n a fast growing city, the place of nature is very DELHI WITH ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS DELHI MASTER PLAN 1962 THE REGION PROTECTED FOREST Ichallenging. On one hand, it forms the core framework Based on the geology and the geomorphology, the region of the city of Delhi The first ever Master plan for an Indian city after independence based on which the city develops while on the other can be broadly divided into four parts - Kohi (hills) which comprises the hills of envisioned the city with a green infrastructure of hierarchal open REGIONAL PARK Spurs of Aravalli (known as Ridge in Delhi)—the oldest fold mountains Aravalli, Bangar (main land), Khadar (sandy alluvium) along the river Yamuna spaces which were multi functional – Regional parks, Protected DELHI hand, it faces serious challenges in the realm of urban and Dabar (low lying area/ flood plains). greens, Heritage greens, and District parks and Neighborhood CULTIVATED LAND in India—and river Yamuna—a tributary of river Ganga—are two development. The research document attempts to parks. It also included the settlement of East Delhi in its purview. HILLS, FORESTS natural features which frame the triangular alluvial region. While construct a perspective to recognize the role and value Moreover the plan also suggested various conservation measures GREENBELT there was a scattering of settlements in the region, the urban and buffer zones for the protection of river Yamuna, its flood AND A RIVER of nature in making our cities more livable. On the way, settlements of Delhi developed, more profoundly, around the eleventh plains and Ridge forest. SETTLEMENT Also available in Hindi the educational work delves on the natural history, century on the Aravalli Ridge to the south of the alluvial plain. relationship of nature with culture and lists and maps Khadar ecologically significant areas (both natural and manmade) in the A spur of the Aravalli hills enter the Delhi region Bangar city. The knowledge of the natural context will enable citizens to from present-day Gurugram in the south, and observe and analyze present day development opportunities and continue northwards, descending gradually towards the north east side, ending in concerns in a much more sensitive and balanced manner in which carvings in Decorative local stone at Qutb River Hindon conservation of city’s natural resources holds equal value. Wazirabad near the river. The vegetation Yamuna River of Ridge comprises dry and deciduous trees Shifting course which have adapted to the shallow soil and limited Najafgarh JOURNEY SO FAR of the river Drain towards East water. Some parts of the Ridge on the southern Northern Dabar Ridge East The narrative surveys the changing relationship of different side have deep alluvial basins where there is Delhi cultures with nature over twelve centuries. In a fast-growing a change in vegetation. The land flanking the Delhi river has sandy and coarse soils with shallow ground Ridge metropolis it is helpful to know the natural context while we water table while the south western side is low lying. Kohi analyze the opportunities for the conservation of natural The composite climate of the region is characterized CentralCentral RidgeRidge resources. Delhi by a dry and hot summer (March to June) and a dry Ridge 1 cold winter (October to February) interspersed by MAPPING NATURE a brief monsoon period. 0 1500 3000 6000 2 River M The map lists ecologically significant areas, both natural and Yamuna manmade - forests, river, parks, lakes and water bodies in the city. The historic character of the city comes through in the many well- conserved heritage precincts. CHANGING COURSE OF RIVER YAMUNA Leaving the hills and the plains, the river abandoned Southern This is a living project. No knowledge is exhaustive. We would appreciate readers’ Ridge its original course and urban development in the contributions about these themes and environmental concerns of the city. We encourage 19th and 20th century gradually pushed it eastwards them to write to [email protected]. We would be happy to include suggestions on to the lowest elevation leaving behind six old SERIES 2017 in future editions of the research. courses in the region. 0 2500 5000 10000
M
Floral motif inlay work in Plan of Baha’i House of marble at Red Fort JOURNEY SO FAR Worship (Lotus Temple) River Yamuna near Indraprastha Power Station 1 Sanjay Van (Southern Ridge) 2 Asola (Southern Ridge - Stone quarry) NESTLED IN THE HILLS ON RIVERFRONT CHANGING ROLES NATURE IN
Securely nestled in the Ridge, most of the earlier The eastern bank of the Yamuna river played only a peripheral role in OF NATURE A GROWING settlements – Lal Kot, Dehli-i Kuhna (Old Delhi), Siri, urban development until the 14th century. There was a sudden change in this relationship when Firuz Shah Tughlaq, the third ruler of the Tughlaq The role of the Ridge forest till late 19th century was ecological, There were drastic changes in the form of the water supply and surface drainage METROPOLIS Jahanpanah and Tughluqabad – were in the south. dynasty, laid out a vast system of canals, reservoirs, sluice and wells for productive and recreational. Parts of it were cleared to make way for systems. The traditional water harvesting system comprising wells, baolis and tanks fell the agricultural needs of his empire. His city of Firuzabad was cited on agricultural fields in the southern side. It also housed many hunting into neglect. It got totally disrupted over the years, and became defunct. Open nallahs After India’s Independence in 1947, Delhi became a The Ridge had forests, groves, orchards and grazing grounds. Level areas the bank of the Yamuna. grounds and serais – near Malcha and Palam. Firuzshah Tughulq’s turned into open sewers. Large water bodies such as the Najafgarh Jheel, the Hauz Khas refugee city with many colonies coming up to house 0 2000 5000 were cultivated into agricultural fields with the help of irrigation. There were engineering feat in the north also changed its character with people Jheel and many others, gradually dried up. The decline of the water system that had those displaced by Pakistan during Partition. It exploded into a natural streams, channels and ponds, many of which drained into the Yamuna M settling in that direction. survived for more than one millennium, had already started, never to recover again. megacity with severe stress on its natural resources. The Ridge on the east. Water-harvesting in this arid region was given due value in imperial DELHI WITH ITS ENVIRONS IN THE became prey to rampant urbanization and gradually became building projects such as tanks (Anangtal, Surajkund, Hauz-i Rani, Hauz Khaz, EARLY 17th CENTURY As imperial cities moved towards the banks of the Yamuna, the In 1863, a Municipality was constituted, with one of its responsibilities being to develop a water supply system for the city and the Civil Lines with the Yamuna as the main fragmented. Its ecology got disrupted with indiscriminate and Hauz-i Shamsi), baolis (a few – like Ugarsen ki Baoli and Gandhak ki Baoli, The expanse of most of the earlier southern Ridge suffered neglect and deforestation. It, however, was source. Water was delivered through a centralized system of distribution controlled unscientific denudation of forests. survive, but many others have since been covered over), moats around forts as in cities of Delhi – Lal Kot, Dehli-i-Kuhna, a groundwater source. In 19th century when the British came, there Tughlaqabad and Adilabad and barrages and bridges (Athpula, Satpula, Barapulla). Mehrauli, Jahapanah and Tughluqabad by the Municipality. The new water supply and drainage systems further negated the Burari was a drastic change in the character of the relationship that the Over the last few decades, except for areas like Delhi Cantonment, patches of In times of prosperity there was a self-sufficient public system of water was restricted to the southern side of role of baolis, step -wells, tanks and springs. The ‘control’ of the river took the form of the region securely nestled in the spurs authorities shared with the Ridge and the river. Ridge Protected Forest, and parts of New Delhi, the city, now increasingly denser, management. Till the 16th century, the Yamuna riverbank was not envisioned as a embankments to prevent the meandering and the constant eastward shift of the river. of Aravalli hills with Ridge forest while saw large developments in housing, commercial, institutional, healthcare and potential site for imperial capitals. Efforts were made to ensure that there was no pollution of the river near the source the later cities of Dinpanah, Firuzabad The British Civil and military ‘Lines’ were situated in the northern Ridge. The Ridge itself of water supply, with regulation of activities like bathing, washing and worship. For the infrastructure. With these benefits, came the pitfalls of conservation of natural and Shahajahanabad were sited on Western was the site of the battle to control the city. It was declared a Reserved Forest under the resources. The network of drainage channels has become an ecologically defunct Yamuna River the riverfront. The region had a variety first time in the history of Delhi, water, passing through an elaborate system of filtration, Canal Yamuna provisions of the Indian Forest Act, 1878. The main objectives were the need to ensure element of the city’s landscape. There is a decline in the level of ground water. 0 125 250 500 of topographic features such as ridges, was introduced to the city through pipes from Chandrawal, the northern site along the valleys, low and high hills, and tributaries steady supplies of timber for public works and stability of regional climatic conditions, Yamuna, followed by Wazirabad in later decades. Conversion of parts of the natural forest to parks, and unregulated mining of M (for example, one under Athpula) that water supply and soil fertility. Later, in the early twentieth century, while designing a mineralized quartzite in the south Ridge of the Aravalli (now banned by Supreme LAL KOT Shahjahanabad facilitated the creation of depressions and new capital, the Ridge became a majestic backdrop to the new city. It was afforested by Later, during the construction of New Delhi, as a capital in the 1920s, water Court) are important issues concerning these natural resources. Delhi stream corridors which were able to take Lal planting various exotic species including Prosopis juliflora, a Mexican tree now known It was one of the first capital Ridge sewage system was introduced for the first time in the city. The river Kot Anang Dehli-i-Kuhna From Firuzabad care of the surface run-off during brief Tal Najafgarh in India as vilayati (foreign) kikar, which created extensive monocultures. People living started performing multiple roles – feeding agriculture, facilitating Agricultural and pastoral land has drastically reduced. The other developments settlement of Delhi followed by the Dinpanah period of rains. Delhi’s water system Jheel walled city of the Delhi Sultans which (Purana Qila) comprised network of tanks (collection there were displaced and locals who depended on the Ridge for fuel and fodder were transport and supplying water and sewage catchment. The idea of that have affected the natural resources include resettlement colonies in parts Qutb Athpula Humanyun’s Minar was simply called Dehli or Dehli-i of rainfall), baolis and wells (tapping kept out by fences and guards. In 1920-30, a major portion of the Ridge near Delhi the British to develop the eastern side of the Yamuna, a low lying area, was of the Ridge; development of East Delhi across the Yamuna, construction on the Tomb Kuhna (old Delhi). The old city of Lal Safdarjung Nizamuddin shallow ground water) and local University was blasted to provide access to residential neighborhoods and business never abandoned in the new city planning. After the making of the Yamuna flood plains and low-lying areas; floods of ’70s and ’80s (in river Yamuna and Kot also housed Anangtal one of the Tomb Dargah catchment basins, mainly aligned premises. pushta embankment following the flood of 1955-56, east Delhi came to be Najafgarh drain); the alignment of highways; Delhi Metro Railway Line through earliest water harvesting structures. with topographical features of Ridge Mehrauli the Yamuna, Barapullah and Ridge; Akshardham Temple complex and the 2012 and not necessarily relying on the settled in a major way. Delhi Barapullah river for both water demands Commonwealth Games Village on the flood plains. Being one of the prime sources Ridge and surface drainage. 0 500 1000 2000 of water to the city, the Yamuna has been put under a lot of pressure. Siri Kirokri Cantonment M 0 250 500 1000 Palam on Ridge Jahanpanah Patparganj Pond M Dehli- i-Kuhna Walled Tughluqabad City TUGHLUQABAD Chandrawal
Baoli The grand fort with a perimeter of Mehrauli 2 to 5 mts 6.5 kilometers sits in a large plain, surrounded by a moat. During the The Western Yamuna Canal (250 km) was built to bring water from rivers Yamuna River 5 to 10 mts monsoon, the moat used to fill by water Yamuna Ghiyasuddin Moat and Sutlej, from the northern side to the agricultural fields of the region. Other water Tughluq Tomb coming from high catchment basin 10 to 20 mts structures such as a masonry dam and a nine-span bridge at Wazirabad gave a new surrounding the fort, transforming it Shahjahanabad Lal North West
Intricate design of the ceiling Tomb Humayun’s Qila into a shallow lake. This was also used meaning to water management. The imperial capital city of Firuzabad was sited to the paart of the Jaipur Column in Top Bhavan of Rashtrapati forecourt 20 to 40 mts to protect the fort and to isolate and west of the Yamuna instead of within the secure boundaries of the Ridge in the south. Jama Adilabad Masjid accentuate water system which was It had its own sources of water that included wells, step wells and tanks. This was >40 mts North East part of a grand design. Muhammad followed by Purana Qila/Dinpanah citadel (believed to be located on the site of the Delhi Shah Tughluq built his fort of Adilabad Canal early medieval settlements described as Inderpat/Indraprastha in Sanskrit inscriptions) Connaught West on the opposite hill, to the south of Shahdara Place Central Yamuna East the lake. A path above the barrage and the grand tomb of Mughal emperor, Humayun. The spiritual centre of Delhi, the Bridge connected the two forts and sluice shrine of Nizammuddin Auliya, the most revered Sufi saint (d. 1325), added another gates built into the barrage regulated dimension to areas near the riverfront. After nearly seven decades, in the mid-17th River the overflow of the lake into the river Lal South West century, Shahajahanabad, the capital city of the Mughal emperor Shahjahan, embraced Shahjahanabad Qila Yamuna Yamuna. The water was used for the Yamuna. Although the main source of water remained wells, baolies and ponds and Ridge irrigation by the peasants living to the east of the two forts and the lake. The not the river, the establishment of the capital city along the riverside was a symbolic city had built many reservoirs, kunds gesture - controlling the river, by restricting public access which regarded as a sovereign Delhi Central Vista Purana and baolis inside its fortification. It prerogative. With few small settlements now located across the river (Shahdara), the Ridge Qila had an elaborate network of dams and river was used for transporting supplies to the walled city. Bungalow Zone South sluice gates that was integral to the whole defensive scheme. Hence, over time, two prominent features of the city – the Yamuna
0 25 50 100 and Ridge – exchanged places in the siting of settlement and imperial DEPTH OF WATER TABLE ACROSS DELHI Area draining Firuzabad in the tank M spaces and the social and economic culture of the city. Humanyun’s Source: Central Ground Water Board Bulletin, 2017 Jantar Tomb Mantar HAUZ KHAS Safdarjung More than 75,000 industrial units in Delhi in residential and non-conforming Hauz Khas The vast reservoir formally called Kos Minars or Mile Pillars, medieval Road Trunk milestones along the Grand Tomb areas have resulted in air pollution. Besides its planned development, the city (Hauz-e-Ilahi) Hauz-e-Ilahi, was built by Alauddin Khalji to the west of his garrison city of has a large volume of unplanned colonies that lack basic sanitary conditions. The Siri, the third city of Medieval Delhi. Siri DELHI ENVIRONS POST 1857 LAYOUT PLAN OF NEW DELHI (1912) pressure of an ever-increasing population has adversely affected the character of met most of its water needs from streams existing open spaces in the city. Settlement Shahajahanabad, a walled city with the fort, occupied a flat piece of land between two hillocks, northern The British capital city connected river Yamuna and Delhi Ridge with the ceremonial axis. Landscape features Madrasa from the hills as well as the Hauz Khas, Ridge and another on which Jama Masjid was constructed. The entire eastern wall of the city with its fort, were important in the siting and planning of the city. The main vista was laid out on the sloping land between catchment area of which was fed by a Area draining Lal Qila, overlooked the Yamuna riverfront. In the city, the water supply system was still through Western the Ridge and river Yamuna that facilitated easy drainage. It was flanked by the symmetrical vistas of King’s in the tank number of seasonal streams from the Despite rules and regulations, the exploitative relation that Yamuna Canal (from Hissar), wells, baolis and tanks while moats running along the fort wall and along the Way (Rajpath) with the Viceregal Lodge (Rashtrapati Bhawan) on the western side, while symbolically linking surrounding Aravalli hills. The water the city gradually established with the river and the Ridge city periphery were fed by river. There was plenty of water inside the fort in the ornamental channels (Hayat the important vistas with the city of Shahjahanabad on the north and extending the composition upto the that flowed down from the Mehrauli Baksh, Nishat ) waterfalls and fountains irrigating its gardens. In the city, a system of channels (Chandni axis linking the Safdarjung tomb and Humanyun’s tomb. Based on the Garden Design pattern, the main city has persisted. There is an urgent need to rediscover the settlement also poured into Hauz Khas. Chowk) flowing through the canals that criss-crossed the streets, gardens and havelis formed the water supply comprised of a formal pattern of tree lined avenues with crossings and landscaped roundabouts intercepted by Firuz Shah’s The Tank gradually became silted and natural assets of the city, taking strong measures to save them Tomb infrastructure of the city. The river was isolated and hence didn’t feature in the imagination of the daily lives of Bungalow plots. fell into the state of disuse. It was later the residents except for few business trips of wheat grain merchants from their locality - Shahdara - which was for posterity while creating an ecologically sensitive, living restored and redeveloped by Firuz Shah across the river by Yamuna pushta. environments. Tughluq, half a century later. Hauz-e-Shamsi (Mehrauli) Ugrasen ki Baoli (Central Delhi) To Chandigarh
NH 44
Sonepat Baghpat 8 YAMUNA BIODIVERSITY PARK The park is developed as a living laboratory for reviving indigenous Rohtak plant species of the Yamuna river 3 km
Ghaziabad 3000 m basin. It acts as a conservatory of Jhajjar medicinal plants, butterfly garden, To Ghaziabad 3000 m groves, acacia woodland, wetland and To Rohtak NH 24 NH 9 3 km conservatory of fruit-yielding species,
DELHI grass lands, flood plain forests. More 0 750 1500 3000 6000 than twenty five forest communities Yamuna entering the city from north have been developed which offer Noida 8 Yamuna Biodiversity Park, Wazirabad Flood Plains of Yamuna > 1 | Near Commonwealth Village 2 | Near Nizamuddin Bridge 3 | Near Okhla METRE multiple micro-niches and habitats for a diversity of fauna.
To Mathura RIVER YAMUNA IN NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION OF DELHI NH 19 1 1 Palla Village The river enters the city of Delhi at Palla village and travels twenty six
Gurgaon NH 48 To Jaipur MAPPING kilometers before reaching Wazirabad barrage. It travels another twenty 9 GREENS AROUND MONUMENTS two kilometers to reach Okhla barrage and then travels another four Faridabad The city with its rich history is dotted kilometre before leaving Delhi at the Jaitpur village. Flood plains which are NATURE by many historic structures and DELHI & NEIGHBOURING AREAS Narela reservoirs of sub surface water and ecologically significant features of the gardens belonging to different eras. SewageTreatment Plant (STP) city display different landscape characters—sand pans, natural vegetation, The city also houses three World 10 Western Yamuna Canal was the first marshy land and agricultural parcels. pubic water structure linked to the Heritage Sites – Qutb Minar, Lal Qila river Yamuna and was built in the 14th and Humanyun’s Tomb. Most of the Due to the construction of many barrages upstream, there is no water in ECOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE AREAS century by Firuz Shah Tughlaq for protected monuments and heritage RAILWAY LINE the river during the lean periods of the year except during monsoon. This irrigation and cultivation of agricultural precincts in the city are developed Bawana affects the river ecology in an adverse manner. It is important to ensure land and the northwestern region . In as public parks and archaeological Water Treatment Mukhmelpur 2 Barapullah Nallah FORESTS Plant (WTP) freshwater flow in the river throughout the year. The practice needs to be 1830, the British constructed the East parks. Purana Qila with a zoological Northern Ridge fully regulated with a mechanism of treating this waste before letting it Yamuna Canal for a similar purpose. park in close proximity, Mehrauli Central Ridge in the river. At present more than twenty drains from the city pour their Archaeological Park, Hauz Khas with South Central Ridge Two sets of wells were dug in 1892 untreated sewage/effluents in the river at various sites. There is a strong 11 a lake and Coronation Park are note Southern Ridge and 1894 respectively at the site of need to protect the flood plains against any construction, encroachment worthy. Many parts of this zone are barren landscape devoid of any dense vegetation due to extensive Chandrawal to supply water to the and other activities. quarrying activities that have now been banned. estimated population of around two 217m lakh at the rate of 10 gallons per head In addition to these, there are few patches of protected forests in the city Rajokri, Mitraon, 2 DRAINS OF THE CITY each day. In 1898, due to increased Bhalswa Mukhmel Pur, Ghumenhera and Bawana. Many of the forested areas in the suburbs have been Lake These have become sites of garbage and sewage disposal, slums and are demand, Chandrawal became the first Jahangir converted into agricultural fields. Puri often covered for parking and recreational (Dilli Haat) purposes. Most of prime site of drawing water directly from river Yamuna where a suction Burari the city drains are ecologically defunct. There is a strong need to revive Delhi Metr them as ecologically significant infrastructure of the city’s water harvesting pump was installed to draw water, pass 10 7 GREENS AROUND MONUMENTS GREEN STRETCHES program. Scientific restoration techniques with ecologically sensitive it over the settling tanks, then through Wazirabad Coronation Park ALONG RAILWAYS underground pipes to filter belts and designs on a city scale will make them positive features of the urban scape. Rithala Yamuna Hauz Khas Monuments finally to a reservoir at Hindu Rao’s o Biodiversity Wazirabad LAKES, BIODIVERSITY PARKS, Haiderpur Bhagirathi Western YamunaWTP Canal Park Barrage WTP Humanyun’s Tomb house in Civil Lines from which it was Coronation Wazirabad MARSHY LAND & MAIN DRAINS Pillar STP Lal Qila supplied to the city. WTP Aravalli Biodiversity Park Swarn Shalimar 12 Lodi Gardens Rithala 208m Sonia Vihar Jayanti Delhi Metr Bagh WTP Asola Wildlife Sanctuary Total dependency of the city for STP Park Mehrauli Archaeological Park 12 217m Barapullah Drain water supply and drainage issues saw Purana Qila 11 Old Chandrawal Bhalswa Lake construction of a series of structures Qutb Minar Athpula Bridge (Lodi Garden) Rohini STP o Burari Drain that started during British times and Najafgarh Drain Roshanara Garden Flood Plains Hari Nagar Lake continue to be used in the present Safdarjung Tomb 4 Hauz Khas Lake day - Embankments (Eastern), Shalimar Bagh Najafgarh Drain Barrages (Tejewala, Wazirabad, Okhla, Siri Greens Roshanara 241m Hathnikund), Sewerage Treatment Garden Okhla Bird Sanctuary RAILWAY LINE Chandrawal Dilshad Sultan Garhi Archaeological Park Plants (Okhla, Coronation Pillar), WTP Paschim Vihar Lake Mundka Garden Sunder Nursery Canals (Eastern Yamuna Canal, Kamla Nehru Delhi Metro Purana Qila Lake Delhi Metro Northern Ridge 214m Western Yamuna Canal) and reservoirs Sanjay Lake PUBLIC PARKS, in close proximity of the river .These Shamsi Talab REGIONAL GREENS structures changed the free flowing Paschim Tughluqabad Biodiversity Park Vihar Lake Shahjahanabad Astha Kunj character of the river and converted it Vaishali Yamuna Biodiversity Park to a tamed natural resource. Bakkarwala 9 Buddha Jayanti Park STP Delhi Gate STP 17 Nilothi o Garden of Five Senses AGRICULTURE LAND 207m 13 Originally a vast seasonal lake with a STP Memorial Humayun’s Tomb India Gate Greens Keshopur Greens I P Barrage history of more than five centuries, Firuzshah Gazipur STP Kotla Jahanpanah Forest SOILS Najafgarh Lake poured into river Yamuna Sanitaryfill (Firuzabad) Site 3 NEW DELHI – THE CAPITAL CITY Lotus Temple Delhi Metr through a natural shallow drain called Dr. Sen Nursing The capital city was designed by Sir Edwin Memorial Greens Bangar the Najafgarh drain. It had an extremely Home Nalla STP 13 Najafgarh 15 Lutyens along with his team in 1920-30. Millennium Park rich wetland ecosystem, a large rainwater Drain Hari Nagar Buddha Dabar Lake 259m A distinctive feature of the distribution of Mughal Gardens catchment area, that formed a refuge for Jayanti Park Sanjay and Central Mughal Lake open space in the city is that a variety of National Zoological Park Khadar aquatic bird life and local wildlife. In the Ridge 210m 9 Commonwealth o Gardens Purana Qila Village STP major open spaces occupy an extensive Nehru Park late sixties, the processes of widening the 5 India Gate Dry deciduous forest of Ridge 3 area at the centre of the city, representing Rajiv Gandhi Smriti Van Kohi drain was started that gradually continued National Zoological Park Chilla in the decades that followed. It resulted Pappan Kalan STP its natural, ceremonial and recreational Swaran Jayanti Park STP Delhi Millenium 205m Kondli STP character. Dense vegetation of trees in the lake being completely drained. Dwarka WTP Delhi Metr Golf Club Park The listing comprises of significant areas under each category. The water table of the region became Lodhi 209m along the roads with extensive open Najafgarh STP RAILWAY LINE Nehru Humayun’s deep with the destruction of the wetland Garden Delhi Metr spaces creates an environment friendly Levels mentioned in the map are heights (in meters) above Indian mean sea level as per Survey of India Park Tomb & Sunder ecosystem. The complete draining of Safdarjung Nursery Map Series, 4th Edition 2016. The difference between the highest elevation in the city near Bhatti at Nizamuddin 213m microclimate that gives the area a distinct Tomb Basti 320 m and the bed of Yamuna at the old railway bridge is more than hundred meters. the lake caused the great loss of a rich RIDGE Jheel Park, Barapullah identity. The abundant vegetation wetland ecosystem and wildlife habitat. The urban forest of the city is presently divided into four parts – Dhaula Kuan o o structures the space, acts as a sound ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2 At present, the Najafgarh drain is the North Ridge, Central Ridge, South Central Ridge and South Ridge. o RAILWAY LINE buffer and arrests dust and air pollution. The research has immensely benefited from conversations with Prof. Sunil Kumar, Historian, University of Delhi capital’s most polluted water body due The vegetation of the Ridge forest is semi-arid open scrub with trees and Awadhendra Sharan, Associate Professor at Centre for Study of Developing Societies, Delhi. The research Lotus Most of the mature trees of the capital to the direct inflow of untreated sewage Nangloi Okhla Bird Noida team is thankful to Dr Narayani Gupta, Historian, Malavika Karlekar, Writer and Prof. C.R. Babu, Scientist, like babul, karil, ber, dhak pilu, hingot, siris, neem, kaith and barna WTP Temple City are evergreen, shady and have a regular from surrounding populated areas. Hauz (Baha’i House Timarpur & Sanctuary CEMDE, University of Delhi for their useful inputs and Shiny Varghese and Simar Kindra for editing the Over the years, the pressures of an increasing population, excessive Centre Delhi Metr 9 Khas of Worship) Okhla STP growth form. document. Special thanks to Sujata Kohli for organizing funds for the work. resource extraction, conversion of parts of the forest in public parks Lake D elhi M etr Astha Kunj 14 Okhla Barrage without being sensitive to local natural characters of topography Siri Kalindi REFERENCES and native flora, construction of new colonies and institutions and Airport Aravalli Fort Fl In 1938, new sewage works were Kunj ood Plains 14 unregulated dumping of construction waste in an unscientific manner Biodiversity Maps and Illustrations brought into operation in Okhla Park Delhi Guide Map, Survey of India, 2016 have posed serious threats to the forest ecology. It is important to for the first time. The purification Northern Ridge Open Series Map, Delhi, 2010 Okhla process was divided into preliminary have strong legislations to define boundaries of Ridge and conserve WTP Delhi’s Ecological Subdivisions. Krishen, Pradip. Trees of Delhi, A Field Guide. 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Located closer to the Yamuna floodplains, Mehrauli Garden STP Maria Guerrieri, Pilar. Maps of Delhi, Niyogi Books, 2017 Archaelogical of Five Hauz Rani Tughluqabad Shahajahanabad, Delhi around 1850, Department of Geography, Bonn University Sanjay Lake is a natural low-lying area the area was declared ‘Reserved Forest’ in 1915 CE. It has thick soil Vasant Kunj Park Senses Biodiversity Jaitpur 15 Village Environs of Delhi, Survey of India, 1807 on the flood plains of the river. It was STP Park structure which is deep, well drained. It has adequate humus content o Books and Research Papers also fed by excess run-off from a cut and soil moisture regime. Thus, trees with greater water demand Singh, Upinder. Ancient Delhi, Oxford India,1999 in the Hindon River. The lake with survive better in this region which has more alluvium depth as Gazetteer of Rural Delhi,1991 its wooded area is one of the fewer Ghitorni compared to other parts of Ridge. Badarpur Sharma, Y.D. Delhi and Its Monuments. Archaeological Survey of India,1990 ecologically significant features of a STP Delhi Development Report, Planning Commission, Government of India. Academic Foundation, 2009
Landscape Foundation, India is a non-profit public trust registered as charitable organization under Section 12A of Income Tax Act 1961. India is a non-profit public trust registered as charitable organization under Section 12A of Income Landscape Foundation, L-749 80G vide letter no. DIT{E}/2009-10/DEL-LR20346-18112009/GIR India is eligible for deduction u/s Donation to Landscape Foundation, city scale in East Delhi. CENTRAL RIDGE Reviving River Yamuna, An Actionable Blue Print for a Blue River.Peace Institute Charitable Trust,2009 5 Krishen, Pradip. Trees of Delhi, A Field Guide. DK Publications,2006 The area, now more than eight hundred hectares, was declared as Central Ridge Tree Avenue of New Delhi Tughluqabad, the Earliest Surviving Town of the Delhi Sultanate, Mehrdad Shokoohy and Natalie H. Shokoohy. 16 The protected area of Asola Wildlife ‘Reserved Forest’ in 1914 CE. Parts of the Central Ridge have good Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 57, No. 3, Cambridge Sactuary, contains one of the last forest cover with dense canopy cover. It is the only wooded area that University Press,1994 Delhi Metro surviving remnants of Delhi Ridge hill has surviving native floral elements. The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate, Anthony Welch and Howard Crane Muqarnas, Volume 1. range and its semi arid forest habitat Brill Publications, 1983 A Medieval Center of Learning in India: The Hauz Khas Madrasa in Delhi, Anthony Welch, Muqarnas, Volume with its dependent wildlife. Previously, 6 SOUTH CENTRAL RIDGE HUDA a site for mining of sand and stone, City 13. Brill Publications, 1996 This part of the forest, more than six hundred hectares, was a quarry Centre Wescoat L James. Jr. The Water and Landscape Heritage of Mughal India. INTACH Delhi Chapter, 2011 there are large open and deep pits in site for a long time before the ban by the Supreme Court. This 7 Koch, Ebba. Mughal Palace Gardens from Babur to Shah Jahan, 1526-1648.Muqarnas XIV: An Annual on the the ground (that have now been lying activity scarred the terrain, devastated its natural processes and Visual Culture of the Islamic World. Gülru Necipoglu (ed). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1997 abandoned for years) and which turn components. Many parts are devoid of dense tree cover as the area Okhla Bird Sanctuary wikipedia.net | archnet.org | delhijalboard.net | dda.org into ponds during monsoons.They are hardly has any soil cover. The vegetation profile has also changed at 16 being developed as wetland habitats. Sketches by Mahafuj Ali many places. Grasses form the dominant vegetation. Photographs by Hema Malini & Gunraagh Singh Talwar Asola Wildlife In 1950-60, the reclaimed flood The research has been made possible through crowd funding (milaap.org) and with generous support of many 17 7 SOUTHERN RIDGE Sanctuary plains of the river Yamuna, (after friends and well wishers including Adit Pal, Ajay Kumar Bakaya, Aniket Bhagwat, Anshuman Gupta, It comprises the largest forest region, covering more than six the river changed its course) had Aparna C. Rao, Ashish Bhalla & Suparna Bhalla, B. Ravikumar, Ishwinder S. Dua, Jayanti, Meenal Rohankar, thousand hectares. Less fertile with poor soil structure and high Mohan Subramanian, Nikhil Dhar, Prashanta Bhat, Ravi & Varsha Gavandi, Rohit Thakur, Saurabh Srivastava, been developed to house memorials 08 Shilpa Chandawarkar, Sriganesh Rajendran, Surabhi Bikchandani, The Suren & Raj Goyal Trust, Mohit Goyal, Vir Bhumi porosity, it predominantly consists of a thin soil layer with exposed Yamuna exiting the city at village Jaitpur
2017 | of many National leaders including Vijay Khurana, Vivek and Urmila Rajadhyaksha among others. | India Research+Design Team Landscape Foundation Dua, M Shah Alam, Uttam Singh Negi, Brijender S Dua Geeta Wahi Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, quartzite, grits and schistose rocks. From north to south the texture Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi among of the soil varies from clayey to coarse sandy. It has a denser faunal C-589, Vikas Puri, New Delhi 110018 INDIA others. The buffer green belt running composition as compared to other parts. The region has a history of Tel: (011)-28547652, 41584375, 9810600754 all along Old Delhi marks the end of water harvesting structures in the form of reservoirs, tanks, baolis www.landscapefoundation.in
SAMRAT OFFSET, NEW DELHI OFFSET, SAMRAT the Western limits of the city along the and stepwells. The presence of wetlands, artificial water bodies and
PRICE: ` 150.00 river Yamuna. IN ASSOCIATION WITH seasonal ponds makes it a suitable habitat for migratory water birds.
PRINTED AT | PRINTED AT The area is conducive for the survival of drought resistant trees. Southern Ridge near Asola Sanjay Van, South Central Ridge fnYyh dk HkkSxksfyd foHkktu fnYyh dk ekLVj Iyku 1962 t+h ds lkFk fodflr gksrss fdlh “kgj esa izkd`frd LFky lajf{kr ou vius vki esa cgqr pqukSrhiw.kZ gks tkrs gSaA ,d rjQ rks {ks= Hkw&foKku vkSj Hkw&vkd`fr foKku ds vk/kkj ij fnYyh ds “kgjh {ks= dks O;kid rkSj ns”k dh vktknh ds ckn fdlh Hkkjrh; “kgj ds igys ekLVj Iyku rs ij pkj fgLlksa esa fOkHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS & esa [kqys LFkkuksa okyh gfjr volajpuk ;qDr “kgj dh dYiuk dh {ks=h; m|ku ;s izkd`frd LFky ml izeq[k dk;Z;kstuk dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] Hkkjr dh lcls izkphu ioZr J`a[kyk] vjkoyh ds Lda/k vkSj xaxk dh 1- dksgh ¼igkM+½% blesa vjkoyh dh igkfM+;ka “kkfey gSa xbZA bu volajpukvksa dh dbZ Hkwfedk,a jgh gSaaA bu volajpukvksa ftlds vk/kkj ij “kgj fodflr gksrk gS] rks ogha nwljh rjQ lgk;d unh ;equk bl dNkjh {ks= ds dky o LFkku dk ,d cks/k djkrs gSa] 2- ckaxj ¼eq[; Hkwfe½A esa {ks=h; m|ku] lajf{kr gfjr {ks=] fojklrh gfjr {ks=] ftyk m|ku d`f"k Hkwfe bUgsa “kgjh fodkl ds ekxZ esa xaHkhj pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk Hkh 3- ;equk ls yxs [kknj {ks= ¼jsrhyh tyks<+½ vkSj eqgYyk m|ku “kkfey jgs gSaA blesa iwohZ fnYyh dh cfLr;ka Hkh fnYyh tgka fnYyh dh fofHkUu cfLr;ka T;knkrj 11oha “krkCnh ds vklikl nf{k.k 4- Mkcj ¼fupys bykds@ck<+ ds eSnku½ “kkfey jgh gSaA blesa ;equk unh] blds ck<+ ds eSnku vkSj fjt ds gfjr iV~Vh djuk iM+rk gSA ;g “kks/k nLrkost+ gekjs “kgjksa dks vf/kd jgus dh rjQ fodflr gqbZaA blds igys iwjs bykds esa NksVh&NksVh cfLr;ka fc[kjh taxyksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, dbZ rjg ds mik; vkSj cQj t+ksu ds izd`fr dh xksn esa cLrh ;ksX; cukus esa izd`fr dh Hkwfedk vkSj muds ewY; dks igpkuus gqb± FkhaA lq>ko Hkh “kkfey jgs gSSaA dk ,d n`f’Vdks.k rS;kj djus dk iz;kl gSA bl izfØ;k esa ;g [kknj clh jkt/kkuh vjkoyh ioZr J`a[kyk ¼lcls Åaps Lda/k okyk fgLlk½ dk ¿vaxsth esa Hkh miyC/kÀ “kS{kf.kd dk;Z izkd`frd bfrgkl] laLd`fr ds lkFk izd`fr ds fj”rs vkSj mRRkjh foLrkj nf{k.k fn”kk ¼ekStwnk xq#xzke½ ls bl {ks= ckaxj “kgj esa i;kZoj.k ds fygkt ls egRoiw.kZ bykdksa ¼izkd`frd vkSj ekuo esa izos”k djrk gS vkSj mRRkj iwoZ dh rjQ c<+rs gq, fufeZr½ dh lwph vkSj ekufp= ij fo”kn izdk”k Mkyrk gSA izd`fr ds ckjs bldh ÅapkbZ /khjs&/khjs ?kVrh tkrh gS vkSj ot+hjkckn fg.Mu esa bl tkudkjh ds tfj, ge ukxfjdksa dks bl yk;d cuk ldsaxs fd os esa unh ds ikl bldk Nksj lekIr gks tkrk gSA ;equk unh ekStwnk le; esa miyC/k fodkl ds voljksa vkSj fparkvksa dk vis{kkd`r 'kgj esa ;g *fnYyh fjt* dgykrh gSA fjt ij unh vf/kd laosnu”khy vkSj larqfyr rjhds ls fo”ys’k.k dj ldsa] rkfd “kgj dqrqc izkax.k esa LFkkuh; iRFkj esa dh xbZ ltkoVh uDdk'kh ekStwn ouLifr;ksa esa “kq’d vkSj i.kZikrh o`{k “kkfey gSa] Uknh dk ekxZ cny ut+Qx<+ mRrjh ds izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k dk egRo leku :i ls cuk jgsA dj iwoZ dh rjQ ftUgksaus [kqn dks de e`nk vkSj lhfer ikuh esa ftank ukyk fjt iwohZ tkuk Mkcj fnYyh jgus ds vuqdwy cuk fy;k gSA nf{k.k dh rjQ fjt vc rd dh ;k=k ds dqN fgLlks esa xgjh tyks<+ feV~Vh gS] tgka dh ouLifr;ka vyx fdLe dh gSaA fnYyh ;g dgkuh fiNyh ckjg lfn;ksa ds nkSjku izd`fr ds lkFk fofHkUu laLd`fr;ksa ds fjt cnyrs fj”rksa ij izdk”k Mkyrh gSA rsth ds lkFk fodflr gksrs fdlh egkuxj esa dksgh e/; unh ds fdukjs dh tehu dh feV~Vh jsrhyh vkSj [kqjnjh gS fjt fnYyh izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k ds miyC/k voljksa ds fo”ys’k.k esa izkd`frd lanHkksZa dh fjt vkSj Hkwty Lrj Åapk gS] tcfd nf{k.k if”pe fgLlss esa tkudkjh gekjs fy, ennxkj gksrh gSA 1 Hkwty Lrj uhps pyk x;k gSA bl {ks= dh tyok;q 0 1500 3000 6000 ;equk xehZ ds fnuksa ds “kq’d o xeZ ekSle ¼ekpZ ls twu½ vkSj 2 ehVj unh izd`fr dk ekufp= “kq’d lnhZ ¼vDVwcj ls Qjojh½ vkSj laf{kIr vof/k ds ekufp= esa i;kZoj.k ds fygkt lss egRoiw.kZ “kgj ds ekStwnk bykdksa ¼izkd`frd o ekulwu ls ifjHkkf’kr gksrh gSA ekuo fufeZr½] taxyksa] unh] m|kuksa] >hyksa vkSj ty lajpukvksa ds fooj.k ekStwn gSaA “kgj dk ,sfrgkfld pfj= mlds lqlafj{kr fojklr LFkyksa ls rS;kj gksrk gSA ;equk unh dk ekxZ ifjorZu nf{k.kh fjt ;g ,d thoar ifj;kstuk gSA Kku dk dksbZ var ugha gSA ge bu fo"k;ksa vkSj 'kgj ds i;kZoj.kh; igywvksa unh dk iwoZ dh rjQ eqM+uk igkfM+;ksa vkSj eSnkuksa ls nwj gVrs gq, unh us 12oha ds ckjs esa ikBdksa ds ;ksxnku dk Lokxr vkSj lEeku djsaxsA ge mUgsa [email protected] lnh rd viuk ewy jkLrk cny fn;k vkSj {ks= esa ij fy[kus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrs gSaA muds lq>ko bl 'kks/kds vkxkeh laLdj.kksa esa 'kkfey dj ds gesa 0 2500 5000 10000 Ja[kyk Ng iqjkus jkLrksa dks NksM+rs gq, iwoZ dh rjQ lcls izlUurk gksxhA fupys bykds dh vksj eqM+ xbZA ehVj
yky fdys esa laxejej dh iq"Ik uDdk'kh dey eafnj dk Iyku vc rd dh ;k=k ;equk unh utnhd banzizLFk fon~;qr dsUnz 1 lat; ou ¼nf{k.kh fjt½ 2 vlksyk ¼nf{k.kh fjt&iRFkj [knku½ igkM+h dh ihB ij unh dk rVh; ikV izd`fr ij fu;a=.k fodflr gksrs fnYyh ds iqjkus bfrgkl ds vuqlkj fjt ij lqjf{kr rjhds ls 16oha lnh rd bl iwohZ unh dh ek= ,d ifj/kh; Hkwfedk jgh gSA unh ds 19oha lnh ds var rd fjt ij ekStwn ouksa dh Hkwfedk i;kZoj.k] mRiknu vkSj tykiwfrZ vkSj ty fudklh iz.kkfy;ksa esa tcjnLr cnyko vk;kA ikjaifjd ty laj{k.k clh igys dh vf/kdka”k cfLr;ka & yky dksV] nsgyh&,&dqUgk] lkFk fj”rs esa vpkud cnyko rc vk;k] tc rqxyd jktoa”k ds ckn”kkg fny cgyko ds mn~ns”;ksa rd lhfer FkhA nf{k.k esa taxy ds dqN fgLls dks iz.kkyh tSls dqa,] ckoM+h vkSj Vkads misf{kr gks x,A vkxs dqN o’kksZa ds nkSjku ;s fcYdqy egkuxj esa tgkaiukg vkSj rqxydkckn & nf{k.k esa fLFkr FkhaA fQjkst “kkg rqxyd us vius lkezkT; esa d`f’k t:jrksa ds fy, ugjksa] lkQ dj [ksrh dh tehu rS;kj dh xbZA blh fgLls esa ekypk vkSj ikye misf{kr voLFkk esa cus jgs] vkSj /khjs&/khjs ;s e`rizk; gks x,A [kqys ukys xans ukys esa rCnhy rkykcksa] ty ekxksZa vkSj dqavksa dh ,d O;kid iz.kkyh LFkkfir dhA ;equk ds ikl dbZ f”kdkj xkg vkSj ljk; Hkh vfLrRo esa vk,A mRrjh fgLLks esa gks x,A utQx<+ >hy] gkSt [kkl >hy vkSj vU; ,slh fo”kky ty lajpuk,a /khjs&/khjs lw[k izd`fr fjt ij taxy] isM+&ikS/ks] cxhps vkSj pkjkxkg ekStwn FksA lery bykdksa esa izkFkfed ty lzksr FkhA ;equk vkSj lryqt ufn;ksa ls mRrj ls bl bykds fQjkst”kkg rqxyd ds bathfufjax nLrs us Hkh bl bykds esa yksxksa dks clk xbZaA gtkj o’kZ ls vf/kd iqjkuh ty lajpukvksa ds feVus dh izfØ;k “kq: gqbZ rks vuojr [ksr Fks] tgka flapkbZ okyh [ksrh gksrh FkhA ;gka dbZ izkd`frd unh&ukys vkSj ds [ksrksa esa ikuh ykuss ds fy, if”peh ;equk ugj ¼250 fdyksehVj½ dk dj ;gka ds pfj= dks cny dj j[k fn;kA tkjh jghA o’kZ 1947 esa Hkkjr dh vktknh ds ckn fnYyh “kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dk ,d “kgj rkykc Fks] ftuesa ls dbZ lkjs iwoZ esa tkdj ;equk esa feyrs jgs gSasA bl “kq’d {ks= esa fuekZ.k djk;k x;kA ,d iDds cka/k vkSj ukS [kaMksa okys ,d iqy tSlh ty cu x;kA ikfdLrku ls foLFkkfir gksdj vk, yksxksa dks clkus ds fy, “kkgh bekjrh ifj;kstukvksa & Vkadk ¼vuaxrky] lwjtdqaM] gkSt [kkl] gkSt&,&”kkElh½] lajpukvksa us ty izcaa/ku dks u;k vFkZ fn;kA ;equk rV ij “kkgh “kgjksa ds clus ds lkFk gh fjt ds nf{k.kh fgLls dh 1863 esa igyh ckj 'kgj esa ,d uxjikfydk dk xBu gqvk] ftldh ,d ftEesnkjh bl “kgj ;gka dbZ lkjh cfLr;ka vfLrRo esa vk xbZaA fnYyh bl rjg ,d fo”kky ckoM+h ¼vxzlsu dh ckoM+h vkSj xa/kd dh ckoM+h tSlh dqN lajpuk,a ftank gS] ysfdu mis{kk gksus yxh vkSj ;gka ds taxy [kRe gksus yxs] gkykafd ;g bykdk vkSj flfoy ykbal ds fy, ty vkiwfrZ dh ,d iz.kkyh fodflr djus dh Fkh] vkSj bldk “kgj cu x;k] vkSj bl fo”kkyrk dk Hkkjh ncko ;gka ds izkd`frd 0 2000 5000 vU; ,slh ty lajpuk,a e`r gks pqdh gSa½] rqxydkckn vkSj vkfnykckn esa fdyksa ds Hkwty dk ,d lzksr cuk jgkA eq[; lzksr ;equk unh FkhA ikuh dh vkiwfrZ ,d dsanzhd`r iz.kkyh ds tfj, gksrh Fkh] ftldk ehVj lalk/kuksa ij iM+kA fjt va/kk/kqa/k “kgjhdj.k dk f”kdkj cu xbZ vkSj pkjksa vksj dh [kkbZ& vkSj cka/kksa o iqyksa ¼vBiqyk] lkriqYyk] ckjkiqYyk½ esa ty laj{k.k fu;a=.k uxjikfydk ds gkFkksa esa FkkA tykiwfrZ dh bl ubZ iz.kkyh ds dkj.k ckoM+h] Vkadsa 17oha lnh dh fnYyh /khjs&/khjs [kafMr gks xbZA ;gka ds taxyksa dh va/kk/kqa/k vkSj foosdghu dks mfpr egRo feyk gqvk FkkA ,d le; esa ;gka ty izca/ku dh ,d vkRefuHkZj le`) 19oha lnh esa vaxzstksa ds vkus ds lkFk gh fjt vkSj unh ds lkFk “kklu&iz”kklu ds fj”rksa dk vkSj >jusa vkSj Hkh misf{kr gksrs x,A unh vius izokg dk jkLrk cnydj iwoZ dh rjQ u cqjkM+h dVkbZ ds dkj.k 'kgj ds i;kZoj.k dks cqjh rjg uqdlku igqapkA lkoZtfud iz.kkyh ekStwn FkhA 16oha lnh rd unh rVksa ij “kkgh jkt/kkfu;ka clkus dh fnYyh dk Lo:i fnYyh ds vf/kdka”k izkjafHkd LoHkko fcYdqy cny x;kA fczfV”k lSU; vkSj vlSU; nLrs mRrjh fjt ds mRrj esa fLFkr FksA pyh tk,] bls jksdus ds fy, rVca/k cuk, x,] vkSj bl rjg unh ij fu;=a.k dk ,d u;k “kgjksa & yky dksV] nsgyh-,-dqUkk] egjkSyh] dYiuk ugha dh xbZ FkhA fjt “kgj ij fu;a=.k ds fy, gksus okyh yM+kbZ dk eSnku cu xbZA fjt dks Hkkjrh; ou :i lkeus vk;kA unh ds fdukjs ftl LFkku ij tykiwfrZ dk LFkku fodflr fd;k x;k fiNys dqqN n”kdksa ds nkSjku fnYyh Nkouh] fjt lajf{kr ou ds fgLlksa] vkSj ubZ fnYyh tgkaiukg vkSj rqxydkckn & dk foLrkj {ks= ds vf/kfu;e] 1878 ds izko/kkuksa ds rgr lajf{kr ou {ks= ?kksf’kr fd;k x;k FkkA bldk eq[; nf{k.kh Nksj rd Fkk] tks fjt ds taxyksa ls ;qDr Fkk] mlds vkl&ikl unh esa Luku] diM+k /kksus vkSj /kkfeZd vuq’Bku tSlh xfrfof/k;ksa ij ds dqN fgLlksa dks NksM+dj “kgj ds ckdh fgLLks esa ?kuh vkoklh; cfLr;ka] O;kolkf;d] if'peh vjkoyh dh igkfM+;ksa ds Lda/kksa esa lqjf{kr rjhds dkj.k yksd fuekZ.k dk;Z ds fy, ydM+h dh vuojr vkiwfrZ] {ks= dh tyok;q fLFkfr;ksa dh ikcanh yxk dj unh dks iznw’k.keqDr djus ds iz;kl fd, x,A fnYyh ds bfrgkl esa igyh lkaLFkkfud] LokLF; ns[kHkky ifjlj vkSj vU; volajpuk,a fodflr gks xbZ gSaA ysfdu 0 125 250 500 ;equk ls vofLFkr FksA tcfd ckn ds “kgj & nhuiukg] fLFkjrk] ty vkiwfrZ vkSj e`nk dk mitkÅiu lqfuf”pr djkuk FkkA ckn esa 20oha lnh ds ugj ckj ty “kks/ku dh ,d fof”k’V iz.kkyh is”k dh xbZ] ftlds rgr ;equk ds fdukjs mRrj esa bl fodkl ls feyus okys ykHk ds foijhr izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ds laj{k.k dks cgqr fQjkstkckn vkSj “kkgtgkaukckn & unh rV ij ehVj izkjaHk esa ubZ jkt/kkuh dk [kkdk rS;kj djrs le; fjt u, “kgj dh ,d “kkgh i`’BHkwfe cu fLFkr panzkoy ls ikbZi ds tfj, ikuh dks “kgj esa ykus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA ckn fodflr gq,A bl {ks= esa ?kkfV;ksa] Åaph&uhph uqdlku Hkh igqapk gSA xans ikuh dh fudklh dh ukfy;ka “kgj ds i;kZoj.k dks fcxkM+us ;equk xbZA ;gka fons”kh ouLifr;ksa dh fofHkUu iztkfr;ka yxkbZ xbZa] ftuesa esfDldks dk izkslksfil yky dksV 'kkgtgk¡ukckn igkfM+;ksa] vkSj lgk;d ufn;ksa ¼tSls vBiqYkk ds ds n”kdksa esa ;g O;oLFkk othjkckn ls dh xbZA okyk dkjd cu xbZaA Hkwty Lrj esa rhoz fxjkoV vkbZ gSA m|kuksa esa izkd`frd ou yky unh vuax fnYyh uhps cgus okyh lgk;d unh½ dh rjg&rjg tqfyQ~yksjk Hkh “kkfey FkkA bl o`{k dks Hkkjr esa vkt foyk;rh dhdj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk dksV rky nsgyh-,-dquk ds fgLls dk laj{k.k] vkSj fjt ds nf{k.k esa vjkoyh esa [kfut laiUu DokVZtkbV dk yky dksV fnYyh esa jkt/kkuh ds fygkt ls ut+Qx<+ fjt dh ,slh LFkykd`frd fo”ks’krk,a Fkha] ftuds gSA bl o`{k us ;gka O;kid rkSj ij ,dy iztkrh; ou {ks= fodflr dj fn;kA bl bykds >hy dh fQjkst+kckn ckn esa 1920 ds n”kd esa tc ubZ fnYyh jkt/kkuh cuh] rc “kgj esa vfu;af=r [kuu ¼vc izfrcaf/kr½ bu izkd`frd lalk/kuksa ls lacaf/kr egRoiw.kZ eqn~ns jgs gSaA igyh cLrh Fkh ftlds ckn nsgyh-,-dqUkk dh nhuiukg dkj.k xM~ lksuhir ckx+ir 8 ;equk tSofofo/krk m|ku bl m|ku dk fodkl ;equk dh rygVh esa ekStwn LFkkuh; ouLifr;ksa jksgrd dh iztkfr;ksa dks cpkus dh ,d thoar xkft+;kckn 3000 ehVj 3 fdy¨ehVj iz;ksx'kkyk ds rkSj ij fd;k x;kA >Ttj vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa dh laj{k.k'kkyk] frryh xkft+;kckn dh vksj 3000 ehVj jksgrd dh vksj ¼jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 24½ m|ku] miou] ccwy ds taxy] nyny 3 fdy¨ehVj ¼jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 9½ vkSj Qynkj iztkfr;ksa dh laj{k.k'kkyk] ?kkl ds eSnku] ck<+ ds eSnku ds taxy 0 750 1500 3000 6000 vkSj iPphl ls vf/kd ou leqnk; fodflr fd, x, gSa] tks fofo/k thoksa 8 ;equk tSofofo/krk m|ku] ot+hjkckn gfj;k.kk ls mRrj dh rjQ ls ;equk dk 'kgj esa izos'k ;equk ds fofHkUu uks,Mk ck<+ ds eSnku > 1 | jk"VªeaMy xk¡o ds fudV 2 | futk+eqÌhu iqy ds fudV 3 | vks[kyk ds fudV ehVj ds fy, rjg&rjg ds lw{e iukgxkg vkSj i;kZokl miyC/k djkrs gSaA eFkqjk dh vksj ¼jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 19½ 1 jk"Vªh; jkt/kkuh {ks= fnYyh esa ;equk xq:xzke 1 iYyk xk¡o ;equk unh iYyk xkao esa fnYyh esa izos'k djrh gS vkSj othjkckn cka/k rd igaqpus ls igys 26 fdyksehVj dh nwjh r; djrh gSA blds ckn ;g unh 22 fdyksehVj izd`fr dk 9 gfj;kyh ls f?kjs Lekjd dh nwjh r; dj vks[kyk cSjkt igqaprh gS vkSj 4 fdyksehVj vkSj py dj tSriqj t;iqj dh vksj bfrgkl ls Hkjiwj bl 'kgj essa fofHkUu ¼jk"Vªh; jktekxZ 48½ Qjhnkckn xkao esa ;g fnYyh dks eqDr+ dj nsrh gSA ;equk ds ck<+ ds eSnkuksa esa Hkwty okys ekufp= ;qxksa dh dbZ ,sfrgkfld lajpuk,a vkSj ujsyk dbZ tyk'k; vkSj i;kZoj.k ds fygkt ls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks’krk,a ekStwn gSaA ;s eSnku fnYyh vkSj iM+kslh {ks= m|ku ekStwn gSaA 'kgj esa rhu fo'o rjg&rjg ds Hkw&{ks=h; pfj= iznf'kZr djrs gSa] tSls & ckyqdk foLrkj] izkd`frd /kjksgj LFky Hkh gSa & dqrqc ehukj] yky ouLifr;ka] nynyh Hkwfe vkSj d`f"k HkwfeA ;equk ij dbZ cSjktksa ds fuekZ.k ds 10 if”peh ;equk ugj ;equk unh ls tqM+h gqbZ fdyk vkSj gqek;w¡ dk edcjkA 'kgj esa igyh ,slh lkoZtfud ty lajpuk Fkh] ftls dkj.k unh esa xehZ ds fnuksa esa ikuh ugha jg tkrkA bldk unh ds i;kZoj.k ij fLFkr vf/kdka'k lajf{kr Lekjd vkSj izfrdwy vlj iM+rk gSA unh esa iwjs o"kZ ds nkSjku lkQ ikuh dk izokg lqfuf'pr fQjkst “kkg rqxyd us mRrj if”pe {ks= esa /kjksgj LFky lkoZtfud m|kuksa vkSj Ik;kZoj.k laosnh bykds fLFkr [ksrh dh tehu dh flapkbZ ds fy, 14oha djkuk vko';d gSA blds fy, iwjh rjg fofu;fer ,d ra= dh t:jr gS] iqjkrkfRod m|kuksa ds :i esa fodflr cokuk jsyos ykbu 2 ckjkiqyk ukyk ftlds rgr xans ikuh dks ;equk esa Mkyus ls igys lkQ fd;k tkuk pkfg,A “krkCnh esa cuok;k FkkA o’kZ 1830 esa vaxzstksa us fd, x, gSaA iqjkuk fdyk ls yxk ,d eq[kesyiqj taxy Hkh d`f’k Hkwfe dh flapkbZ ds fy, iwohZ ;equk ugj ekStwnk le; esa 20 ls vf/kd ukys viuk xank ikuh fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij unh esa izk.kh m|ku] egjkSyh iqjkrkfRod m|ku] mM+sy jgs gSaA ck<+ ds eSnkuksa dks fdlh Hkh rjg ds fuekZ.k] vfrØe.k vkSj jsr mRrjh fjt dk fuekZ.k djk;kA >hy vkSj dksjksus'ku ikdZ ds lkFk gkSt+ [kuu dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls cpkus dh l[r vko';drk gSA e/; fjt yxHkx nks yk[k dh vkcknh dks 10 xSyu izfr [kkl mYys[kuh; gSaA nf{k.k e/; fjt 11 fnu izfr O;fDr dh nj ls ikuh dh vkiwfrZ 'kgj ds ukys nf{k.kh fjt 2 djus ds fy, dze”k% 1892 vkSj 1894 esa panzkoy ;s ukys dpjk vkSj xans ikuh ds fuiVku ds LFkku vkSj >qXxh cfLr;ksa ds fBdkus 217m mR[kuu ¼vc izfrcaf/kr½ ds dkj.k bl {ks= ds vf/kdre Hkkx catj gSaA esa nks tksM+h dqa, [kksns x,A ikuh dh ekax c<+us cu x, gSaA dbZ ckj bUgsa ikV dj okguksa dks [kM+k djus dk LFkku Hkh cuk fy;k blds vfrfjDr “kgj esa] lqjf{kr taxyksa esa jtksdjh] ferjkao] eq[kesyiqj] ?kqEeugsM+k vkSj cokuk Hkh ds dkj.k 1898 esa panzkoy ;equk unh ls HkyLok x;k gSA 'kgj ds vf/kdka'k ukys i;kZoj.k ds fygkt ls e`rizk; gks pqds gSaA bu lfEefyr gSaA “kgj ds ckgjh bykdksa esa dqN ou {ks=ksa dks [ksrksa esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;k gSA lh/ks ikuh [khapus dk igyk izeq[k LFkku cu >hy tgkaxhj ukyksa dks 'kgj ds ty lap;u dk;ZØe ds rgr i;kZoj.k ds fygkt l egRoiw.kZ x;kA ogka ikuh [khapus ds fy, ,d iai yxk;k iqjh volajpuk ds :i esa iquthZfor djus dh l[r vko';drk gSA ,d 'kgj dh x;k] tks ikuh dks unh ls [khap dj cM+s&cM+s cqqjkM+h dlkSVh ij i;kZoj.k laosnh fMtkbuksa ds lkFk iquthZou dh oSKkfud rduhd bu Vkadksa esa Mkyrk Fkk vkSj mlds ckn Hkwfexr 10 fnYyh esVªks 7 ukyksa dks 'kgjh ekufp= dh ldkjkRed fo'ks"krk cuk nsxhA ikbZi ds tfj, bl ikuh dks lkQ djus ds fy, jhBkyk gfj;kyh ls f?kjs Lekjd jsy iVfj;ksa ds fdukjs ot+hjkckn dksjksus'ku ikdZ gfjr HkwHkkx “kks/ku la;a= esa Hkstk tkrk Fkk vkSj var esa ;g ;equk ot+hjkckn gkSt [kkl Lekjd ikuh flfoy ykbal fLFkr fganw jko gkml esa ck;ksMk;oflZVh HkkxhjFkh tSofofo/krk m|ku] ikdZ ck¡/k gqek;aw dk edcjk fLFkr ,d tyk”k; esa tkrk Fkk vkSj ogha ls iwjs gSnjiqj dksjksus'ku ot+hjkckn nynyh Hkwfe vkSj eq[; ukys “kgj esa bldh vkiwfrZ dh tkrh FkhA if'peh ;equk ugj Lra“ yksËkh xkMZu Lo.kZ 'kkyhekj 12 HkkyLok >hy 208m lksfu;k iqjkuk fdyk jhBkyk t;arh ckx gfj uxj >hy tykiwfrZ vkSj ty fudklh ds eqn~nksa dks ysdj fnYyh esVªks fogkj dqrqc ehukj 12 ikdZ 217m yky fdyk gkSt+ [kkl >hy ;g “kgj iwjh rjg unh ij fuHkZj gks pqdk Fkk] 11 iqjkuk pUnzkoy jks'kuvkjk m|ku vks[kyk i{kh fogkj ftlds dkj.k vaxzsth “kklu ds nkSjku bu eqn~nksa vBiqyk ¼yks/kh m|ku½ jksfg.kh if'pe fogkj >hy ds lek/kku ls lacaf/kr reke lajpukvksa dk ut+Qx<+ ukyk lQnjtax dk edcjk ck<+d`r eSnku 'kkyhekj ckx iqjkuk fdyk >hy fuekZ.k “kq: gqvk vkSj ;g fuekZ.k dk;Z ekStwnk 4 lhjh lat; >hy n”kdksa rd tkjh gSA bl izfØ;k esa fufeZr gq, jks'kuvkjk lqanj ulZjh 'kkElh rkykc rVca/kksa ¼iwohZ½] cSjktksa ¼rstokyk] othjkckn] 241m jsyos ykbu m|ku panzkoy fny’kkn egjkSyh iqjkrkfRod m|ku vlksyk oU;tho vHk;kj.; vks[kyk] gkFkhdqaM½] ty&ey “kks/ku la;a=ksa vjkoyh tSofofo/krk m|ku ¼vks[kyk½] ugjkas ¼iwohZ ;equk ugj] if”peh ;equk eqaMdk deyk usg: xkMZu lqYrku x<+h iqjkrkfRod m|ku 214m fnYyh esVªks rqxydkckn tSofofo/krk m|ku ugj½ vkSj unh ds nk;js esa fufeZr gqq, tyk”k;ksa fnYyh esVªks mRrjh fjt lkoZtfud m|ku ;equk tSofofo/krk m|ku us unh ds eqDr izokg ds pfj= dks cny dj ckjkiqYyk ukyk j[k fn;k vkSj ;g ,d ca/kk gqvk izkd`frd if'pe vkLFkk dqat fogkj >hy cqjkM+h ukyk lalk/ku cu dj jg x;kA 'kkgtgk¡ukckn cq) t;arh ikdZ 9 oS’kkyh utQx<+ ukyk cDdjokyk 17 xkMZu vkWQ Qkbo lsaflt+ ikap lkS lky ls vf/kd iqjkus bfrgkl okyh fnYyh xsV 13 fuyksBh jkt?kkV gqek;wa dk edcjk bafM;k xsV ¼jktiFk½ d`f"k Hkwfe fo”kky ekSleh >hy ;kuh utQx<+ >hy ,d 207m ds'kksiqj fQjkst+'kkg o vU; bUnzizLFk ck¡/k tgk¡iukg QWkjsLV izkd`frd ukys ds tfj, ;equk esa fxjrh FkhA bl Le`frLFky dey eafnj ty&ey mipkj la;a= dksVyk ukys dks utQx<+ ukyk dgrs gSaA blds ikl ¼fQjkst+kckn½ fnYyh esVªks 3 ubZ fnYyh% jkt/kkuh jkt?kkV rFkk vU; Le`frLFky Mkå lsu ty ’kks/ku la;a= ,d vR;ar le`) vknzZ Hkwfe okyk ikfjfLFkfrdh xkt+hiqj dpjk ubZ fnYyh dh uxj ;kstuk 1920&30 esa lj feyssfu;e ikdZ ut+Qx<+ uflZax g¨e fuiVku LFky ra= Fkk] ckfj”k dk ikuh tqVkus ds fy, ,d 13 gjh uxj ukyk 15 ,Mfou yqfV;Ul us viuh Vhe ds lkFk feydj eqxy xkMZUl ukyk cq t;arh 259m feV~Vh fo”kky tyxzg.k {ks= Fkk] ftlds dkj.k ;g >hy ð rS;kj dh FkhA 'kgj esa [kqys LFkkuksa ds forj.k dh jk"Vªh; izk.kh m|ku m|ku o lat; >hy ckaxj Mkcj ty lajpuk tyh; if{k;ksa vkSj LFkkuh; dsUnzh; eqxy 210m 9 dkeuosYFk ,d [kkl fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd dbZ rjg ds izeq[k usg: ikdZ fnYyh esVªks oU;thoksa ds fy, ,d “kj.kLFkyh cu xbZ FkhA fjt 5 m|ku bf.M;k xsV iqjkuk fdyk xk¡o [kqys LFkku 'kgj ds e/; ,d fo'kky bykds esa jktho xka/kh Le`fr ou [kknj dksgh lkB ds n”kd ds var esa ukys dks pkSM+k djus fjt ds 'kq"d i.kZikrh ou 3 jk"Vªh; izk.kh m|ku fpYyk fLFkr gSa] tks ;gka dh izkd`frd] Lekjdh; vkSj Lo.kZ t;arh m|ku dh izfØ;k “kq: gqbZ] tks ckn ds n”kdksa esa Hkh iIiu dyka fnYyh xkWYQ feysfu;e 205m dksaMyh euksgkjh fo'ks"krkvksa dks izLrqr djrs gSaA lM+dksa lwph esa izR;sd Js.kh ds rgr egRiw.kZ bykds ’kkfey fd, x, gSaA ekufp= esa mfYyf[kr Lrj tkjh jghA blds dkj.k >hy dk iwjk ikuh }kjdk jsyos ykbu Dyc ikdZ ds fdukjs [kM+s ?kus o`{k vkSj foLr`r [kkyh LFkku Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k ekufp= J`a[kyk] pkSFkk laLdj.k 2016 ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; vkSlr leqnz ry ls [kkyh gksus yxkA vknzZ Hkwfe okys ikfjfLFkfrdh yks/kh 209m ut+Qx<+ usg: m|ku gqek;aw dk edcjk ,d i;kZoj.k vuqdwy okrkoj.k rS;kj djrs gSa] Åij dh Åapkb;ka ¼ehVj esa½ gSaA “kgj esa HkV~Vh ds ikl lokZf/kd 320 ehVj dh ÅapkbZ okys ra= ds u’V gksus ls {ks= dk tyLrj uhps pyk tks bl bykds dks ,d vyx igpku iznku djrs LFky vkSj iqjkus jsy iqy ds ikl ;equk dh ryh ds chp dk varj 100 ehVj ls vf/kd gSA ikdZ lQnjtax o lqUnj ulZjh fnYyh esVªks x;kA >hy dk ikuh iwjh rjg [kkyh gks tkus edcjk fut+keqÌhu 213m gSaA ;gka ekStwn ouLifr;ksa dh l?ku mifLFkfr vkHkkj ds dkj.k ;gka dh ue Hkwfe okys ikfjfLFkfrdh fjt >hy ikdZ] cLrh ckjkiqYyk /kkSyk dq¡vk /kwy d.kksa dks lks[kus] /ofu iznw"k.k vkSj ok;q fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; esa izksQslj] bfrgkldkj lquhy dqekj vkSj lsaVj QkWj LVMh vkWQ Msoyfiax ra= vkSj oU;thoksa ds i;kZokl dks Hkkjh uqdlku 'kgj ds taxy dks pkj fgLLkksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS & mRrjh fjt] 2 lkslk;Vh] fnYyh esa ,lksfl,V izksQslj vo/ksanz 'kj.k ls bl 'kks/k esa dkQh enn feyh gSA iznw"k.k dks jksdus dk dke djrh gSA jkt/kkuh ds igqapk vkSj bykds dk tyLrj fcYdqy ikrky e/; fjt] nf{k.k e/; fjt vkSj nf{k.kh fjtA fjt ou dh ouLifr;ksa 'kks/k ny bfrgkldkj ukjk;.kh xqIrk] ysf[kdk ekyfodk dkysZdj vkSj fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; ds jsyos ykbu vf/kdka'k o`{k lnkcgkj] Nk;knkj gSa vkSj budh igqap x;kA ekStwnk le; esa utQx<+ ukys esa esa v)Z ’kq"d >kfM+;ka 'kkfey gSaA fjt ou ds dqN ns'kh ikS/kksa esa ccwy] lhbZ,eMhbZ esa oSSKkfud] izksQslj lh- vkj- ckcw dh rjQ ls feyh egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh ds fy, ukaxyksbZ vks[kyk i{kh o`f) dh izfØ;k fu;fer gSA vklikl esa clh ?kuh cfLr;ksa dk xank ikuh jksgsM+k] djhy] csj] fQykgh] cqykgh] dkFkk] jksa>] 9 fnYyh esVªks fuf/kdj.k ds gsrq lqtkrk dksgyh dk fo'ks"k /kU;oknA >hy eafnj vks[kyk flVh lsaVj dh lokZf/kd iznwf’kr ty lajpuk cu x;k gSA nksgu] LFkkuh; Hkwxksy vkSj ns'kh ouLifr;ksa ds izkd`frd LoHkko ds dqat 14 vks[kyk ck¡/k izfr laosnu'khyrk cjrs cxSj taxy ds fgLls dks lkoZtfud m|kuksa lhjh fdyk dkfyanh lanHkZ 14 o’kZ 1938 esa igyh ckj vks[kyk esa u, ty& esa ifjofrZr djus] ubZ dkWyksfu;ksa o laLFkkuksa ds fodkl rFkk fuekZ.k gokbZ vjkoyh dqat ck<+d`r eSnku vM~Mk ck;ksMk;oflZVh ekufp= vkSj js[kkadu ey “kks/ku la;a= us dke djuk “kq: fd;kA dk;Z ls fudyus okys dpjs dks foosdghu rjhds ls Qsaduss ds dkj.k ou ikdZ fnYyh xkbM eSi] losZ vkWQ bafM;k] 2016 iznhi d`’.k & Vªht vkWQ fnYyh% v QhYM xkbMA “kq)hdj.k dh izfØ;k ds rgr igys ryNV dks ikfjfLFkfrdh dks xaHkhj [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA fjt dh lhek fu/kkZfjr mRrjh fjt vks[kyk vksiu lhjht eSi] fnYyh] 2010 Mhds ifCyds'kal] 2006 ryh esa teus fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj mlds ckn djus vkSj lajf{kr {ks= ds izkd`frd bfrgkl vkSj pfj= dks /;ku esa j[krs enuiqj ejst gSaMcqd QkWj VªSoylZ] 1906 rqxydkckn] n vfyZ,LV lokZbfoax VkWmu vkWQ ryNV foghu ikuh esa gok dks feyk;k tkrk gq, blds laj{k.k dh xgu vko';drk gSA 6 244m [kknj “kkgtgk¡ukckn] ejst gSaMcqd] 1906 fnYyh lYrur] esgjnkn “kksdksgh vkSj urkyh ,p- lat; Fkk vkSj var esa ,d ckj fQj ikuh esa cps&[kqps ou tgk¡iukg }kjdk lsDVj-21 233m Iyku vkWQ fnYyh ,aM bV~l ,ufojkWUl] Qksfy;ks “kksdksgh ryNV dks lkQ dj fy;k tkrk FkkA “kks/ku 4 mRrjh fjt lqYrku x<+h dqrqc ehukj QWkjsLV vkWQ dSly] ihVj ,aM xSyfiu] yanu 1864 cqyssfVu vkWQ n Ldwy vkWQ vkWfj,aVy ,aM vQzhdu iqjkrkfRod rqx+ydkckn la;= ls unh rd nks ehy yach ukyh QSyh gqbZ bl fgLls esa 'kgjh ou {ks= dk lcls NksVk fgLlk vkrk gS] ftldk 9 'kgjh taxy fdyk fnYyh ekLVj Iyku 1962] fnYyh fodkl LVMht] ;qfuoflZVh vkWQ yanu] okY;we 57] uacj 3 {ks=Qy 100 gsDVs;j ls Hkh de gSA ;equk ds ck<+ ds eSnkuksa ls yxs bl m|ku 'kkElh xkMZu gkSt+ jkuh Fkh vkSj yxHkx rhu gtkj ,dM+ tehu dh egjkSyh eksykjcan izkf/kdj.k ¼1994½ dSfEczt ;qfuoflZVh izsl rkykc vkWQ fnYyh esVªks {ks= dks 1915 esa lajf{kr ou ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k FkkA ;gka dh e`nk iqjkrkfRod rqx+ydkckn fnYyh esa ;equk] lhost dSuky % gkm Vw Dyhu n flapkbZ blds tfj, gksrh Fkh vkSj ,d gtkj Qkbo tSriqj n rqxyDl% ekLVj fcYMlZ vkWQ n fnYyh lajpuk l?ku vkSj le`) gS] ftlesa [kkn vkSj ueh dh i;kZIr ek=k ekStwn olar m|ku lsaflt+ iqjrkfRod ;equk] lsaVj QkWj lkbal ,aM ,uok;jesaV] 2007 ,dM+ ls vf/kd tehu dh flapkbZ iai ds tfj, xk¡o lYrur] ,aFkksuh osYp ,aM gkWoMZ Øsu eqdukZl] gSA blfy, vf/kd ikuh okys isM+ksa ds fy, ;g bykdk mi;qDr gSA bl daqt m|ku fnYyh flVh eSi] vk;'kj xwMFkZ izkbosV fyfeVsM] okWY;we 1] fczy ifCyds'kal] 1983 gksrh FkhA bykds dh feV~Vh fjt ds vU; fgLlksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd xgjkbZ rd gSA 2010 v esfMoy lsaVj vkWQ yfuZax bu bafM;k% n gkSt ekfj;k xqjsjh] fiyj&eSIl vkWQ fnYyh] fu;ksxh [kkl enjlk bu fnYyh] ,aFkksuh osYp] eqdukZl] 15 lat; >hy] ;equk unh ds ck<+ ds eSnku esa izkd`frd :i ls fufeZr ,d tylajpuk FkhA 5 e/; fjt f?kVksjuh cnjiqj cqDl] 2017 okY;we 13] fczy ifCyds'kal] 1996 bl le; 800 gsDVs;j ls vf/kd {ks=Qy okys bl bykds dks 1914 esa “kkgtgk¡ukckn] fnYyh vjkmaM 1850] Hkwwxksy blesa fgaMu esa cgus okyk vfrfjDr ikuh Hkh ,d osLdksV ,y tsEl & n okVj ,aM ySaMLdsi gfjVst lajf{kr ou ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k FkkA e/; fjt ds dqN fgLlksa esa ?kuh foHkkx] ckWu fo'ofo|ky; vkWQ eqxy bafM;k] b.VSd & “kks/k&i=] 2011 ukys ds tfj, vkrk FkkA taxyksa ls f?kjh gqbZ Nk;k okyk vPNk taxy ekStwn gSA ;g ,d ek= ou {ks= gS] tgka ns'kh ySaMLdsi QkmaMs'ku] bafM;k ,d xSj ykHkdkjh lkoZtfud U;kl gS] tks vk;dj vf/kfu;ee] 1961 dh /kkjk 12, ds rgr /kekZnk laLFkk ds :i esa iathd`r gSA ySaMLdsi Qkm.Ms'ku dks nh ySaMLdsi QkmaMs'ku] bafM;k ,d xSj ykHkdkjh lkoZtfud U;kl gS] tks vk;dj vf/kfu;ee] 1961 dh /kkjk 12, ds rgr /kekZnk laLFkk ,y&749 tkus okyh jkf'k vk;dj dh /kkjk 80th dVkSrh ds fy, ik= gS] ftldh i=kad la[;k gS & MhvkbZVh¿bZÀ@2009&10@MhbZ,y&,yvkj20346&18112009@thvkbZvkj ,ufojkWUl vkWQ fnYyh] losZ vkWQ bafM;k] 1807 dkSd] ,Cck & eqxy iSysl xkMZUl ÝkWe ckcj Vw ;g >hy iwohZ fnYyh esa i;kZoj.k ds fygkt ls dsfUnz; fjt ubZ fnYyh ds Nk;knkj ekxZ “kkgtgka ¼1526&1648½ eqdukZl] okY;wEk 14] fczy ouLifr;ksa ds thouh rRo ekStwn gSaA fdrkcsa vkSj 'kks/k&i= egRoiw.kZ “kgj dh vius vki esa ,d fo”ks’krk gSA ifCyd'kal] 1997 fnYyh esVªks mfianj flag & ,ufl,aV fnYyh] vkWDlQksMZ 6 nf{k.k e/; fjt 16 vlksyk oU;tho vH;kj.; ds lajf{kr {ks= esa bafM;k] 1999 wikipedia.net | archnet.org | 600 gsDVs;j ls vf/kd {ks=Qy okyk ;g ou {kss= yacs le; ls ¼loksZPPk xzkeh.k fnYyh ds jkti=] 1991 fnYyh fjt dh ioZr J`a[kyk dk cpk gqvk gqMk delhijalboard.net | dda.org U;k;ky; ds izfrca/k ls igys rd½ [kuu LFky jgk gSA [kuu ds dkj.k flVh okbZ- Mh- “kekZ & fnYyh ,aM bV~l ekWuqesaV~lA ,d vafre vo”ks’k vkSj bldk v)Z “kq’d oU; ;gka dh izkd`frd izfØ;k,a vkSj vo;o cckZn gks x, gSaA dbZ fgLlksa esa lsaVj 7 Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo losZ{k.k] 1990 js[kkadu % egQwt vyh i;kZokl rFkk blij fuHkZj oU;tho ekStwn gSaA ?kus o`{k ugha jg x, gSa] D;ksafd bykds esa e`nk dh ek=k cgqr de gks xbZ izkjaHk esa ;gka jsr vkSj iRFkj ds fy, gqbZ [kqnkbZ fnYyh fodkl jiV] ;kstuk vk;ksx] Hkkjr Nk;kfp= % gsek ekfyuh vkSj xq.kjkx flag ryokj gS vkSj dbZ LFkkuksa ij ouLifr;ksa dh lkeqnkf;d lajpuk cny xbZ gSA ljdkjA ,dsMfed QkmaMs'ku] 2009 ds dkj.k fo”kky [kqys vkSj xgjs xM~ pankojdj] Jhx.ks'k jktsanzu] lqtkrk dksgyh] lqjfHk fcdpankuh] n lqjsu ,aM jkt xks;y VªLV] 08 usrkvksa ds Lekjd fufeZr fd, x,] ftuesa tSriqj xkao esa 'kgj dks NksM+rh ;equk 2017 | ohj Hkwfe mRrj ls nf{k.k dh vksj e`nk dk LoHkko feV~Vh ls eksVh jsr esa cnyrk ySUMLdsi QkmUMs’ku bf.M;k] ’kks/k$fMt+kbu xhrk okgh nqvk] ,e ’kkg vkye] mRre flag usxh] fcztsUnz ,l nqvk eksfgr xks;y] fot; [kqjkuk] foosd mfeZyk jktk/;{kk vkSj vU; ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA egkRek xka/kh] tokgjyky usg:] bafnjk xka/kh] tkrk gSA bl fgLls dh tSo lajpuk vU; fgLlksa ls l?ku gSA bl bykds jktho xka/kh vkSj vU; usrkvksa ds Lekjd “kkfey esa tyk'k;ksa] Vkadksa] ckofM+;ksa vkSj dqaMksa ds :i esa ty lap;u lajpukvksa lh&589] fodkl iqjh] ubZ fnYyh 110018 Hkkjr gSaA iqjkuh fnYyh esa ekStwn ;g gfjr iV~Vh dk viuk ,d bfrgkl jgk gSA nyny] d`f=e ty lajpuk,a vkSj ekSleh nwjlapkj% (011)-28547652, 41584375, 9810600754 ;equk ls yxh “kgj dh if”peh lhek js[kk ds : ` 150.00 www.landscapefoundation.in rkykc bl {ks= dks izoklh tyh; if{k;ksa ds fy, ,d mi;qDr i;kZokl :i esa gSA ewY; cukrs gSaA ;g bykdk lw[kk jks/kh o`{kksa ds fy, mi;qDr gSA lg;¨x | fçafVax | lezkV vƒQlSV] ubZ fnYyh nf{k.kh fjt utnhd vlksyk lat; ou] nf{k.kh e/; fjt