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PUBLIC TOILETS in Delhi: an Emphasis on the Facilities for Women in Slum/Resettlement Areas PUBLIC TOILETS in Delhi: An emphasis on the facilities for Women in Slum/Resettlement Areas Shahana Sheikh CCS Working Paper No. 192 Summer Research Internship Programme 2008 Centre for Civil Society TABLE of CONTENTS TABLE of CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... 2 1. ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ 5 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................ 6 3. IT STARTED WITH AN OBSERVATION .................................................................. 7 4. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 8 5. RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...................................................................... 9 6. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 10 7. POLICIES AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL .................................................................. 11 7.1. Prior to the 1990s................................................................................................... 11 7.2. Guidelines on Community Toilets, 1995............................................................... 12 7.3. National Policy after 1995 ..................................................................................... 13 7.3.1. National Slum Development Programme (NSDP), 1996................................ 13 7.3.2. National Slum Policy (Draft), 1999-2001....................................................... 14 7.3.3. Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana’s component - Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, 2001 ................................................................................................................................... 15 7.3.4. Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP), 2005 ........................................... 16 7.3.5. Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ICLS) Scheme, 2008 ................................... 17 8. POLICIES AT THE LOCAL LEVEL.......................................................................... 19 8.1. General Background .............................................................................................. 19 8.2. Community Toilet Complexes............................................................................... 20 8.3. Public Urinals for Women ..................................................................................... 23 9. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN BUILDING and MAINTAINING PUBLIC TOILETS IN SLUM and RESETTLEMENT AREAS in DELHI ......................................................... 26 9.1. The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD)......................................................... 26 9.1.1. Norms for constructing public toilets in slum and resettlement colonies....... 26 9.1.2. Construction of public toilets in slum and resettlement areas........................ 26 9.1.3. Maintenance and Repairs of public toilets in slum and resettlement areas ... 28 9.1.4. Water and Electricity Connections ................................................................. 29 9.1.5. Labour issues .................................................................................................. 30 9.2. The Sulabh International Model for Public Toilets ............................................... 31 9.3. Relationship between the MCD and Sulabh International..................................... 33 9.4. Involvement of International Agencies.................................................................. 33 10. CASE STUDIES – A REALITY CHECK ................................................................. 34 10.1. Sanjay Colony (Field visits conducted on 1 June 2008 and 21 June 2008)......... 34 10.1.1. Present facilities............................................................................................ 34 10.1.2. Maintenance of the existing facilities ........................................................... 34 10.1.3. Women’s Perspective.................................................................................... 34 10.1.4. Community Efforts ........................................................................................ 35 10.1.5. Other issues................................................................................................... 39 10.2. Kusumpur (Field visit conducted on 4 June 2008) .............................................. 40 10.2.1. Present facilities............................................................................................ 40 10.2.2. Maintenance of the existing facilities ........................................................... 40 10.2.3. Women’s Perspective.................................................................................... 40 10.2.4. Community Efforts ........................................................................................ 41 10.2.5. Other issues................................................................................................... 42 Internship 2008, Centre for Civil Society, New Delhi 2 10.3 Basti areas in Jhilmil Colony (Field visit conducted on 26 June 2008)................ 43 10.3.1. Present facilities............................................................................................ 43 10.3.2. Maintenance of the existing facilities ........................................................... 43 10.3.3. Women’s Perspective.................................................................................... 45 10.3.4. Community Efforts ........................................................................................ 46 10.4. Bawana JJ Resettlement Colony (Field visit conducted on 10 June 2008) ......... 47 10.4.1. Present facilities............................................................................................ 47 10.4.2. Maintenance of the existing facilities ........................................................... 47 10.4.3. Women’s Perspective.................................................................................... 49 10.4.4. Community Efforts ........................................................................................ 51 10.4.5. Other issues................................................................................................... 51 10.5. Savda Ghevra JJ Resettlement Colony (Field visit conducted on 19 June 2008) 52 10.5.1. Present facilities............................................................................................ 52 10.5.2. Maintenance of the existing facilities ........................................................... 52 10.5.3. Women’s Perspective.................................................................................... 54 10.5.4. Community Efforts ........................................................................................ 55 10.5.5. Other issues................................................................................................... 55 10.6. Madanpur Khader JJ Resettlement Colony (Field visit conducted on 28 June 2008) ............................................................................................................................. 57 10.6.1. Present facilities............................................................................................ 57 10.6.2. Maintenance of the existing facilities ........................................................... 57 10.6.3. Women’s Perspective.................................................................................... 59 10.6.4. Community Efforts ........................................................................................ 59 10.6.5. Other issues................................................................................................... 60 11. DISCUSSION............................................................................................................. 62 11.1. Confusion regarding the norms............................................................................ 62 11.2. The MCD-NDMC divide..................................................................................... 63 11.3. Involvement of Private Contractors..................................................................... 64 11.4. Involvement of Sulabh International ................................................................... 65 11.5. Payment to use the CTC ...................................................................................... 65 11.6. Awareness among women on how to use a toilet................................................ 66 11.7. Cases of sexual harassment.................................................................................. 66 11.8. Limitations of the study ....................................................................................... 66 12. RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE THE SITUATION ................................... 68 12.1. Norms to be clearly defined................................................................................. 68 12.2. A focused implementation agency....................................................................... 68 12.3. Policy recommendations on whether or not public toilets should be pay and use for women ..................................................................................................................... 68 12.4. Possibility of BOT in slum and resettlement colonies......................................... 69 12.5. Awareness Camps...............................................................................................
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