes, has contributed to the formation of a very differentiated landscape, enriched by the presence of scattered settlements, villages and historical centres. In the planic area (which corresponds to the upper and lower plains), the consequences of the development of human activities are more apparent. In fact, the plains contains little traces of the ancient planar forest, while the extensive network of rivers of alpine origins and risorgivas, which once slid slowly towards the Adriatic coast, is now currently largely under regulation within bank defences and conveyed in a capillary network of functional artificial channels to feed the agricultural ecosystem of the Veneto plain. Even with regard to the coastal landscape, deep changes made by man over time concern in particular the reclamation of most existing wetlands and the cancellation of almost all the coastal dunes ecosystem that characterized the high Adriatic. Only scattered fragments of the natural ecosystems remain along the coast and inland and the most of them is currently included among the protected areas.
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In Veneto there are a National Park, five Regional Nature Parks, thirteen State Natural Reserves, six Regional Nature Reserves, two Wetlands of International Importance. The Natura 2000 network in Veneto currently consists of 100 SCI and 67 SPAs with large overlapping areas. Most protected areas are located in the area from the Pre-alps to the Alps, confirming the high natural value of mountain areas. The Natura 2000 sites are mainly concentrated in high altitude mountainous areas (about 60%), in lagoon-coastal areas (about 30%) and along the major Venetian rivers (about 10%). Altogether, the Municipalities that include Natura 2000 sites in their territory are 290, accounting for 50% of the total of the Veneto municipalities, while the municipalities having all or part of their territory in the park area are 66, accounting for 11% of the total.
Regarding to the accessibility, Veneto is crossed by three TEN-T Corridors: the Mediterranean, the Scandinavian Mediterranean and the Baltic Adriatic. The infrastructural system has nodes with intermodal infrastructures of international rank for the transit of goods: two interchanges (Padua and Verona), one major port (Venice) and one minor (Chioggia), and three airports (Venice, Verona and Treviso). The highways and the motorway system are well developed. Veneto has a good network of railways lines too, with important axes creating a regional and subsidiary-complementary railway system, which covers a large part of the Region and provides good regional, national and foreign countries links.
Key Documents related to territorial development
The key strategic documents relating to territorial/spatial planning where the current territorial development challenges, opportunities and policy objectives are defined are the 2009 Regional Territorial Coordination Plan (PTRC) and its integration with regard to landscape values done in 2013. They will be definitively approved by 2018 even though their directives have already been largely transposed and developed by subordinate urban planning.
Key Territorial Development Challenges and Opportunities The PTRC defines 2 overall development challenges which are to be addressed to reach a sustainable development:
• Continue to ensure growth and employment by strengthening the competitiveness of the regional economic system in a context of more open international competition where innovation factors are increasingly important; • Maintaining social cohesion in a context of strong transformation of the population composition (immigration and aging, family molecularisation) and affirmation of new lifestyles.
In correspondence to these overall development challenges the following territorial challenges are sought to be address:
• Overcoming the imbalances between the components of the settlement system that characterize the regional territory (The main urban poles, the network of smaller cities, the widespread settlements typical of the plain and rural settlements); • The need to set a limit for new urban developments, as an alternative to the model mainly based on the growth of urban areas; • The need to preserve agricultural and natural soils from urban and infrastructural transformations that have characterized settlement development in recent decades; • The recovery of abandoned industrial areas after the economic crisis and the processes of delocalization as well as the reclamation of contaminated land; • Landscape protection, including the recovery of degraded urban areas; • To protect and valorise both the natural and the cultural heritage of the Region.
More specifically to the mountains the following challenges are to be sought as well:
• The depopulation and the aging of the population in the rural areas
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• The struggle to maintain fair and equal access to public services; • The restriction of the phenomenon of second homes thus reducing the related land consumption and socio- economic negative burdens; • The lack of transport connections with the plain, between the valleys and with the neighbouring regional territories
Figure A2.4-3 PTRC territorial challenges
Key Territorial Policy Orientations and Objectives The territorial policy orientations and objectives can be identified through an analysis of the aforementioned key policy documents. In the main, the key objectives of territorial policies are:
• To protect and enhance the soil resource. Specifically: rationalize, adapt and manage the use of land resource in response to climate change and rural urban relationships while maintaining a multi-functionality perspective; • To protect and enhance biodiversity and environmental quality. In particular: ensure the balance between environmental ecosystems and human activities; safeguarding eco-systemic continuity; preserve the water resource; prevent and reduce pollution levels of water and soil air as well as waste generation; • To reduce human pressure on climate. Promote efficiency in energy supplies and end uses; To increase the production of energy from renewable sources; to reduce waste production;
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• Rationalize the infrastructure network and improve mobility with regard to all different types of transport; improve accessibility to cities; develop the logistics system; to enhance slow mobility. • Improve competitiveness, research and innovation. Promoting an integrated tourist-recreational offer by linking it with the environment, culture, landscape and agriculture. • Promote social inclusion; promote the application of the Convention on Landscape; enhance polycentrism while preserving regional territorial identity; Improve living in cities.
These broad objectives are to be achieved through the following key policy measures. In particular with regard to the mountainous areas and to the protection and valorisation of the landscape the following policy measures apply: • With regard to the land use: promote the limitation of spontaneous reforestation in mountain areas; protect areas with sparse rural construction; limit the settlement expansion in the valleys and the construction of second homes. • With regard to biodiversity: Foster mountain farming and its innovation; Implement all the restoration and garrison actions of alpine meadows; Identify and protect the ecological network and counteract the fragmentation of ecosystems; protect the agro-forestry, historical and cultural landscape; To strengthen the system of alpine parks; Redevelop the quarry areas. • With regard to energy and environment: to promote the production from renewable energy resources • With regard to mobility: Improve the internal connections and the connections between mountain areas and plains. Improve trans-regional and cross-border alpine connections. • With regard to economic development: Develop material networks (transport infrastructures and technological networks) and intangible networks (fairs, universities, centres of excellence, cultural networks), with focus on landscape integrity; Stimulate the valley economy and typical productions. • With regard to social and cultural growth: Counter the depopulation of mountain, historic centres and marginal areas by supporting services; valorise the national and interregional border areas.
Current Use of Spatial Data and Indicators
For the Regional Government the construction of indicator and monitoring systems are particularly complex activities given the extreme articulation of functions and competences within its administration. To this regard, responding to the accessibility, usability and interoperability requirements of data and information of the state and of EU regulations (Digital Administration Code, European Directive INSPIRE), the Region is establishing its own Territorial Information System 63 (SIT), with its database “GeoPortal” 64 , in continuous development. The GeoPortal is the database of the SIT of the Veneto Region supporting the implementation of the standardized “knowledge framework” 65 used for drafting spatial plans at any level. Most of territorial datasets (together with ITBs - basic spatial information) are accessible through the Geoportal of the Veneto Region. The Veneto Geoportal also contains a large amount of other heterogeneous data, at different territorial scale and with different updating times. So far, the Territorial Information System of Veneto Region has not yet expressed all its potential and strategic information like on energy (licensed production facilities and production, energy certification of buildings, objectives of the Covenant of Mayors) and agriculture (Veneto Agricultural Payments Database - AVEPA) are still only partially available and heavily divided between many offices.
63 https://www.regione.veneto.it/web/ambiente-e-territorio/sistema-informativo-territoriale 64 https://www.regione.veneto.it/web/ambiente-e-territorio/geoportale 65 https://www.regione.veneto.it/web/ambiente-e-territorio/quadro-conoscitivo
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A2.5 Territorial Profile (Slovenia)
Partner: Development Agency E-zavod, Institute for Comprehensive Development Solutions. Competences: E-Institute is operating in the terms of several pillars of sustainable development – economy, ecology, energy, innovation, ICT and rural development
OVERVIEW
Key Characteristics of the territory (NUTS 2 level)
Although NUTS2 level Slovenia has been divided in two EU cohesion regions, West and East Slovenia; that does not any way reflect any of the current administrative levels - therefore the provided territorial profile pertains generally to whole Slovenia (i.e. NUTS1).
Slovenia is located on the outskirt of EUSALP area, south-eastern part of Alpine area, bordering on a geographical area of Danube River basin and Dinaric mountain range of Balkan Peninsula. More specifically, only northern and north-western parts of Slovenia are characterized by Alpine and sub-Alpine landscape (app. one third of Slovenian surface area). Slovenia has a total population of 2,065,895 inhabitants with an average density: of 101.9 inhabitants/km 2 (growth; 98 inhabitants/km 2 in year 2000). It is characterized by its specific position at a meeting point of Mediterranean, Alpine and Pannonian bio-geographical regions, climate conditions and specific geomorphologic characteristics. Variety of the country is given via a complex conglomerate of five distinct landscapes: Alpine, sub-Alpine, sub-Pannonian, Karst and Mediterranean. Although, dimensionally small, it is its variety and diversity, that provides value to Slovenian territory. With its position in the narrow space between Alps and the gulf of Adriatic Sea, it represents one of the most important passages from South-West to the East. Slovenia covers an area of 20 273 km², of which 39.9 % is agricultural area and 56.1 % is forest. Of the total agricultural land (602.000 ha in 2013) 57.9 % is permanent grassland and 36.5 % is arable land. 8.1% of the Utilized Agricultural Area is used for organic farming. 37.9 % of the territory is designated as NATURA 2000 areas and 75.3 % as facing natural constraints.
According to the OECD definition of rural areas, Slovenia as a whole is classified under rural areas, and Slovenian statistical regions are further classified in: • Predominantly rural regions which cover 11,889.2 km2 or 58.65 per cent of the territory include: Pomurska, Podravska, Koroška, Spodnjeposavska, Notranjsko-kraška, Goriška, Southeastern Slovenia; • Moderately rural regions which cover 8,383.8 km2 or 41.63 per cent of the territory include: Zasavska, Gorenjska, Obalno-kraška, Central Slovenia, Savinjska.
The territory is divided into two cohesion regions: • Eastern Slovenia: is composed of eight statistical regions (Pomurska, Podravska, Koroška, Savinjska, Zasavska, Spodnjeposavska, Southeastern Slovenija and Notranjsko-kraška regions). Its total area measures 12,212 km2 or 60.2 per cent of the area of the RS. 1,083,573 people live in Eastern Slovenia, representing 53 per cent of all Slovenia’s population. • Western Slovenia: is composed of four statistical regions (Central Slovenia, Gorenjska, Goriška and Obalno-kraška regions). Its total area measures 8,061 km2 or 39.8 per cent of the area of the RS. 972,689 people live in Western Slovenia, representing 47 per cent of all Slovenia’s population. Geographical diversity and historically generated differences in economic and social development had a tendency to segment the Slovenian territory into small spatial units (212 municipalities).
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Figure A2.5-1 Administrative and territorial division of Slovenia (2010, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering)
The settlement pattern of Slovenia reflects highly scattered, small settlements in proportion to number of inhabitants on surface area of the country. In Slovenia there are approximately 5960 small settlements, of which a quarter has less than 50 inhabitants. Approximately 90 % have 500 or fewer inhabitants and only 7 towns are having a population over 20,000 inhabitants. Denser settlements are found in valleys and plains. The result of such type of settlement development is reflected in exceptional architectural identity and cultural heritage.
Demographic development is one of the main contributors to settlement structure and changes in land use. The changes in population size, population characteristics, migrations and geographic distribution, have the major effect on development of specific typologies. Projections of population statistics and analyses of current trends in demography predict the following trends: negative birth rate, ageing of population with corresponding rise of life expectancy. The negative demographic trends in parts of Slovenia with lower (economic) development are already showing in depleting number of younger families and migration to urban areas The additional negative effect are linked to the organization of activities of public interest and education. Positive demographic trends are visible in the vicinity of larger economic centres (Ljubljana, Maribor, Novo mesto) – functional urban areas (FUAs). Development trends in urban and rural populated areas of Slovenia are outlined in spontaneous development in urbanized and suburbanized areas, stagnation or decline in non-urbanized areas and depopulation with economic stagnation in remote rural areas. Further population growth is expected in urbanized plains and valleys (up to +0.5 %) and a continued decline in the countryside (at the annual rate of up to -2 %).
With regard to accessibility, the Slovenian infrastructure network is linked to various European infrastructure systems – direct connection with the transport corridors TEN V and X, but with the development tending to be one-sided. Particularly, the development of railway infrastructure, transport nodes, public transport and non-motorized transport are neglected. Of particular importance for Slovenian transport network is port of Koper, one of the most important ports of
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northern Mediterranean Sea. Road network: 39,000 km (773 highways, 5,942 state roads); Railway network: 1,209 km; International airports. Access to telecommunication infrastructure is becoming a prerequisite for successful development of numerous activities and this hindrance has mostly been bridged in majority of the country – with accessibility of fast connection web access via DSL cable and mobile network.
Slovenia has a total GDP: 41,625 mio Euro (growth of 3.6 %) with an average GDP per capita of 20,158 Eur. Western Slovenia encompasses most economically developed areas in the country.
Figure A2.5-2 Population, gross domestic product in 12 Slovenian statistical regions by data 2007, 2008
GDP per capita is 119.5 per cent of the Slovenian average. 75 per cent of gross added value (GAV) is contributed by services. GDP per capita in the cohesion region of Eastern Slovenia is 82.7 per cent of the Slovenian average. It is characterized by agricultural activity, as more than 70 per cent of agricultural holdings and the majority of agricultural land in Slovenia is there. Slovenia has in years 2004 – 2008 been in state of higher economic growth, with a corresponding positive trend in lowering of unemployed (app. 6 % in year 2008). After emergence of global financial crisis in year 2008, the lowering of GDP by – 7.8 % in 2009 and rise of registered unemployment up to 13 % in year 2014 took place. Slovenia’s main macroeconomic activities with respect to GDP are the tertiary sector (services) encompassing 65 %, followed by industry - 27 % and agriculture with 2.2 %. One of the issues is linked to the fact that Slovenian industry has gone the way of finishing services, corresponding to lower added value.
With regard to agricultural sector and rural economies Slovenia has more than 72 000 agricultural holdings - with an average size of 6.6 ha and an average standard output of € 16 200. Of these, some 61 000 holdings farm less
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than 10 ha and 62 100 generate less than € 15 000 of standard output. Only 7.7 % of farm managers are young farmers These figures illustrate the context out of which three main types of challenge arise: • Challenges related to land abandonment and the status of ecosystems with pollution of surface and ground waters and pressure on biodiversity are central. • Challenges related to the viability and competitiveness of agriculture, in particular in the context of the current economic crisis, are considerable. In particular, it is necessary to address the low productivity of agriculture, improve inadequate agricultural infrastructure and help young farmers to get started. • Out of the 2 million inhabitants of Slovenia, 58.6% live in predominantly rural areas and 41.4 % in intermediate areas. The unemployment rate is high at 10 % (2013) for the population in general, and 21.6 % among those younger than 24 years. In this context, the creation of businesses other than those related to agriculture is also a key for creating jobs and fostering local development in rural areas The natural qualities of Slovenian territory represent a specific advantage in comparison to elsewhere in Europe. Natural qualities are features of areas with a high degree of conservation and biodiversity – continuous forests, high-quality water ecosystems, high-mountain areas and areas with preserved natural processes. The areas are listed as ecologically important areas, special conservation areas, natural values, etc.
The percentage of special conservation areas (Natura 2000, special conservation areas), where favourable status of particular habitats, plants animal species of significance for EC, should be maintained, is reaching 39.7 % (37.9 % Natura 2000).
Figure A2.5-3 - Natura 2000 areas, Cohesion regions – NUTS 2 (2), statistical regions – NUTS 3 (12), and municipalities – NUTS 5 (210) in Slovenia
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Additionally, there is a special protection area Triglav National park and three larger Nature parks (Notranjski park, Goričko and Ljubljana Marsh Nature park Slovenia has diverse landscape typologies attributed to crossing of four European macro-regions Adriatic, Alpine, Dinaric-Karst and Pannonian. Landscape of importance at national level consist of areas including representative parts of Slovenian landscape with well-preserved landscape elements, creating outstanding landscapes and structure patterns, as well as cultural heritage with high historical significance.
National important landscape areas are preserved through appropriate planning and programming. National Spatial Plan of RS (of year 2004) - servers as an expert basis for landscape development and planning, designation of landscape areas of outstanding quality and guides for interventions in landscape. The revision of National spatial plan is in the works (formal procedure). Acc. to National Spatial Plan - in Alpine landscape, the spatial organization in mountainous and hilly areas, the vulnerability of underground waters and structural value of autochthonous vegetation in flatland areas shall be specifically considered.
Key Documents related to territorial development
Please list here the key strategic documents relating to territorial/spatial planning where the current territorial development challenges, opportunities and policy objectives are defined.
- Spatial Development Strategy of Slovenia (established with Decree on SDS of Slovenia, Off. G. of RS, 76/2004), revision is expected in 2018 (March – June) 66 - Report on Spatial development (2016) – forms an expert basis for revision of Spatial Development Strategy, subject to establishment of spatial monitoring system for status of spatial development. 67 - Spatial Planning Act of RS 68
Key Territorial Development Challenges and Opportunities
The key territorial development challenges for Slovenia are defined within Spatial Development Strategy.
Challenges
- strong concentration of power in the national centre, and the fragmentation of Slovenian territory into a large number of municipalities which – because of their small size – fail to control their development processes - territory is mainly characterized by small, scattered settlements evolved in mountainous areas, traditionally dependent on their rural hinterland and with exceptional architectural and cultural heritage. This can be an important advantage, because the intertwining of urban and rural areas provides opportunities for high-quality living - Nevertheless, the population in functional urban area of larger towns is growing steadily, while stagnation or decline in non-urbanized areas and depopulation with economic stagnation characterize the remote rural areas. - upland, hills and the Karst areas are ranked among less favourable areas for agriculture. Many fields and plots are being overgrown with forest. The majority of high-quality farmland lies in the plains, where the attractiveness and hence the interests in settlement are the highest. Inappropriate management of natural resources causing different kinds of degradation and forestation of land, as well as excessive concentration of agriculture and human settlement expansion, which are not in harmony with the natural and cultural spatial qualities
66 www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/prostorski_razvoj/SPRS_angleska_verzija.pdf 67 www.mop.gov.si/fileadmin/mop.gov.si/pageuploads/podrocja/prostorski_razvoj/proocilo_o_prostorskem_razvoju.pdf 68 www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO4675
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- border regions and mountainous areas, are being depopulated because of their inadequate transport accessibility and hard living conditions. Depopulation areas encompass almost 40% of the Slovenian territory. Population in these areas can no longer maintain both the local infrastructure and the cultural landscape. The consequence is a pronounced overgrowing of the landscape with forest, which already covers more than 56% of Slovenian territory - Despite the favourable hydrologic conditions, the spatial and seasonal distribution of water resources is uneven - Slovenian infrastructure network is linked to various European infrastructure systems (TEN V and X) but the development of railway infrastructure, transport nodes, public transport, air traffic and non-motorized traffic are neglected - Environmental pressures are strongest in the periphery of larger towns and centres of employment, areas at the links to the more significant transport corridors, in areas with attractive landscape, and along the seacoast - migration of economic activities and services to suburbs causes the degradation of town cores, reduces their functions and the quality of living - urban developments are problematic due to the shortage of building land and nonexistent reconstruction programs. and excessive building causes the degradation of built areas. construction policy is irrational in respect to the functionality, transport accessibility, energy - with dispersed settlement, a large number of settlements and topographic features strongly influence the extent and structure of the public utility infrastructure – there is either no public utility infrastructure or it is fragmented, inefficient and obsolete in places. Particular problems are excessive loss from water supply systems and an inadequate number of connections to the public sewage system. The provision of transport services to the economy and the connection of centres with their respective hinterland are inadequate (no modern terminals for combined freight transport) - Public transport network is not interconnected, and particularly in the sense of inter-modality and logistics it is underdeveloped - Different transport accessibility and consequently the unbalanced economic growth of individual parts of Slovenia, the discrepancies between the weaker and more developed areas in Slovenia are still increasing
Key Territorial Policy Orientations and Objectives
The territorial policy orientations and objectives can be identified through an analysis of the aforementioned key policy documents. In the main the key objectives of territorial policies listed before are:
1) Rational and balanced spatial development (ensuring rational land use trough appropriate planning, taking in account spatial and environmental measures) 2) Polycentric development of cities networks and other settlements (encourage the functional/ infrastructural integration of cities and settlements, ensuring interconnection of urban settlements with hinterland) 3) Vital and well-managed cities and towns (development of regional development zones, taking in account location related potentials and restrictions) 4) Integration of infrastructure corridors with the European infrastructure systems (improved links with transport infrastructure networks and corridors; energy distribution and telecommunication networks) 5) Prudent use of natural resources (appropriate land use for urbanization, balance between supply and the demand for water and other resources) 6) Spatial development harmonized with spatial limitations (steering the spatial development away from areas threatened by natural/ other disasters) 7) Cultural diversity as a foundation of national spatial identity (conservation and development of cultural identity, foundation of high quality living environment)
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8) Nature conservation with environmental protection (encourage conservation and integration of biodiversity, natural values in spatial management, establish special conservation areas)
With reference to the listed objectives, the following priorities of territorial development of Slovenia are specified: 1) Integration of Slovenia in European space (establishment of integration into wider EU territory, strengthening competitiveness of Slovenian cities in EU urban network, efficient connection to the European infrastructure networks, creation of cross-border regions); 2) Polycentric urban system and regional spatial development (creation of national and regional centres trough sharing of functions and transport connections, development of urban centres taking in account development of public services – health, social security, cultural); 3) Vital and well managed cities (comprehensive planning of cities to ensure vitality and high living standard, increasing site-related attractiveness of towns – harmonizing production and consumption with the spatial and environmental restrictions); 4) Coherent development of wider urban areas (rationalization of traffic flows, distribution of jobs, housings and services on wider scale, rational land use and enhancing planning of broader urban area); 5) Integrated and harmonized development of transport and settlement networks and construction of public infrastructure facilities (development of harmonized transport and settlement networks on national whole territory – transport logistics and all transport nodes, national harmonization of public transport – improving transport links between countryside and urban settlements, transport network, development of networks of cycling tracks and pedestrian footpaths with ecologically oriented range of tourist services); 6) Vitality and attractiveness of rural areas (exploiting comparative advantages of countryside – diversification of economic activities, development of new jobs in settlements in rural areas- aiming at reducing migration to work; development of modern agriculture primarily in the plains - to be competitive in the EU market); 7) Strengthening visibility of natural and cultural landscape (conservation and high quality management of areas with recognizable natural and cultural values, interconnection of ecological networks and cultural heritage – touristic attractions); 8) Spatial development in areas with special potentials and problems issues (joint development of cross-border regions with joint development programs, areas of specific natural geographic features – opportunities ecologically oriented tourism, organic farming, utilization of RES).
Current Use of Spatial Data and Indicators
Datasets
Surveying and Mapping Authority of RS (GURS) is one of the key public authorities, whose records provide spatial data information. Tasks and activities of the authority are defined in the Act on land survey service (2000) and include management of geodetic databases (cadastres), real estate, spatial units and house numbers, but also topographic and cartographic system. Statistical Office of Republic Slovenia is the relevant institution for coordination and management of national statistics in Slovenia. The mission of the Slovene statistical office is to provide users with statistical data on status and trends in the economic, demographic and social fields, as well as in field of environment and natural resources.
Indicators in use
Environmental indicators - monitoring of state of environment and reporting to both domestic and international public as well as respective institutions represents a novelty arising from the package of the European environmental legislation. The system for reporting environmental data, monitoring the state of the environment and informing the public about
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environmental issues is being established at the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia (EARS). The web portal “Environmental Indicators in Slovenia” provides access to over 100 indicators which use graphs, maps and comments to present the environmental trends in Slovenia. The indicators are organized into thematic groups – chapters covering environmental components (e.g. water, air), environmental issues (e.g. climate change, nature protection, loss of biodiversity, waste management) and the incorporation of environmental content in the formulation of sector policies (e.g. transport, agriculture, tourism, energy, instruments of environmental policy). Based on numerical data, they indicate status, characteristics and trends of environmental development in Slovenia.
Indicators of Well-being in Slovenia - are implemented by a consortium of four institutions: the Institute of Macroeconomic Analysis and Development (IMAD), the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SURS), the Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) and the National Institute of Public Health (NIJZ). The concept is based on the economic theory of well-being and follows the empirical achievements of the leading countries in designing the indicators of well- being. Well-being indicators present the material standard and the quality of people’s life in the society and the environment. The important factors of well-being are divided into main areas (material, social and environmental well- being). The indicators are selected regarding their power of expression, methodological structure and sufficiently complete database. All selected indicators are accompanied by methodological explanations and the database.
Spatial monitoring system
At the moment spatial monitoring system for Slovenia (orig. “Sistem spremljanja stanja v prostoru”) still doesn’t exist, even though its establishment was foreseen in Slovenian strategic political and legal norms. After initial encouraging activities (in years 2000 – 2004) in implementation of such system based on indicators, activities have ceased. There was quiet a lot of research work conducted, aiming at examining the reasons for the situation (Rezek, 2008), the main assumptions were following – systemic withdrawal of spatial profession in Europe, the decision of politics (abolition of regulation), the inability of the profession to examine and prepare the systems of monitoring indicators and reports, the lack/ unavailability of data and the lack of organizational abilities of the responsible Ministry. The conclusion on the reasons for the deficit of implementation in Slovenia according to Rezek (2008) lies in the inability of the competent ministry (Ministry of the Environment and Spatial planning) to organize and manage implementation activities, but also in unavailability of regularly monitored data for indicators. An initiative, worth mentioning was Attract-SEE project (2012- 2014), where a spatial monitoring system with relevant tools, titled ‘Common Territorial Monitoring Framework’ was designated.
Comprehensive environmental impact assessment
Institute of “comprehensive environmental impact assessment” (EIA) was on EU territory introduced in year 2001 with the Directive 2001/42/EC, which was transposed into Slovenian legislation by Environmental Protection Act in year 2004. The purpose of the strategic EIA is to prevent or at least significantly reduce activities, which may have significant adverse effects on the environment and protected areas in order to realize the principles of sustainable development, comprehensiveness and prevention. Comprehensive EIA aims to ensure a high level of environmental protection and contribution to the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans, strategies and programs. Although, formally used as strategic evaluation, the comprehensive EIA serves primarily for evaluation of statements of investors in the implementation of plans and compliance with environmental acquis. The strategic assessment should be directed towards optimization of plans/strategies in planning process, which is not the case with cEIA.
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A2.6 Territorial Profile (Vorarlberg)
Partner: Regional development Vorarlberg (Regio-V). Comptences: Association of municipalities and expert organizations in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg focusing on a low- carbon economy.
OVERVIEW
Key Characteristics of the territory (NUTS 2 level)
Vorarlberg is in the center of the EUSALP area and the westernmost province (state) of Austria. It’s a NUTS 2 region (AT34) with 2 NUTS 3 regions. It has the second-smallest Figure A2.6-1 Bavaria and the rest of Austria. area after Vienna, and although it has the second-smallest population, it also has the second-highest population density (also after Vienna). It borders three countries: Germany (Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg via Lake of Constance), Switzerland (Grisons and St. Gallen) and Liechtenstein.
The economic centre of Vorarlberg is concentrated around the Rhine Valley-Walgau metropolitan area. This is where the state’s major cities can be found, beginning with the state capital of Bregenz and continuing to Dornbirn, Hohenems, Feldkirch and finally Bludenz.
The capital of Vorarlberg is Bregenz (29,500 inhabitants), although Dornbirn (48,700 inhabitants) and Feldkirch (33,000 inhabitants) have larger populations. Vorarlberg is also the only state in Austria where the local dialect is not Austro-Bavarian, but rather an Alemannic dialect; it therefore has much more in common culturally with its Alemannic-speaking neighbours Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Swabia than with
Vorarlberg is almost completely mountainous. It has a Germanic Alpine culture, quite different from the rest of Austria, and has been nicknamed the ‘Ländle’ meaning ‘tiny province’. The only Austrian state that shares a border with Vorarlberg is Tyrol to the east.
Vorarlberg is on one hand surrounded by the majestic Alpine regions, on the other hand there is a dynamic four-country- region at Lake of Constance. This creates a unique blend of urban life and natural simplicity. It covers a total area: 2,601 km² out of which urban and metropolitan area covers 780 km² and rural area 1,820 km². The population account for 390,000 inhabitants the average density is 149 inhabitants/km² with a density in metropolitan area of 353 inhabitants/km²
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and a density rural area: 43 inhabitants/km². The number of employees is 161,000. Its political structure includes 96 municipalities, 5 cities, 4 districts. The Capital city is Bregenz.
The metropolitan area (which covers 30 % of Vorarlberg’s area) differs considerably from the rural areas which cover 70 % of Vorarlberg’s area. The rural area is composed of the lateral valleys and the pre-alpine areas with topographically disadvantaged areas.
The great differences of the areas are a challenge for the rural areas. On one hand, the proximity to the agglomerations is a big chance. On the other hand, big efforts are needed to maintain the socio-economic balance and employments on a small scale. The out-migration pressure and the share of commuters are high among the working population in the rural areas. In the tourism sector, the rural areas can score with alpine winter tourism and with free time and hiking tourism in summer. The challenge here will be to implement authentic offers which are in balance with nature and cultural landscapes. Cooperation between agriculture and tourism plays a major role in this context. The rural areas have a big potential as local recreation areas.
Vorarlberg has about 388,711 (2017) inhabitants. The majority (86%) of residents are of Austrian-Germanic stock with a cultural connection with Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west and Germany to the north. With a density of 149 people per km² Vorarlberg has a relatively high density (second highest in Austria, behind Vienna). Due to healthy industry in the past and present, Vorarlberg has relatively high immigration, but also struggles with out-migration in rural areas. In the rural areas within the last 10 years the population has increased only by 0.17 %. In the same time period the population has decreased in the valleys of Brandnertal (-6.2%), Klostertal (-4.2%), Großes Walsertal (-3.8%), and Montafon (-3.2%). In the same time period, population has increased in the valleys of Bregenzerwald (2.4%) and Leiblachtal (2.0%, tendency increasing). In comparison, in the agglomerations in the Rhine valley the population has increased by 7.4 %. The dynamic growth in the agglomerations is due to the increase of population from the valleys and from other countries. Due to continued immigrations from other countries, the percentage of foreign population in Vorarlberg today is much above the national average (Vorarlberg: 12.6 %, Austria: 9.7 %, Switzerland: 23 %). Immigrants mainly settle in the agglomerations. The Rhine Valley is the second most densely populated region in Austria, right behind Vienna. Unlike the mono-centric structure of a large city, Vorarlberg’s city centres are spread across the region, thus creating a large metropolitan area with seamless borders to Switzerland and Germany. With a ratio of 23 % of inhabitants younger than 20 years, Vorarlberg easily surpasses the Austrian average of 20 % and is home to the youngest population nationwide. 78% of the population is Roman Catholic, which puts Vorarlberg in line with the national Austrian average of 73.6%. The second-largest denomination, with a share of 8.4%, is Islam. 7,817 (or 2.2%) of Vorarlberg's inhabitants are Protestants.
Vorarlberg has good road connections towards Germany and Switzerland (north and west). High mountains are located in the south towards Italy and in the east towards Tyrol. The Arlberg tunnel in the south-east of Vorarlberg therefore is an important connection to Tyrol. In the Rhine Valley the cities are well connected by train and roads and the valleys are well connected by roads and bus. The public transport in Vorarlberg has been developed intensively and has reached a high service quality. There is no TEN-T corridor going through Vorarlberg. The closest is in Innsbruck, which is about 1.5 h drive (respectively about 2 h by train) distanced. There is no airport for travel-flights in Vorarlberg. The closest airports in Germany are in Friedrichshafen (0.5 h drive) and in Memmingen (1 h drive). The airport in Zurich (Switzerland) as well as the airport in Innsbruck (Tyrol) is 1.5 h drive distanced.
Vorarlberg’s economy is just as diverse as its landscape. A wide range of industries and regional value chains working by international standards are characteristic business drivers here. This versatility gives the region its flexibility in responding to changing demands within the marketplace and its international reputation for resilience. Around 60 % of goods and services from Vorarlberg are sold to foreign countries, making Vorarlberg Austria’s export champion. In comparison, the
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export rate for all of Austria is 42 %. The main trade partner is Germany, but goods are also predominantly exported to Switzerland, Italy, Great Britain, Liechtenstein and France.
Table A2.6-1 Economic Structure Source of data: Wirtschaftsbericht Vorarlberg 2016 Economic structure unit value
Start-ups number/year 1247
Added value in Mio€ 13.417.-
Added value per inhabitant €/inhabitant 41.500.-
Production of material goods Mio€ 12.533.-
Production of material goods per inhabitant €/ inhabitant 30.231.-
Industrial production Mio€ 7.779.-
Building construction Mio. € 611.-
Manufacturing Mio. € 2.598.-
Overnight stays Summer and winter 8.804.117
Exports Mio. € 9.510
Nominal added value
Primary sector Mio€ 82.-
Secondary sector
Production of goods Mio€ 3.859.-
Construction Mio€ 883.-
Energy and water Mio€ 460.-
Tertiary sector
Trade and maintenance Mio€ 1.361.-
Reparations of vehicles, transport and storage Mio€ 726.-
Lodging and restaurants Mio€ 944.-
Information and communication Mio€ 172.-
Banks and insurances Mio€ 587.-
Properties and housing Mio€ 1.305.-
Manufacturing
Producing sector Mio€ 12.533.-
Production of goods including mining Mio€ 10.119.-
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Energy provision Mio€ 586.-
Provision with water, waste water management Mio€ 428.-
Construction Mio€ 1.399.-
Industrial production without construction
Food, drinks Mio€ 942.-
Textile, clothes Mio€ 606.-
Wood processing Mio€ 229.-
Paper and paper processing Mio€ 343.-
Chem. industry Mio€ 247.-
Machine processing and metal processing Mio€ 3.704.-
Electric and electronic Mio€ 1.330.-
Provision of gas and heat Mio€ 20.-
Industrial production per inhabitant €/inhabitant 20.415.-
Goods manufacturing per employee and year €/employee/year 170.800.-
Economic growth (2014) % 3,8%
Real GDP per capita €/capita 41.680.-
export rate per capita €/ capita 25.147.-
Further economic key numbers
Trainees number/year 7.111
Start-ups number 1.247
Number of jobs number 156.506
With regard to Agriculture, due to its topography, the rural space is characterized by mountain farms and an agriculture at three levels. The major part is grassland management, the share of arable farming is much lower. The direct marketing of agricultural products has increased in the past years. Thanks to EU funding programs production has been diversified.
High quality drinking water and the Rhine delta at the Lake of Constance are, besides the mountains, high valuable natural resources. Due to the mountains and the natural cultural landscape, many people choose Vorarlberg as their holiday destination – skiing in winter, hiking in summer.
Key Documents related to territorial development
The Key strategic documents with regard to low carbon territories in Vorarlberg are:
• The 2002 Austrian strategy for sustainable development (ASSD): The ASSD is a strategy with a common frame and common principles for the federal government (Austria) and its states.
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• Energy autonomy Vorarlberg (EAV): The EAV is a strategy in which targets, concerning sustainable use of space, among others, were set – focusing on higher density in housing and good connection to the public transport system.
Key Territorial Development Challenges and Opportunities The key territorial development challenges that the aforementioned key policy documents sought to address were:
Challenges addressed by ASSD:
• Climate change • Unsustainable consumption of resources • Decreasing diversity of species • Illnesses due to pollution and unhealthy lifestyles Challenges addressed by EAV: • Low independence from energy price developments • Low independence from fossil fuels • Climate change Furthermore although they are not directly addressed by the aforementioned key documents, the following “newer” challenges are currently being politically discussed in Vorarlberg:
• Unused dedicated building land: pressure on settlement frontier and farm land is rising and dedicated building area stays unused due to rising prices (hoarding). • Usage of building land (density): Due to decreasing farm land and therefore decreasing self-sufficiency basis, building land should be used more efficiently. Various “sub-challenges” arise with this challenge (apartment house vs. single- family house, free area, industry etc.)Shrinking population in rural areas: Some rural areas struggle with out-migration and therefore need subsidies for preservation or setup of infrastructure or services (families and enterprises).
Key Territorial Policy Orientations and Objectives
The territorial policy orientations and objectives can be identified through an analysis of the aforementioned key policy documents. In the main the key objectives of territorial policies listed before are:
In the ASSD, the territorial key objectives are
• Protect environmental media and climate protection • Preserve Diversity of species and landscape • Responsible usage of territory and regional development • Shape mobility sustainable • Optimize traffic systems In the EAV, the territorial key objectives are • Ideal accessibility in a high-quality living space at low energy input and small negative environmental impact • Developing space structures, which are made for motorized private transport, towards structures with short ways and for environmental friendly traffic; • Change in mobility behaviour by stimuli and information campaign The EAV strategy contains the “101 grandchild-compliant measures”. 27 of these 101 measures are assigned to the chapter “Mobility and Spatial planning”. The following listed measures cover largely the 27 measures and their action fields in a shortened form:
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• Extend the spatial planning targets written in the spatial planning law by: sustainable dealing with energy, environmental friendly mobility (walkways, bicycle, public transport), short ways, valuable densification in municipality centres, concentration of settlement areas at public traffic hubs. • Start Initiatives by the state and municipalities to communicate cost transparency of traffic. • Expansion of public transport services (train, bus). • Revise policies and planning guidelines to create bindingness for regional energy spatial planning. • Park space management for traffic intensive facilities, as far as legally possible. • Adapt residential building subsidies towards a higher focus on total energy demand and mobility aspects. • Educate children on environmental friendly and healthy mobility. • Checking legal options for car-free settlement areas
Current Use of Spatial Data and Indicators
With regard to the Austrian strategy for sustainable development: ÖSTRAT – Österr. Strategie Nachhaltige Entwicklung, the strategy paper is a commitment of the single states to the strategy of the federal level consisting of 20 guide-targets. Out of this strategy a monitoring of sustainable development was started using an external evaluation system called “MONE” (Monitoring nachhaltiger Entwicklung). MONE consists of 20 guide-targets and 47 guide-target-indicators assigned to 4 “action fields”:
• Quality of life in Austria • Austria as a dynamic economic location • Austria as living space • Austria’s responsibility A platform for the communication of sustainable development was created: www.nachhaltigkeit.at where the periodic (2 years) report of MONE is published. In ÖSTRAT a report cycle of two years (“adapted” to / same as the EU sustainability strategy), beginning with 2011, is targeted. Reporting the reached goals and the measures set for the next cycle – Monitoring, Evaluation. “MONE” the name of the monitoring of sustainable development
The two basic issues included in MONE are human and environment (leading to a 2-spheres model): These two issues have many categories:
• Under the issue human are 14 categories: intra- and intergenerational equity/fairness, international fairness, freedom, peace and safety, governance and participation, health and wellbeing, diet, wealth, work, free time, living and settlement space, mobility, culture and art, education and research • Under the issue environment are 11 categories: climate, air, UV-radiation, ionized radiation, energy and material flow, landscape, eco-systems, water, soil, toxic and environmental harming substances, noise
The categories have at least one (up to two) “headline-indicators”. Only one category has no headline-indicator (ionized radiation). The categories can have more indicators though: most categories have 3 more indicators (additionally to the headline-indicator).
With regard to the Energy autonomy Vorarlberg - Energieautonomie Vorarlberg (EAV), the focus is mainly on mobility an issue that has a significant impact on spatial planning. The targets to be reached by 2020 combined with indicators are as follows:
• 5% more of the short to medium distance motorcar-ways (0-10 km) are being done by bicycles (in 2008 15 % of the short to medium motorcar-ways were done by bicycles. So the target for 2020 is to raise that to 20%)
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• 3 % more of the medium to long distance motorcar-ways (5-50 km) are being done by bus and train (2008 the share was 15 %. So the target value is 18 %)
• 5 % of the cars are electric cars
• the energy consumption per person-km of the public transport fleet (all the vehicles of the public transport system) is getting better by 6 % in compare to 2009.
• Goods traffic: The share of rail goods traffic of destination- and source-traffic is rising from 22 to 30 % and of transit traffic from 19 to 27 %.
Area dedication plan managed by municipality-authorities and the spatial planning division Vorarlberg. Vorarlberg GIS (VoGIS) accessible to everybody.
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A2.7 Territorial Profile (Oberbayern/Upper Bavaria)
Partner: Munich University of Applied Sciences – Competences: MUAS has competence and experiences in sustainable buildings and districts. (PP8)
OVERVIEW
Key Characteristics of the territory (NUTS 2 level)
Upper Bavaria region is located in the north of EUSALP area. It’s the southern portion of Bavaria, and it’s territory is centred on the city of Munich, both the state capital and the seat of the district government. It is subdivided into four planning regions (Planungsverband): 10 Ingolstadt, 14 Munich, 17 Bayerisches Oberland (Bavarian Highland), and 18 Südostoberbayern (South East Upper Bavaria) 69 .
Figure 2.7-1 Upper Bavaria covers twenty rural districts and three urban districts
It is named 'Upper Bavaria' because the land is higher above sea level than the rest of Bavaria. 70 The governmental district of Upper Bavaria covers twenty rural districts (Landkreise) and three urban districts (kreisfreie Städte) – towns which are administrative districts in their own right. 71 They are Ingolstadt, Munich and Rosenheim. It has a total area of 17.530 km², a total population (2010) of 4.373.588 inhabitants with an average density of 262 inhabitants/km 2 (Munich: 518
69 www.regierung.oberbayern.bayern.de/imperia/md/images/regob/internet/allgemein/regierungsbezirke_400x413.jpg 70 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Bavaria 71 www.regierung.oberbayern.bayern.de/englisch/
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inhabitants/km 2, Region Bavarian Highland 112 inhabitants/km 2)72 . The Upper Bavarian infrastructure system is based on airports, train and a good road transportation network. Munich International Airport is among Europe’s top ten with an annual passenger’s number of 42.261.309 in 2016. 73 The railroad is part of the national and international network and is supplemented by regional train and bus services (Regionalverkehr Oberbayern, Werdenfelsbahn, Bayerische Oberlandbahn). Following highways are connecting Upper Bavaria: A8, A9, A93, A92, A94, A95 and A96. From there a highly built-out network out of federal highways, state roads and municipal roads connect all communities. Its economic profile at a glance 74 can be described as follow:
• Export quota: Almost 60 percent
• Throughout Europe, the seventh highest gross domestic product per capita: Approximately 160 percent of the EU average
• Approximately 20 percent of the population are graduates or have a higher qualification
• Germany’s leading high-tech location (4,000 high-tech companies alone in and around Munich)
• Germany’s second most important financial center, Europe’s most important insurance location
• Biotech (top cluster Martinsried)
• Aeronautics (GATE Galileo Test and Development Environment in Berchtesgarden)
• Chemical triangle near Burghausen
• Germany’s leading location for the Media and Movie industry
• Food, Beverage and Tobacco industry
All this economic profile is based on and accompanied by research and innovation:
• four universities, four universities of applied sciences
• twelve Max Planck institutes for fundamental research
• five Fraunhofer institutes of applied research
• German Aerospace Center in Oberpfaffenhofen
With regard to its natural and landscape resources and qualities in Upper Bavaria there are 133 nature conservation areas, 248 protected landscapes, 148 Special Areas of Conservation, 27 EU-protected bird areas, and at least 580 geotops (August 2016). The biggest nature conservation area is the Ammergauer Alps. 75 Examples for protected landscapes are some road sections of the German Alpine Road, which is called the Bundesstraße/federal highway 305. Some of those sections are protected and listed under category V of the protected area categories by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. One of these section in the landscape between Ruhpolding and Inzell with a protected area of 15.52 km².
72 https://www.regierung.oberbayern.bayern.de/oberbayern/zahlen/02762/index.php 73 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe 74 https://www.invest-in-bavaria.com/en/info-centre/interactive-map/districts.html 75 https://www.lfu.bayern.de/natur/schutzgebiete/schutzgebietslisten/doc/nsg_oberbayern.pdf
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The district government of Upper Bavaria (Regierung von Oberbayern) is an administrative authority of the Free State of Bavaria. It represents within the Bavarian administrative structure of state the central interface between the Bavarian State Ministries (Bayerische Staatsministerien) and the rural districts and urban districts of the governmental district of Upper Bavaria. Its leader is the president of the government of Upper Bavaria (Regierungspräsident), an official appointed by the Bavarian Cabinet. 76
Key Documents related to territorial development
The Regional Development Program of Bavaria / Landesentwicklungsprogramm Bayern (LEP, 2013) 77 , is base, guideline and interdisciplinary future concept of the Bavarian State Government for the spatial planning and development of Bavaria. State-wide regionally significant objectives and principles are determined in this document, which have to be respected by all public authorities and, which form the base for all further planning, like the urban land use plan. LEP divides the state into 18 regional planning unions.
Figure A2.7-1 Regional Development Programme Bavaria / Landesentwicklungsprogramm Bayern (LEP, 2013)
Upper Bavaria itself is divided into four regional planning unions:
76 http://www.regierung.oberbayern.bayern.de/englisch/ 77 https://www.landesentwicklung-bayern.de/instrumente/landesentwicklungsprogramm/landesentwicklungs-programm-bayern-lep/
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• Regionaler Planungsverband Region 18, Südostoberbayern • Regionaler Planungsverband Region 17, Oberland • Regionaler Planungsverband Region 10, Ingolstadt • Regionaler Planungsverband Region 14, München
Key Territorial Development Challenges and Opportunities
The key territorial development challenges that the Regional Development Programme Bavaria 78 sought to address were:
• Equivalence and Sustainability • Demographic change • Climate change • Competitiveness • Reducing land consumption • Inner for Outer Development • Avoiding urban sprawl • Change in the energy infrastructure The rural Alpine Space is mentioned in an extra chapter, explaining the challenges of development, order and protection the Alpine Space. The diversity, character and beauty of the landscape, as well as wild living flora and fauna have to be protected and its connections conserved.
Figure A2.7-2 Alpine map of the Regional Development Programme Bavaria
78 https://www.landesentwicklung- bayern.de/fileadmin/user_upload/landesentwicklung/Dokumente_und_Cover/Instrumente/LEP_08_2013/Anhang_3_- _Alpenplan_100000_3_kl.pdf
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Its function as international space for living, recreation, economy and transportation has to be perceived under adherence of its importance as space for nature and culture of European importance. Potential Alpine risks have to be minimized.
The forests and their protection function, as well as the maintenance of the cultural landscape have to be protected by agriculture and forestry. Mountain pasture and alps need to be renovated and tapped, as long as ecologically acceptable.
Key Territorial Policy Orientations and Objectives
The Regional Development Program represents the most important instrument to implement the key objective of the Bavarian development policies:
The conservation and creation of equivalent living and working conditions in all regions of the State. (In German: Die Erhaltung und Schaffung gleichwertiger Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen in allen Landesteilen)
This is also part of the Bavarian Constitution, Art. 3 (2) „ 2Er fördert und sichert gleichwertige Lebensverhältnisse und Arbeitsbedingungen in ganz Bayern, in Stadt und Land.“ 79
This means the state develops and protects equivalent living and working conditions all over Bavaria, in urban and rural areas.
In the preamble of the Regional Development Program a guiding principle “Vision Bayern 2025” focuses on following points:
• Equivalent living and working conditions in all regions • Attractive space for living and working in all regions • Spatially balanced and polycentric development • Nationwide high-performance transportation infrastructure • Climate protection and climate adaptation provisions • Sustainable and high-performance energy infrastructure • Diverse regions, cities, villages and landscape • Moderate land consumption
These key territorial policy orientations and objectives are achieved through the following measures:
• Equivalent living and working conditions in all regions To achieve this goal a nationwide net of amenities, services, childcare, schools, universities, hospitals, culture- und sport facilities has to be established, which is reachable by an appropriate time distance from the surrounding region. • Attractive space for living and working in all regions To balance the disadvantages of structural weak regions, the measure is to bring qualified jobs to the inhabitants and especially to develop contemporary information- und communication infrastructures. • Spatially balanced and polycentric development
79 http://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/BayVerf-3
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This can be reached by a balanced economical structure in all regions and a strengthening of the middle class. An important focus is set on attractive economic- und supply cores, especially in rural areas. This helps also to minimize the population pressure on agglomeration areas, like Munich. • Nationwide high-performance transportation infrastructure To reach this goal Bavaria tries to integrate the own transportation infrastructure best possible in the national and trans-European network, but also to improve the connectivity of peripheral regions and the public transport performance. • Climate protection and climate adaptation provisions To achieve this objective the use of renewable energy technology will be increased, but also development and connection structures of settlements minimized. Forests and wetlands have to be kept as CO 2 storages. • Sustainable and high-performance energy infrastructure This can be reached by generating a sustainable energy infrastructure, which respects ecological and cultural aspects, as well as the interests of the population. A climate friendly mix of renewable and conventional energy resources is the aim. Profit of the production of renewable energy will be kept as regional value in the rural areas. • Diverse regions, cities, villages and landscape It is meant to conserve the diversity of Bavaria, by protection agglomerations and rural areas as independent working and living space. The need that comes up with globalization, for regional identity and homeland (Heimat) has to be taken into account. • Moderate land consumption Compact settlements, efficient networks of public transportation and cost friendly and long-term services have the be established to achieve this objective.
As explained Upper Bavaria itself is divided into four regional planning unions, which translate the above mentioned overall objectives of the Regional Development Program into the next scale by forming the linking instrument to the urban land-use plan.
The Flächennutzungsplan (FNP) / urban land use plan outlines the strategic choices of urban development, identifies the specific vocations of different areas (residential, industrial, agricultural, touristic, etc.), defines the invariants of geological, geomorphologic, hydro geological, landscape, environmental, historical and architectural nature, outlines issues and protection needs, in accordance with the objectives and guidelines laid down in the territorial planning of the upper level and the needs of the local community. Its contents and constraints have to be developed and respected by operational plans and building interventions.
Current Use of Spatial Data and Indicators
In Bavaria spatial data is provided by the Bavarian State Ministry for Finance, Regional Development and Heimat. Until a certain detail degree the data is open-source. For more detailed and vectorized data users have to pay:
• https://geoportal.bayern.de/bayernatlas/
Based on the general map, data is also available with a certain issue, like heritage protected areas and buildings, energy and environment:
• http://geoportal.bayern.de/bayernatlas-klassik • http://geoportal.bayern.de/energieatlas-karten • http://www.umweltatlas.bayern.de/
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Indicators are not used so far in the scale of regions or in the Regional Development Program. Also the Flächennutzungsplan (FNP) / urban land use plan does not include any performance indicators but it is subject to the Strategische Umweltprüfung (SUP) / Strategic Environmental Assessment as per Directive 2001/42/EC. SUP should accompany the process of definition of FNP development scenarios and it defines the monitoring system to be used during its implementation. Most of the indicators used by SUP are environmental ones, but not only. A core of common indicators is defined in relation to the objectives of sustainability. Despite some differences between SUPs on different plans (there are few unified rules for the contents of the environmental report), the indicators normally refer to the following subjects: economy and society, wildlife and biodiversity (fauna, flora), landscape, natural assets, soil and subsoil (seismic, hydro geological, anthropogenic risks, coastal erosion, mining activities), agriculture, water (water supplies, marine waters, coastal bathing, surface water, underground), air, climatic factors, energy, transport and mobility and finally waste.
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A2.8 Territorial Profile (Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur)
Partner: Envirobat BDM (EVBDM) Competences: Inter professional Association for sustainable buildings
OVERVIEW
Key Characteristics of the territory (NUTS 2 level)80
Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur is located in the south-east of France and in the south-west of the EUSALP area. It is bordering with the Occitanie French region in the west, with the Auvergne-Rôhne-Alpes French region in the north-west, with the Piedmont Italian region in the north-east and with the Liguria Italian region in the south-east.
PACA region has a surface area of 31 400 km². It has nearly 900 km of coastline bordering the Mediterranean Sea. To the west, the relief is relatively flat with the Rhône river and its tributaries going through. In the north and in the east, the region is made of mountains (which represent half of the territory). There, the glaciated valleys of the Hautes-Alpes culminate at 4102m high. Between the plains and the mountains, in the inner Provence, the relief is made of hills. The climate is mediterranean on the coast and mountainous inland. The region is composed of six departments and 963 municipalities. Considering that the mountain occupy half of the surface area and the high number of protected and risky zones, combined with the attractiveness of its 700 km of coastline, that explains the geographic concentration of the population: three out of four occupy one-tenth of the territory.
PACA region is the third most populated region in France with 4.9 million inhabitants, 90% are living in the three conurbations (Marseille, Nice, Toulon) or in medium cities upper than 20 000 inhabitants. PACA is the region that has had the most important demographic progression in France since 1962 (+73% against +35% for the national average). Despite high population growth, recent censuses show that the PACA region is less attractive than in the past. However the attraction has been reinforced in the Alpine departments (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and Hautes-Alpes). By 2030, the population growth should continue to slow down. If recent demographic trends persist, the region will have 5.4 million inhabitants, an average of 24,000 more every year. With the aging of the population, deaths would take precedence over births, hampering population growth. By 2030, one out of three inhabitants would be 60 or more, compared to one out of four today. Moreover, migration would become the only vehicle of growth. This is a major factor of uncertainty in estimating the regional population at this time.
The region is accessible by plane with two big airports (Nice-Côte d’Azur and Marseille Provence) which are the first and third airports after Ile-de-France and with three other smaller airports (Toulon-Hyères, Avignon-Provence, Cannes- Mandelieu). It’s accessible also by train with a high-speed line connecting Marseille to Paris in 3h30. A local railway network of 1008 km allow regional connections with a total of 64 300 users per day. Eight highways are going through the region. PACA is also an important harbour region. The port of Marseille is classified as the first of France, the second of the Mediterranean and the fourth of Europe.
Economically, the PACA region produces 7% of the national wealth .Its GDP is classified at the 3 rd national rank and at the 16 th European rank. Between 1990 and 2008, employment was dynamic. Construction, services and trade were the three drivers of employment growth. In industry, employment has declined less than elsewhere and has even stabilized
80 sources: www.regionpaca.fr; www.insee.fr)
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between 1999 and 2008. While unemployment remains structurally higher in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, the region has more resisted to the 2008 crisis. Industry, less present than in other regions, holds nevertheless an important position, with activities inherited from territory planning policies – such as refining and steel industry - and more recent activities such as aeronautics. Tourism plays a central role in the regional economy, which offers an extreme variety of destinations and activities. Logistics, finally, with Marseille, France's leading port creates regional added value and employment. The social and solidarity economy occupies a significant position in terms of employment, and a strong territorial anchorage. Nevertheless, PACA is one of the most affected regions by poverty. More than 15% of the PACA population is living under the poverty line. The gap in living standards between the richest 10% and the poorest 10% is among the highest of France. Besides, housing conditions are difficult: the region is the most expensive on the real estate plan after Île-de-France.
The territories of the region are all part of one or more large geographical complexes built around "natural" entities. There are specific stakes related to the exploitation and preservation of the resources offered by the natural environment: the river as a roadway, as water resource and energy resource; mountain as an agricultural resource, tourism, energy resource; the coastline as a contact point with the Mediterranean area, fisheries resources, tourism capital. By their nature and the stakes these territories represent ideal areas for major development infrastructures which, for nearly fifty years, have led to territorial development: development of corridors along the waterways, flood protection and hydraulic production infrastructures, major river or sea harbours, ski resorts operating "white gold", etc. They are therefore systems which support a considerable invested capital which has for a long time structured the regional physiognomy.
These large entities contain considerable ecological and environmental values, which give to the region a remarkable biodiversity and a wide variety of ecosystems and landscapes. It is often because of their ecological value that these territories are subject to pressures of usages which stress resources and weigh heavily on the qualities of space. These tensions are liable to increase with climate changes, particularly through their impact on natural resources and biodiversity and the risk of an increase in the frequency of "extreme episodes".
Faced with the various risks, it will be necessary to invent and implement new solutions of precaution and foresight, through stronger inter-territorial solidarities, and more sober consumption patterns. These changes are also opportunities for new exploitation of resources that are still not enough developed. These large geographical entities carry the resources of the next few years. Water is a considerable wealth, very present but fragile. The forest, especially in the alpine massif, is a valuable deposit of value: wood energy but also lumber. Its valorisation, the exchange circuits, the sectors remain largely to structure. The Region is a leader in the fields of market gardening and ornamental horticulture, and a major player in the fields of fruit, viticulture and sheep farming. The sea appears as an ever-renewed deposit: energy resource, food resource, source of economic activities. Wind and sun are great natural resources that the region possesses as well.
From the Mediterranean coastline to the alpine summits, via the Rhône and Durance valleys, the PACA region is characterized by a large diversity of reliefs, geological substrate and climates. Numerous protected areas are present in this region: 4 national parks (including Calanques), 7 regional parks, 5 regional nature reserves, 3 biosphere reserves and 11 nature reserves. The huge biodiversity, one of the richest in France, expressed in terms of species, habitats, ecosystems or landscapes.
Key Documents related to territorial development
The most important strategic document at a regional scale is the SRADDT. It’s a document that sets the main orientations, on a sustainable level, of the regional space’s organization for the twenty next years. Its orientations have been established with local and regional authorities and public and private stakeholders of the regional spatial planning. They have also been the subject of public discussions and have been submitted to a panel of inhabitants of the region.
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Through its objectives, this document serves as a strategic guide to the implementation of agreements between the State and the Region ( Contrat de Plan État-Région - CPER ) and for the development of European Programs ( PO ). It also serves for the implementation of tools for regional and territorial planning like DRA (Directives Régionales d’Aménagement ) and DTA (Directives Territoriales d’Aménagement ) and other sector interventions.
[In 2019, in accordance with the NOTRe1 French law, and in connection with the establishment of the new Regions, regional councils must prepare the merger of the SRADDT and other regional schemes into a single scheme, to be known as Schéma Régional d’Aménagement, de Développement Durable et d’Egalité des Territoires ( SRADDET ).]
Although the SRADDT is a non-programmatic and non-prescriptive document, the sector policies defined at the territorial scale must be compatible with its policies. As the SCOT for example, that sets at the level of several municipalities or groups of municipalities, a territorial project with the aims to bring together all the sector policies, in particular housing, mobility, commercial development, environment and landscape, the PCAET i.e. SEP (climate, air and energy policy), the PLH (housing), the PDU (transport and mobility) or the PLU/PLUi (local urban planning).Also, local authorities can set more ambitious sustainable energy policies through the TEPOS and the TEPCV scheme (positive energy territories).
Another relevant Key document with regard to the Alpine Territory is the new Interregional Massif Scheme (Schéma Interrégional de Massif - SIMA ), approved in early 2013 by the Rhône Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions.
Key Territorial Development Challenges and Opportunities
The SRADDT identifies 4 important challenges that reflect policies of the PACA region: o Equality and solidarity - By 2030: To reduce social and spatial inequalities in housing and access to resources, services and employment - What remains to be built: To reinforce the framework of the Region - Women and men who build it: To share the same objectives, to pool engineering, to rely on local democracy o Ecological and energy transition - By 2030: To develop green economy - What remains to be built: To develop a sustainable regional planning - Women and men who build it: In an eco-citizenship scheme, to trust and mobilize stakeholders o New ways for economic development - By 2030: To boost productive activity to serve employment and energetic transition - What remains to be built: To fix economic activities in the territory - Women and men who build it: To value the potential of higher education and to assist the increase of capacities of the stakeholders o Opening - By 2030: To connect to the European environment, to take up the international challenges and to become a leader region in the Mediterranean. - What remains to be built: To improve the international visibility of regional territories and to durably reinforce the efficiency of transportation systems - Women and men who build it: To count on human networks and transnational cultures With regard to the Alpine territories, since 2005, french law prescribes the elaboration of an "Interregional Massif’s Scheme"( Schéma Interrégional de Massif - SIMA ) for the alpine territories of the PACA and Rohne Alpes regions , under the auspices of a Massif Committee, an Interregional advisor authority that Coordinates planning, development and mountain protection.
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The Alpine territory has territorial specificities like its natural resources of the exceptional landscapes and heritage as well as the function of "water tower", that became vulnerable with the climate changes and the multitude of natural hazards; of the rarity of real estate (over-occupied in the valley and abandoned on the reliefs); difficulties of connecting urban centres, and access to services, particularly for the least mobile populations. The Alps are also an area of activities, of recreation in strong interdependence with the hills, the large urban areas of France and Italy. The seasonality marked with human activities is the major consequence.
This attractive and fragile environment makes the Alps a relevant area to many sectors (integrated risk management, energy, organizational innovations, etc.). The capacity for inhabitants of integration and adaptation, their kills in areas that are not widely used are a force for the potential innovation of Alpine territories. The Alpine massif must imagine a model of development that will preserve the assets of this exceptional territory, and will reinforce the career paths and living conditions, reinforcing social, territorial and economic solidarities and will use territorialized engineering in the service of the mountain territories.
Key Territorial Policy Orientations and Objectives
The multiple orientations and objectives of the SRADDT are declined on 3 different scales: regions, territories and large territories. Here is going to be developed the 3 rd scale only, focused on the Alpine territories. With regard to the Alpine territory SRADDT adopt the specific policy orientation and objectives stated by SIMA.
The new Interregional Massif Scheme (Schéma Interrégional de Massif - SIMA ), approved in early 2013 by the Rhône Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur regions, has four orientations axes and stakes for the Alps: o To ensure, over time, diversity and balance of natural resources and natural heritage Environmental quality is the true foundation of economic and demographic development of the massif. It needs implementation of conservation and protection policies, based on the development of local resources, and that integrates environmental and economic dimensions. o To consolidate and diversify the specific activities of the massif, adapting them to global changes It implies both modernization through a strong integration of technological innovations and implementation of sustainable development strategies. The emphasis here is on specific activities which feed its own dynamics without neglecting its necessary and inevitable interactions with the urban areas bordering it. Particular attention is given to social and solidarity economy, a field that is favourable to innovation, to experimentation and that is a possible lever of a policy of social inclusion. o To organize and structure the territory The territory, in its various dimensions, is now the place where impulsion, regulation and consistency functions needs to happened. At the level of the french Alps, the consolidation of the development fundamentals of the massif requires taking into account transverse stakes of sustainable transportation, services to the population and adapted governance. o To include the french Alps in their regional, cross-border and transnational environment Alpine territories have a long history, maintaining close relations with neighbouring and remote territories. Passageways have regularly crossed them. From a permanent or seasonal emigration territory, the massif became an immigration land at a very large scale. The development, in recent decades, of tourist and residential functions contributed to the strengthening of the integration of the massif in its environment. The creation of a vast European area, the whole Alps as an entity, makes it a singular and central territory. But it requires defining a positioning of the french Alps within this "Alpine Space".
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The Alpine massif is the backbone of the Euro region which brings together the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, Rhône Alpes, Acosta Valley, Piedmont and Liguria regions, with the aim of developing projects on the themes of innovation, culture, tourism, transport, training ... The creation of the Alpine macro-region , associating the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region with the other regions of the Alpine Massif, will enable cross-border and transnational cooperation through European projects with the following objectives:
V To converge in the territories: growth, competitiveness and innovation for the benefit of specific economic activities;
V To structure a policy of sustainable mobility, development of services and communication infrastructure;
V To preserve biodiversity and natural areas according to principles of sustainable management of resources.
Current Use of Spatial Data and Indicators
- Evaluation of the SRADDT
Implementation of a monitoring and evaluation system that ensure, over the long term, that the objectives set in the SRADDT are always adapted to the realities linked to the regional territory and, if it needs to be adjusted, it is in respect of the main founding principles and the major orientations of the Charter. The evaluation will have to be based on the partnership development of a shared, pragmatic and readable referential, linked to the strategic issues of the SRADDT, regarding to territories and multi-partner policies. A workshop is set annually. It will therefore be a dynamic evaluation, whose purpose is to be inscribed upstream of policies. It will encourage the development of a participatory and pluralistic evaluation of which the results and reports will be circulated, debated and followed up. It will participate in a progressive acculturation to the evaluation by disseminating the tools and practices to the political and technical stakeholders involved.
Also, the SRADDT aims to be a continuous process of "reformulation of the future". Indeed, it is clear that the hypotheses posed today might be no longer in total adequacy with the contexts and knowledge of the years separating us from 2030. To make the SRADDT, a "living" document, orientations built in 2014 will have to be reviewed in the light of the evolution of the human and territorial problems of the region.
- Datasets/indicator systems/information used to develop, monitor and evaluate objectives and policy actions at territorial scale
Numerous dataset are constantly used by authorities, maps provided by the State departments, the regional Council or other public / in house public organizations that collect, treat and present data on maps. The main ones are : CRIGE PACA, CARMEN database, BATRAME, CARTOPAS, Géorisques database, The regional Council "virtual map room" and local observatory, Air PACA, Géoportail, IGN, Banatic, ORECA, INSEE data.
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A2.9 Territorial Profile (Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein)
Partner: Liechtenstein Institute for Strategic Development (LISD). Competences: Support to private and public entities to become more resilient to climatic, energetic and economic changes.
OVERVIEW
Key Characteristics of the territory (NUTS 2 level)
The Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein is a cross-border region lying between the Alvier and the Liechtenstein Alps in the Rhine Valley, located on the eastern edge of Switzerland. It is separated from the Greater Zurich area by the Säntis mountain range. At a larger scale, it is positioned between the three major metropolitan regions of Zurich, Munich and Milan.
The Agglomeration consists of six municipalities of the Werdenberg district and the municipality of Sargans from the canton of St. Gallen comprising 215.9 km 2 of area, and all eleven municipalities of the Principality of Liechtenstein comprising 160.5 km 2 of area. Around 8% of the total area of the Agglomeration is zoned for construction, 46% for agricultural, 30% for forest and 12% for more natural areas. The traffic area accounts for 3% and the water bodies 1%. The area is characterized by loosely built development measuring 647 hectares of the total settlement area of 2,985 hectares. Abundant green space can be found in settlements. (Agglomerationsprogramm WFL 2017).
The major town centres of Buchs, Schaan and Vaduz are characterized by dense urban development, while small scale urban concentrations are typical of individual village centres. The River Rhine and the A13 motorway at the base of the valley separate the settlements, which are located on the valley slopes on either side. The typical spatial sequence along the valley consists of alternating settlement area and natural space where agricultural farmland, woodland or meadow would separate the settlements. A ladder-like settlement pattern is created by connections across the River Rhine via road, rail and pedestrian bridges.
In 2012, around 76,600 inhabitants lived in the Agglomeration, which means an average of 204 inhabitants per km 2. The population densities are predominantly low. Almost three quarters of the population live in areas with less than 50 inhabitants per hectare. The municipalities with the largest population are the town center communities of Buchs, Grabs, Schaan and Vaduz, where around 37% or 28,700 people live. The three smallest communities: Planken, Gamprin-Bendern and Schellenberg, on the other hand, account for only 4% of the entire population. The average of all municipalities is 22 inhabitants per hectare, in comparison with the rest of the Rhine Valley which hosts 29 inhabitants per hectare. (Agglomerationsprogramm WFL 2017).
The Agglomeration lies at the intersection of very significant European transport links in the north-south and east-west direction. However the travel distances to the metropolitan centres are relatively large: one hour to Zurich, three to Munich, and four to Milan. Thus, in comparison to other competing regions, Werdenberg-Liechtenstein is a peripheral region.
The road network is dominated by the north-south axis of the A13 motorway, the central traffic artery of the Agglomeration. It relieves traffic from the towns and their secondary local road networks on the east and west sides of the valley. Car ownership is high with 750 cars per 1,000 inhabitants in Liechtenstein, and 471 cars per 1,000 inhabitants in the Swiss municipalities. Between Werdenberg and Liechtenstein, around 57,000 people commute daily for work and leisure purposes. Spikes in the traffic load occur at the River Rhine crossings. (Agglomerationsprogramm WFL 2017).
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The Buchs train station is the most important transport interchange point where Intercity high speed trains connect the area with the major cities of Zurich, Munich and Vienna. Local and regional bus routes provide sufficient connections to local and regional transit bus and railway hubs. The Werdenberger and Liechtensteiner public transport networks operate virtually autonomously but are linked at Buchs and Sargans. A number of peripherally located settlements in the Agglomeration are however not serviced by public transport.
Besides 115 km of cantonal and 80 km of regional roads, there are also 97 km of local cycle routes. Dense network of hiking trails and mountain bike trails can be found in the mountain and hillside areas. (Agglomerationsprogramm WFL 2017).
The Agglomeration owes its regional economic success to the state of Liechtenstein, which due to its location as a sovereign state, plays the role of a private economic operator. This benefits the Agglomeration as a whole. On the other hand, Liechtenstein is closely intertwined with the Werdenberg and thus also depends on the economic activities of its neighbour.
In a region considered to be largely rural, only 2.6% of the workforce account for the primary sector of agriculture. More than 55% of the workforce is employed in the service sector and 42% in the industry sector. The average employment density is 13.5 employees per hectare. Densities of more than 150 employees per hectare are reached in some areas. The largest workplace concentrations can be found in Vaduz, Schaan and Buchs, which accommodate 45% of the workforce. The three smallest municipalities of Planken, Schellenberg and Triesenberg, on the other hand, only account for 2% of jobs. (Agglomerationsprogramm WFL 2017).
The natural space accounts for roughly 87% of the total area. Its high biodiversity and its varied structure contribute significantly to the quality of life in the region.  There is a large number of preserved and protected natural zones, some of which have cantonal, national or supra-regional importance. The zones are divided with different usage restrictions according to the sensitivity of the natural habitats, and the animal and plant species populating them. The most important national protection zones concern water areas, biotopes and local fauna and flora areas in form of species- specific protected areas and reserves. Important linear elements include waterways and wild animal corridors.
One of the strengths of the Agglomeration is its diverse natural spaces, the landscape of which is characterized by three climatic altitudes: the hill-side terrain where fruit trees and vines are grown, the mountainous areas of mixed, deciduous and coniferous forest, and the Alpine heights of rocky outcrops and wild meadows. The dominant landscape elements in the mountain and hillside areas are the mountain peaks, rocks, forests, meadows and pastures. In the valleys, meadows and forests are separated with agricultural crops. At the base of the valley where the river flows, nature is much more dominated due largely to the impact of the Rhine regulations of 1886. Important local recreational areas can be found in the valley floodplains and waterway areas. (Agglomerationsprogramm WFL 2017).
Another important characteristic of the territory is cross-border commuter traffic and cross-sector traffic which contribute to the highly networked nature of the region. More than 33,000 people living in the Agglomeration cross the municipal and national boundaries daily to reach their place of work. Over 16,000 commute within Liechtenstein, around 12,000 within Werdenberg. In Liechtenstein, the inflows from neighbouring countries are much larger than the flows between the individual Liechtenstein municipalities. 4'100 commuters travel from Werdenberg to Liechtenstein and an estimated 800 in the opposite direction. Only a total of 1,400 Liechtensteiners work in Switzerland. As a result, the inland commuters from Werdenberg and Liechtenstein place a double burden on transitions across the Rhine - on their entry and exit from the A13. This entails traffic congestion and environmental pollution. (Agglomerationsprogramm WFL 2017).
Key Documents related to territorial development
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The key strategic documents related to territorial/spatial planning for Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein include, from the national to the local:
• Swiss Federal Spatial Planning Act ( Raumplanungsgesetz - RPG) • Plan of the Canton of St. Gallen ( Kanton St. Gallen Richtplan ) • Alpine Rhine Development Concept ( Entwicklungskonzept Alpenrhein - EKA) • Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein program ( Agglomerationsprogramm WFL ) • Mobility Concept Liechtenstein ( Mobilitätskonzept Liechtenstein ) • Liechtenstein Construction Act ( Baugesetz ) • Country plan of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Landesrichtplan ) • Municipal zoning and building plan ( Zonenplan, Richtplan, Bauordnung ) • Municipal integrated energy plan or concept (Energierichtplan, Energiekonzept )
Key Territorial Development Challenges and Opportunities
The key territorial development challenges that the key policy documents sought to address are as follows:
• Swiss Federal Spatial Planning Act ( Raumplanungsgesetz - RPG): The Act addresses such challenges as: the decreasing amount of areas suitable for new settlement; the continuing growth in urbanization; the increasing amount of land-use pressure caused by a highly developed economy and high standards of living; and the mounting need for environmental and landscape protection especially with regards to tourism, which relies greatly on a well-preserved environment (Muggli 2014). The Act is pertinent for both Alpine and rural areas.
• Plan of the Canton of St. Gallen ( Kanton St. Gallen Richtplan ): The plan focuses on reducing the imbalances in economic and living conditions of the Canton of St. Gallen in comparison to other regions of Switzerland; protecting the soil, air, water and landscape conditions; managing the continuing competition among economic and residential locations; making use of regional potentials; and governing the sustainable development of space that is ecologically harmonized (Kanton St. Gallen 2003). The plan impacts Alpine and rural areas.
• Alpine Rhine Development Concept ( Entwicklungskonzept Alpenrhein - EKA): The concept addresses issues pertinent to the Alpine Rhine valley in relation to the impact of urban development on water quality and regional hydrology; the protection against floods and natural hazards; the maintenance or restoration of near-natural water systems; the minimization of damage during extreme natural events; and the harmonization of land uses with regards to groundwater, ecology and recreation (Zukunft Alpenrhein 2017). The concept relates directly to the hydrology of the Alpine and rural areas.
• Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein program ( Agglomerationsprogramm WFL ): The challenges relate to the area’s position as a highly networked region, in particular to tackle growing commuter and cross-sector traffic, increasing settlement development, and rising pressures on landscape protection (Agglomerationsprogramm WFL 2017). The program applies to both the Alpine and rural areas.
• Mobility Concept Liechtenstein ( Mobilitätskonzept Liechtenstein ): The concept addresses the regional problem of road network overloading, cross-border commuter traffic, and cross-sector traffic (LLV 2016).
• Liechtenstein Construction Act ( Baugesetz ): The Act addresses the challenge of reducing the Principality’s energy consumption through energy efficiency and conservation requirements in building development, as well as
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reducing material consumption through rules governing waste in the construction sector (UNFCCC 2002). The Act impacts settlement development in the Alpine area in particular.
• Country plan of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Landesrichtplan ): The issues addressed include coordinating sector land-use competition by making visible the conflicts of use in the different areas for settlement, agriculture, nature and landscape, transport and supply and disposal, and in doing so help encourage more efficient and sustainable forms of spatial development (LLV 2017a). The plan encapsulates the Alpine and rural areas.
• Municipal zoning and building plans ( Zonenplan, Nutzungsplan, Gemeinderichtplan, Bauordnung ): The plans deal with unsustainable and conflicting land use development and land ownership-related inequalities by governing the legally permissible use of land according to type and density, as well as resource and energy conservation in local development by specifying energy standards in building construction (Brunhart and Dumieński 2015). Geographically, the plans apply to any development in the Alpine and rural areas.
• Municipal integrated energy plan ( Energierichtplan ): The plan address energy consumption and energy generation challenges within a municipal area, in particular expanding the use and production of renewable
energy sources, reducing energy consumption, increasing energy efficiency, and reducing CO 2 emissions. This is in form of energy conservation in the construction and maintenance of local buildings; production of renewable energy on municipal land, roof-tops and façades; and construction of new renewable energy installations and networks such as district CHP and heating grids. The plan is pertinent to Alpine and rural areas but specific to energy infrastructure installation.
Key Territorial Policy Orientations and Objectives
In the main, the key territorial policy orientations and objectives of the aforementioned key policy documents are:
• The economic and efficient use of limited land area for urban development, including managing the growth in urbanization.
• The protection and conservation of the natural landscape and the environment, including air, soils, water, flora and fauna.
• The realization of a desired spatial order of activities to ensure that the space-based activities are coordinated so that they contribute to achieving the set objectives related to settlement, nature and landscape, transport, services supply and waste disposal. Land use conflicts are minimized. Certain minimum requirements for the development of environmental, social and economic life are to be fulfilled.
• The implementation of sustainable development that reduces energy consumption, increases energy efficiency and expands renewable energy production all in order to reduce carbon emissions. Energy and resource conservation in urban and rural development via energy efficiency measures in local building construction and local renewable energy production.
• The implementation of sustainable development that has minimal negative impact on the natural environment with regards water, soil and landscape, and furthermore lends to the maintenance or restoration of ecological systems such as a near-natural riverine landscapes. Development would synergies land-use demands and affect improvements in groundwater, ecology and recreation.
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• The implementation of sustainable development that realizes economically attractive locations and sustainable and healthy living spaces.
• The implementation of resilient development that endures minimal damage during extreme natural disaster events and that provides the necessary protection against floods and natural hazards.
• The reduction of existing economic imbalances of the said territory with other parts of the country, by recognizing the positive characteristics and promotion of the territory.
• The support for sustainable development innovation to boost economic development.
• The coordination and management of cross-border activities to tackle urban sprawl, commuter and sector traffic, natural space discontinuity, ecosystem deterioration, flooding, and groundwater loss and contamination.
• The creation of a long-term integrated mobility strategy centred on public transport.
• The creation of a transparent, sustainable and secure spatial planning mechanisms that assists the decision- making of municipal, regional and national governments, and the planning and preparation of urban and rural development projects by builders and investors.
• The comprehensive balancing of interests between governments, the public and private sectors.
Generally the broad objectives are to be achieved by employing a spatial planning framework to structure key policy measures. This would be in form of a development roadmap which is an indicative, orientation-based, conceptual plan. The roadmap states the status of the directional planning, the presentation of the task and goals, the general principles of spatial sustainable development, the desired spatial organization of the municipality, canton or country, the guiding urban and rural development principles for targeted spaces within the territory, and the long-term planning trajectory.
The roadmap is then enacted through several spatial planning mechanisms. Coordination sheets with directives are issued by the federal, cantonal or communal authorities with the necessary explanations and arranged according to the subject areas including housing, nature and landscape, traffic, water, heat and power supply and waste disposal. Activity coordination is undertaken through cross-border inter-municipal or trans-national collaboration. (This is subject to principles agreed by the states, countries and cantons). Issue and project prioritization is defined in relation to the specific development to be aimed for and when, as well as how less urgent issues are to be addressed. Project performance evaluation is also undertaken, where the focus is on projects that are measurable and quantifiable, usually assessed against stipulated sustainable development criteria or indicators. This process often leads to the adaptation and improvement of existing measures, and/or the introduction of new projects. Sometimes it may also impact the periodic reviews of development objectives themselves.
Land-use plans are published to map the different tasks and projects to give a comprehensive overview, making also visible the possible conflicts of use, and integrate in the overall view the desired spatial development of the area, region or country. Usually, this is accompanied with objectives and guidelines as well as, with regard to implementation, formulated instructions for use in object sheets. In support of local land use or zoning plans are rules on energy conservation, energy efficiency and energy production in local building and area development practices.
The following lists the key policy measures enacted by each of the aforementioned territorial policies in order to achieve their objectives:
• Swiss Federal Spatial Planning Act (Raumplanungsgesetz - RPG): The national spatial planning law defines the principles of spatial planning and imposes a planning obligation on the cantons. This planning obligation includes the
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preparation of a cantonal plan. It serves as a planning instrument for the coordination of the territorial activities of all cantons of the Confederation and the municipalities. The Confederation makes the cantons prescribe the content and the organization of the cantonal guideline. For example, the cantons have to take into account the concepts and plans of the Confederation in addition to the directives of the neighbouring countries (and countries), the regional development concepts, and plans.
• Plan of the Canton of St. Gallen ( Kanton St. Gallen Richtplan ): The plan is used as the management instrument that guides the implementation of prescribed measures based on spatial development goals set by the Canton of St.Gallen. It ensures that the space-based activities are coordinated so that they contribute towards achieving the set objectives. The plan outlines the essential strategies in relation to space-relevant uses and projects, in the thematic areas of settlement, nature and landscape, transport, services supply and waste disposal.
• Alpine Rhine Development Concept ( Entwicklungskonzept Alpenrhein - EKA): The concept is implemented in co- operation with the International Commission on the Environment of the Alps (IRKA) and International Rhine Regulation (IRR), as well as municipalities and other organizations active in the Alpine Rhine region. Targeted research and development projects through cross-border collaboration focus on optimizing the Alpine ecosystem, habitat protection, biodiversity conservation, flood protection, and groundwater reserve protection in the Alpine Rhine.
• Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein program ( Agglomerationsprogramm WFL ): The fields of action can be broadly divided into two categories. First is for the efficient handling of traffic via a comprehensive transport concept which increases the share of public transport, road and bicycle traffic by means of supply and demand measures, and to steer efficient traffic flows. And second is for the differentiated development of settlements where a settlement and landscape concept plan would promote targeted development of suitable sites and protect landscapes from urban sprawl.
• Mobility Concept Liechtenstein ( Mobilitätskonzept Liechtenstein ): The transport policy and mobility strategy outlines the necessary structures, procedures and instruments needed to plan and realize individual measures in mobility across the country. The measures focus on four thematic areas: settlement and transport, public transport, motorized private transport, and foot and bicycle mobility (LLV 2016).
• Liechtenstein Construction Act ( Baugesetz ): The Act obliges the government of the Principality of Liechtenstein to enforce sustainable urban and rural building development rules across the country, in parallel with municipal ordinances on building and area development.
• Country plan of the Principality of Liechtenstein (Landesrichtplan ): The plan is a national sustainable development framework created by the national government to guide development and spatial planning within the thematic fields of settlement, agriculture, nature and landscape, transport and supply and disposal. It is a conceptual plan consisting of guideline texts and a guideline map. It does not dictate municipal action but instead ensures municipal autonomy in all planning activities including those related to sustainable development by providing planning recommendations.
• Municipal zoning and building plans ( Zonenplan, Richtplan, Bauordnung ): On the basis of the guidelines laid down by the cantonal map of the canton of St.Gallen or by the state ordinance plan of the Principality of Liechtenstein, the communal use plans specify the legally permissible use of the land according to type and building density. In most communities the zoning plan is in the foreground. According to the provisions of the construction laws of both sides, all municipalities in Werdenberg and Liechtenstein have drawn up municipal plans for use and zones. The categories and the area allocation are directly comparable. The municipal land use plan also works in parallel with a municipal traffic/transport plan ( Verkehrsrichtplan ) and town centre development plan ( Überbauungsplan Zentrumsgebiet ).
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• Municipal integrated energy plan or concept ( Energierichtplan, Energiekonzept ): The energy plan is an instrument employed by most of the municipalities in the Agglomeration to guide development and spatial planning in the municipality in order to increase the use and production of renewable energy sources, reduce energy consumption,
increase energy efficiency, and reduce CO 2 emissions. Each municipality develops its own energy plan, and is evaluated according to an established set of energy indicators, which is translated into regularly updated energy cadastre maps of the municipal area.
Current Use of Spatial Data and Indicators
The Principality of Liechtenstein and seven municipalities of the Swiss Canton of St. Gallen make up the Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein. Consequently two sets of sustainable development indicators are operating in parallel. However the sets demonstrate considerable overlap in terms of guiding principles and thematic indicators.
The national sustainable development indicators ( Indikatoren für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung ) of the Principality of Liechtenstein were developed to monitor the country’s progress in sustainable development. The 55 indicators are divided into ten thematic areas. These include living conditions, health, social cohesion, international cooperation, education and culture, labour, business, mobility, energy and climate as well as natural resources. The indicator system provides policy- makers with a basis for long-term policy-making, and informs the public about the long-term development towards sustainability. The MONET indicator system ( Mo nitoring Nachhaltiger Entwicklung ) of the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO) and the indicator system of the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) were the basis of the Liechtenstein set which helped formulate the evaluation criteria, the definition of indicators, and evaluation system. Today the indicator system rely on datasets provided by the national Office of Statistics, which is supported by the Office for the Environment, the Office for Foreign Affairs, the Office for Social Services, the Office for Justice, and the Office for Education. The availability of data impacts the publishing of the entire indicator set each year, whereby some results are gradually supplemented over the following years (LLV 2017b).
The Principality also sets out national environmental indicators ( Umweltindikatoren ), the results of which are also published annually. The purpose of environmental statistics is to determine the condition and the development of the environment in Liechtenstein and to compare this with the state of environmental development in Switzerland and other member states of the European Economic Area (EEA) in which Liechtenstein belongs. The environmental statistics used to evaluate the indicators are updated regularly. The datasets are provided by the Liechtenstein national Office of Statistics as well as the Swiss Federal Statistical Office (FSO). The national office derives much of its data from the Office for the Environment, the Office for Construction and Infrastructure and the Office for the Protection of the Population, as well as local data providers and the municipalities. The indicator report includes extensive maps to visualize the indicators and other statistics. Like the national sustainable development indicators, the environmental indicators are also modelled on its Swiss counterpart: the environmental indicators of the Swiss Federal Office of the Environment (FOEN). The methodology for evaluating the indicators is the same as the one used for the indicators for sustainable development. Similarly not all of the indicators are updated annually due to the availability of data, which means some indicator updates are carried out over time.
For the Swiss municipalities that make up the rest of the Agglomeration area, MONET forms the basis for sustainable development monitoring. MONET sets out 26 themes relevant to sustainable development, where each theme is expressed via 4 to 10 indicators. It uses a stock-flow model as a framework to classify indicators, which illustrates the processes relevant to sustainable development. It adopts a list of topics as a basis for classification in order to ensure that MONET is compatible with federal tasks and that the selection and production of indicators is streamlined (UNECE 2010).
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The framework is furthermore divided into five categories. These include “level indicators” that measures the degree to which the needs of society are met, “capital indicators” that gauges the capacity of social, economic and environmental assets, “input-output indicators” evaluates the reasons behind the increase or decrease in value of resources, “defining criteria indicators” measures how the capital is used sustainably, and “response indicators” which focuses on socio-political measures that can affect sustainable development (Haas, Brunvoll and Haie 2002). Like Liechtenstein’s indicator system, MONET provides information about the current situation and trends in sustainable development and to demonstrate the country’s standing in comparison with other countries. MONET is collectively implemented by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office, the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests & Landscape, and the Swiss Federal Office for Spatial Development.
Most of the municipalities that make up the Agglomeration from both countries also employ municipal energy plans or concepts ( Energierichtplan, Energiekonzept ) in order to develop future strategic orientations in the energy and environmental sectors. In particular is the focus on maximizing energy savings, energy efficiency, and optimizing the use of local energy potentials. Embedded in the binding energy plan are energy indicators to help evaluate the effectiveness of the municipal energy policies and measures. These would focus on the planning, implementation and monitoring of all energy and carbon-related activities. The indicators would relate to such aspects as building construction, heating, electricity, local renewable energy, non-renewable energy and fuel, water, mobility, population, employment, sector CO 2 emissions, 2000 watt calculation, and cost savings. Indicator evaluations are carried out by sourcing datasets provided by national or local statistical offices, local energy consultants and regional energy providers. A carbon footprint calculation per citizen for instance can be made. Often, the results are translated via an energy cadastre where municipal energy measures are mapped over the local territory. The cadastre would outline areas according to the actual state of energy saving measures, the actual state of energy supply, the preferred areas for energy planning, the energy probe map, and the thermal utilization of groundwater. Indeed, the energy plan provides not only an insight into the extent to which measures in the municipality can influence the energy budget but it also sets the basis for improving existing, and developing subsequent, municipal energy and environmental policies. The energy plan also provides a useful basis for the awarding of points as part of the Energy City program ( Energiestadt ) process in which most of the municipalities in the Agglomeration participate. The plan also encourages and makes aware land owners, builders and developers of the benefits for developing land and constructing buildings with reduced carbon footprints.
References
Agglomerationsprogramm WFL. (2017). Atlas Werdenberg-Liechtenstein . Buchs SG, Switzerland: Verein Agglomeration Werdenberg-Liechtenstein. Retrieved from http://www.agglomeration-werdenberg- liechtenstein.ch/pdf/Atlas_WFL_2012.pdf Brunhart, A., and Dumieński, Z. (2015). Economic Development and Land Issues in Liechtenstein: Historical Dynamics, Current Challenges And Suggested Fiscal Remedies . Arbeitspapiere Liechtenstein-Institut No. 49 (2015). Bendern, Liechtenstein: Liechtenstein Institute. Retrieved from http://www.liechtenstein- institut.li/contortionist/0/contortionistUniverses/397/rsc/Publikation_downloadLink/LIAP_049.pdf
Hass, J. L., F. Brunvoll and H. Hoie (2002), “Overview of Sustainable Development Indicators used by National and International Agencies”, OECD Statistics Working Papers, 2002/02, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/838562874641
IISD - International Institute for Sustainable Development (2004) Switzerland Case Study: Analysis of National Strategies for Sustainable Development . Geneva, Switzerland: International Institute for Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://www.iisd.org/pdf/2004/measure_sdsip_switzerland.pdf
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Kanton St. Gallen. (2003). Grundzüge der räumlichen Entwicklung . St. Gallen, Switzerland: Canton of St. Gallen. Retrieved from http://www.sg.ch/home/bauen__raum___umwelt/raumentwicklung/richtplanung/einleitung_richtplankarte/_jcr_conten t/Par/downloadlist/DownloadListPar/download_4.ocFile/Grundzuege_der_raeumlichenEntwicklung.pdf
LLV – Landesverwaltung Fürstentum Liechtenstein. (2016) Mobilitätskonzept Statusbericht mit Ausblick 2020 . Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Regierung des Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Retrieved from http://www.llv.li/files/abi/pdf-llv-abi- mobilitaetskonzept-statusbericht-mit-ausblick-2020.pdf
LLV – Landesverwaltung Fürstentum Liechtenstein. (2017a). Landesrichtplan. Retrieved from http://www.llv.li/#/113213?scrollto=true LLV – Landesverwaltung Fürstentum Liechtenstein. (2017b). Indikatoren für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung 2017 . Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Amt für Statistik, Landesverwaltung Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Retrieved from http://www.llv.li/files/as/indikatoren-2017-internet.pdf
LLV – Landesverwaltung Fürstentum Liechtenstein. (2017c). Umweltstatistik 2015 . Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Amt für Statistik, Landesverwaltung Fürstentum Liechtenstein. Retrieved from http://www.llv.li/files/as/umweltstatistik-2015-internet.pdf Muggli, R. (English Translation: Margaret Coffey)(2014). Spatial planning in Switzerland : a short introduction . Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Spatial Planning Association. Retrieved from http://www.vlp-aspan.ch/sites/default/files/at_en.pdf
UNFCC – United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change. (2002). Policies and measures . Bonn, Germany: UNFCC. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/pam/liepamn3.pdf
UNECE - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2001). Monet Evaluates Sustainable Development In Switzerland . Geneva, Switzerland: UNECE. Retrieved from https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/2001/10/env/wp.31.e.pdf Zukunft Alpenrhein. (2017). Zukunft Alpenrhein . Masein, Switzerland: Internationalen Regierungskommission Alpenrhein (IRKA), Internationalen Rheinregulierung (IRR). Retrieved from http://www.alpenrhein.net
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