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In the New York Bight: Causes and Consequences

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In the New York Bight: Causes and Consequences NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 410 The 1976 Ceratium tripos Bloom in the New York Bight: Causes and Consequences Thomas C. Malone May 1978 U.S . DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Richard A. Frank, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS ~Iark Brcwn, Lewi:-Calden Conservation & Ecology Center, 31 \Vhippoorwill Rd" Armonk, NY 10504 ~I:ra Chervin, Department of Biology, City College of CUNY, New York, NY 10031 ~Iyra Cohn • 'OAA ,and~' Hook Laboratory, Highlands, NJ 07732 ~hchael Dagg Oceanographic Sciences. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 WaYne Esaia., :\larine Science Research Center. State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11784 Paul Falkowski Oceanographic Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 (,hri, GarSide, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences. McKown Point. West Boothbay Harbor, MA 04575 Ste\'en Howe, Oceanographic SCience, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 .John ~lahoney, :\OAA andv Hook Laboratory. Highlands. NJ 07732 Thoma. :'Ilalone. :'Ilarine Biology, Lamont·Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades. NY 10964 Garrv :'Ilayer. :'IIESA _-ew York Bight Project, Old Biology Building, SUNY Stony Brook, NY 11794 .Joel O'Connor, :\IESA )lew York Bight Project, Old Biology Building. SUNY Stony Brook, NY 11794 Paul Olsen. ew .Jersev Department of Environmental Protection. Division of Water Resources, Trenton, NJ 08625 Ja\ O'Reilly, • 'OAA Sandy Hook Laboratory. Highlands, NJ 07732 Daniel Smith, NOAA !'.IARMAP Field Group, Narragansett Laboratory, Narragansett, HI 02882 Frank Takacs, :\ew .Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resources, Trenton, NJ flii625 .James Thomas. NOAA Sandy Hook Laboratory. Highlands. NJ 07732 Sylna Weaver, Biology Department, • ew York University, New York, NY 10023 Paul "-hite, :\'ew Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resources, Trenton, NJ 08625 The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, rec­ ommend or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publication furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales pro­ motion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves recommends or endorses any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned ' herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. 11 CONTENTS Introduction . ..... 1 Background: Phytoplankton ecology in the New York Bight 2 Water column stratification and dissolved oxygen 2 Phytoplankton productivity " . 2 Distribution of phytoplankton species ..... 3 Biology of Ceratium trip os ........... 3 Distribution of Ceratium tripos: January-September 1976 4 Time-course of the bloom .... 4 Vertical distribution . .. ... ........... 4 Horizontal distribution in the layer of maximum chlorophyll 5 Conclusions . 6 Growth and respiration of Ceratium tripos ....... 9 Suspended particulate organic matter and phytoplankton 10 Biomass in the apex .............. .. 10 Conclusions ........................ 11 Accumulation of Ceratium tripos off the New Jersey coast 11 Ceratium trip os and the oxygen minimum layer 12 Future research and monitoring 13 Acknowledgments 14 Literature cited . ... 14 Figures 1. The New York Bight: A) lower Hudson and Raritan River Estuaries, B) apex ofthe New York Bight, and C) outer New York Bight ......... ...... ................ .. .... 2 2. Temporal variations in Ceratium tripos cell density in the New York Bight from January to August 1976 .... ... .... ............................ .... ....... 4 3. Particle size frequency distributions (peak due to Ceratium tripos) from 8-km offshore of Fire Island (Long Island) .............................................. 4 4. Relative abundance of Ceratium tripos along a transect which bisects the New York Bight from the apex to the continental slope; samples were collected with a Hardy Continuous Plankton Recorder 5 5. Vertical profiles of chlorophyll concentration along a transect normal to the Long Island coast to the continental slope ............................................ 5 J 6. Distribution of chlorophyll a (p.g liter- ) across the shelf along transects originating in the apex and off the New Jersey coast (Seaside Park) and extending southeast . 6 7. Distribution of maximum Ceratium tripos cell density (cells ml-I) in the apex of the New York Bight . 7 8. Distribution of surface salinity (ppt) in the apex of the New York Bight . 7 9. Distribution of maximum chlorophyll a concentration (p.g liter-I) in the apex of the New York Bight . 8 10. Histogram of cell density across the shelf originating off Long Island and extending south to the shelf break . 8 11. Distribution of Ceratium trip os as indicated by the degree to which 0.333-J.lm mesh nets were clogged by Ceratium tripos during March 1976 . 8 12. Distribution of surface chlorophyll a (p.g liter-I) from underway fluorescence (A) and Ceratium tri- pos cell density (cells ml-I) in the chlorophyll a maximum layer (B) during 17-24 May 1976 . 9 13. Distribution of surface chlorophyll a (p.g liter-I) from under fluorescence (A) and Ceratium trip os I cell density (cells ml- ) in the chloropnyll a maximum layer (B) during 9-13 June 1976 ..... 9 14. Temporal variations in mean water column particulate organic carbon content of the apex of the New York Bight from September 1973 to April 1976 . .. 10 15. Temporal variations in the proportion of water column particulate organic carbon accounted for by phytoplankton in the apex of the New York Bight from September 1973 to April 1976 ...... 10 16. Distribution of dissolved nitrate + nitrite (p.g-at N/liter) across the shelf along a transect originat- ing in the apex of the New York Bight and extending southeast ............. ... .. 11 17. Freshwater flow (103 f/s 3 = 28 m3/s) of the Hudson River at Green Island during May and June 1976 ....................... .. 12 III Table · ........... 1~ The 1976 Ceratium tripos Bloom in the New York Bight: Causes and Consequences! THOMAS C. MALONE2 ABSTRACT An extensive bloom of the dinoflagellate Ceratium trip08 occurred throughout the New York Bight between January and July 1976. Population size peaked during April-June and declined rapidly during July. A floc consisting primarily of decaying C. triP08 cells was observed to cover the bottom during July between Sandy Hook and Atlantic City between 5 and 50 km offshore. The distribution of the floc roughly coincided both temporally and spatially with the development of a subthermocline oxygen minimum layer and extensive fish kills. Prior to the onset of thermal stratification (January-March), the C. triP08 population was uni­ formly distributed throughout the water column and was growing photosynthetically. As the water column began to stratify in April, the population aggregated in a layer 1-3 m thick near the base of the thermocline between the 0.1 and 10% light depths. If photosynthetic growth was occurring during May-June, it was at a very low rate (about 0.02 g Clm' d- iat the 1% light level). The possibility of no growth or heterotrophic growth cannot be dismissed, especially in the apex of the New York Bight and along the New Jersey coast. The C. triP08 bloom resulted in a gradual accumulation of a large quantity of particulate organic matter which did not enter pelagic food chains. Respiration of this biomass and its decay below the thermocline were probably major factors in the development of oxygen-poor bottom waters in June and July. Localization of the oxygen minimum layer off the New Jersey coast probably reflects the bottom topography of the New York Bight and the distribution of the C. triP08 biomass within the Bight. The occurrence of C. triP08 blooms per se is not unusual. The bloom was unique only in terms of the size of the population produced, its areal extent, and its duration. Because high densities of C. tripos developed throughout the New York Bight during January-March with maximum densities between cidshelf and the shelf break, it is unlikely that the bloom occurred in response to local nu­ trient enrichment (related to the disposal of domestic and industrial wastes) during the period of the bloom. However, causes of the bloom and its collapse cannot be determined, based on existing infor­ mation. INTRODUCTION oxygen mmlmum layer and associated sulfide produc­ tion apparently resulted in mass mortalities of demersal An extensive bloom of the dinoflagellate Ceratium fishes and benthic invertebrates. 4 tripos (0. F. Muller) Nitzsch developed throughout the The occurrence of the C. tripos bloom and the sub­ Middle Atlantic Bight (between lat. 36°N and lat. 41°N, sequent development of the oxygen minimum layer has and the continental shelf break) from January through led to the hypothesis that C. tripos was involved in July 1976. By late June-early July, an oxygen minimum generating the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) re­ layer «2.0 ppm) had developed below the thermocline quired to produce the oxygen minimum. In an effort to between the 20- and 40-m isobaths off the New Jersey clarify the role of C. tripos, this workshop addressed the coast from Atlantic City to Sandy Hook. 3 Local anoxic following questions: 1) What was the areal extent of the conditions were most widespread east of Barnegat Inlet bloom and the time course of its development?
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