DOCSLIB.ORG

Bro-Ooronet,H High Content of Essential Fatty Acids, Which Consist Prac Where N Is = 15 Or 17 and N=17

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bro-Ooronet,H High Content of Essential Fatty Acids, Which Consist Prac Where N Is = 15 Or 17 and N=17 3,031,478 United States Patent Office Patented Apr. 24, 1962 1. 2 known as arachidonic acid, whose empirical formula is PROCESS FOR THE PRöUCTION3,031,478 OF NATURAL C20H2O2 and whose chemical name is 5,8,11,14-eicosate PHOSPHOLPDS AND SUBSTANCES PRODUCED traenoic acid. THEREBY The essential fatty acid possess a considerable degree Ernst Kenk, 3 Goebenstrasse, Hildegard Debuch, 82 Sie 5 of importance for the human organism. In the numerous bengebirgsalilee, Hans Eikermann, 60 Wiethasestrasse, studies and investigations conducted by medical re and Gertrud Lappe, née Reuter, 113 Bachemerstrasse, Searchers, the following facts have been uncovered: all of Koln, Germany In numerous animal experiments it had been found No Drawing. Filed May 5, 1960, Ser. No. 26,954 that during a non-fatty diet a small amount of linoleic 6 Claims. (CI. 260-403) O acid is sufficient to synthesize arachidonic acid in the The present invention refers to a process for the pro body. duction of natural phospholipids obtained from vegetable In acute parenchyma it has been found that the length crude phosphatides, particularly such which are produced of sickness is shortened considerably by feeding essential in a known manner out of such sources as soya beans, fatty acids. Also in a chronic heptatopathic condition, a and to substances produced thereby. distinct increased degree of success was evident with the The present application is a continuation-in-part of our Same treatment. Essential unsaturated fatty acids, how ever, have also shown not only a lipotropic action, but co-pending patent application, Ser. No. 694,524, filed a favourable influence upon glycogen synthesis as well. November 5, 1957. It is an object, therefore, of the present invention to The choline and colamine phosphoric acid diglyceride produce natural phospholipids rich in essential fatty acids esters belong to crude ester phosphatides which are widely 20 from crude phosphatides of vegetable origin, especially distributed throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. from soya beans containing crude phosphatides. These esters appear as compounds, particularly in the It is another object of the present invention to produce crude phosphatides of vegetable origin. A mixture of from crude phosphatides of vegetable origin, especially crude phosphatides is designated generally in trade and from soya beans containing crude phosphatides, phos industry as lecithin, 25 pholipids wherein choline esters of diglyceride phosphoric However, while according to chemical nomenclature acid predominate, or which consist entirely thereof, and all substances containing choline are classified as lecithins, which are rich in unsaturated and essential fatty acids. those which are characterized by a weaker basic group A further object of the present invention is to produce of B-amino-ethyl alcohol are generally known as cephalins. a Substantially chemically pure choline ester of digly Cephalin (colamine phosphoric acid diglyceride ester) 30 ceride phosphoric acid from crude phosphatides of vege is identified by the following structural formula: table origin especially from soya beans containing crude CO-COCEInt phosphatides in such manner, that the essential fatty acids contained in a natural condition in the phosphatide esters are retained, while other substances, including all phos O 35 phatide esters which do not have choline as their basic component, are removed to a great extent. Another object is to produce a phospholipid with a bro-ooronet,H high content of essential fatty acids, which consist prac where n is = 15 or 17 and n=17. tically exclusively of choline esters of diglyceride phos Lecithin (choline phosphoric acid diglyceride ester) 40 phoric acid and may be designated as chemically pure is identified by the following structural formula: and suitable to be intravenously injected. g-Ho-c CnEI2n+1 Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a novel product which is obtained in accordance CHO,-COCElem with the novel methods herein described and which is of O 45 therapeutic and medical value. It is an additional object to provide a novel product dro- CCHN(CH3)3OH which may be intravenously injected and which is pro duced in accordance with the novel process hereinde where n is = 15 or 17 and n=17. scribed. On hydrolysis lecithin yields fatty acids, glycerol, phos 50 Other objects of the present invention will become phoric acid and choline. There are, therefore, different apparent during the course of the following specification. lecithins depending on the character of the fatty acid In the attainment of the aforesaid objective, the inven radicals. Each lecithin contains unsaturated and saturated tive concept of the present invention may be realized fatty acids. The saturated fatty acids were found to be through a method of producing a chemically pure choline e.g. palmitic and stearic, and the unsaturated fatty acids 55 ester of diglyceride phosphoric acid exclusively from consist as we have found, to a great extent of so called crude phosphatides of vegetable origin, especially from essential fatty acids. Soya beans containing crude phosphatides which have a It is understood that in medical science at present the high content of essential fatty acids. The inventive con essential fatty acids are considered to be generally those 60 cept of the present invention further includes the feature fatty acids important to life and which the human body that choline phosphoric acid diglyceride esters produced can not itself synthesize. These essential fatty acids are according to the method of this invention may be split of a specific configuration, of which linoleic acid is of off enzymatically with snake venom which attacks and basic significance in the human organism, since it pro splits off fatty acids in their alpha position, so that mono duces in the human body a very active esential fatty acid 65 glyceride phosphoric acid choline esters (lysolecithin) 3,081,478 3 4. are produced, which in the beta position contain a sur preferably aluminum and/or magnesium and/or silicon. prisingly high content of essential fatty acids. Mono For the purpose of the present invention, aluminum oxide glyceride phosphoric acid choline esters are highly effi has been found to be especially useful. Upon evapora cient biologically through the provision of an unusually tion of the alcoholic eluate by distillation under vacuum large external surface activity. They have been found at a temperature of at most 35° C. in the presence of to be capable of being used successfully both physiologi an inert gas, a chemically pure choline ester of diglycer cally for assimilation purposes and medically as heart ide phosphoric acid is obtained. This product has been stimulants. The choline ester of the monoglyceride phos found to be particularly suitable for intravenous admin phoric acid is water soluble as distinguished from the istration and contains a surprisingly high content of un choline ester of diglyceride phosphoric acid, but is insolu O saturated and essential fatty acids. ble in ether and acetone. In order to increase the output of choline phosphoric It is known that the ester of diglyceride phosphoric acid diglyceride esters, the compounds formed in the acid may be extracted from crude phosphatides, particu column from the respective oxides and/or carbonates of larly from soya beans containing crude phosphatides, the aforenamed elements and choline and colamine phos firstly by extracting crude phosphatides by means of ace 15 phoric acid diglyceride esters, must be split off by elut tone and then processing with alcohol the ester mixture ing with alcohol which takes place at a temperature of resulting from this extraction. at most 35 C. in the presence of an inert gas. The The objects of the present invention are realized, how eluate leaving the column and obtained by eluting with ever, by Subjecting an extraction residues of vegetable alcohol may be combined with the first eluate fraction crude phosphatides, such as crude soya bean phospha 20 and both solutions simultaneously concentrated under tides, which has been freed from acetone in vacuum and vacuum again at a temperature of at most 35 C. in the in the presence of an inert gas, to a repeated extrac presence of an inert gas, such as nitrogen. tion with alcohol; the alcoholic solutions are allowed All steps, the extraction, the eluation and the evapora to stand for several days, are then freed from suspended tion are preferably carried out under the exclusion of light. or colloidal particles, which had been also dissolved, 25 The resulting choline ester of diglyceride phosphoric and are finally concentrated in vacuum while passing an acid is a colorless substance of paste-like consistency inert gas. In this manner, phospholipids are obtained which is easily soluble in ether, chloroform, alcohol, in satisfying amounts, which contain choline predomi petroleum ether and other organic solvents. In acetone nantly as the basic component and which have substan it is completely insoluble. The total nitrogen value is tially 60% essential fatty acids in relation to the total 30 theoretically calculated at 2.05%. According to a fatty acid content. Kjeldahl determination, the choline nitrogen value is cal All steps, the extraction with acetone and alcohol are culated at 2.04%; consequently, over 99.5%, or practi carried out at a temperature not exceeding 35 C. and cally 100%, of the total nitrogen consists of choline preferably with the exclusion of light. nitrogen. The fatty acids of the esters - produced in It should be noted in this connection that the alcoholic 35 accordance with the present invention, calculated as total solutions resulting from the extraction are turbid since fatty acids present as ester constituents, are constituted they contain particles which are suspended or colloidally of 17.7% saturated and 82.3% unsaturated fatty acids. dissolved therein. These alcoholic solutions can not be The absolute values solely for the unsaturated fatty acids purified by filtration, since the particles pass through the are as follows: filter.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fatty Acids: Essential…Therapeutic
    Volume 3, No.2 May/June 2000 A CONCISE UPDATE OF IMPORTANT ISSUES CONCERNING NATURAL HEALTH INGREDIENTS Written and Edited By: Thomas G. Guilliams Ph.D. FATTY ACIDS: Essential...Therapeutic Few things have been as confusing to both patient and health care provider as the issue of fats and oils. Of all the essential nutrients required for optimal health, fatty acids have not only been forgotten they have been considered hazardous. Health has somehow been equated with “low-fat” or “fat-free” for so long, to suggest that fats could be essential or even therapeutic is to risk credibility. We hope to give a view of fats that is both balanced and scientific. This review will cover the basics of most fats that will be encountered in dietary or supplemental protocols. Recommendations to view essential fatty acids in a similar fashion as essential vitamins and minerals will be combined with therapeutic protocols for conditions ranging from cardiovascular disease, skin conditions, diabetes, nerve related disorders, retinal disorders and more. A complete restoration of health cannot be accomplished until there is a restoration of fatty acid nutritional information among health care professionals and their patients. Fats- What are they? Dietary fats come to us from a variety of sources, but primarily in the form of triglycerides. That is, three fatty acid molecules connected by a glycerol backbone (see fatty acid primer page 3 for diagram). These fatty acids are then used as energy by our cells or modified into phospholipids to be used as cell or organelle membranes. Some fatty acids are used in lipoprotein molecules to shuttle cholesterol and fats to and from cells, and fats may also be stored for later use.
    [Show full text]
  • Essential Fatty Acid Formulas — — — Liquids
    To contact Designs for Health, please call us at (800) 847-8302, or visit us on the web at at (800)847-8302,or visit usontheweb please call Health, usat Designs for contact To These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cureor prevent any disease. treat, These products arenotintended todiagnose, Administration. and Drug These statements havenotbeen evaluatedbytheFood Product Comparison Chart OmegAvail™ OmegAvail™ OmegAvail™ OmegAvail™ OmegAvail™ OmegAvail™ OmegAvail™ OmegAvail™ OmegAvail™ Ultra Ultra Lemon Drop Synergy TG1000 Hi-Po Ultra Marine Liquid with D3, K1 & K2 DHA Smoothie Unique omega-3-6-7-9 High potency DHA/EPA Great for children and fatty acid formula High potency EPA/DHA formula with flexible Highest potency High potency EPA/ Added D3, K1, K2 for Maintenance and High potency DHA the elderly who prefer offers balanced doses in a single softgel for dosing; ideal for EPA/DHA for most DHA for aggressive cardiovascular & bone general omega-3 formula for therapeutic not to take pills, higher of EPA, DHA, GLA, optimal compliance of children, the elderly & aggressive applications applications and immune support dosing DHA applications dosing is easy with palmitoleic acid, and therapeutic dosing those who prefer not to liquids oleic acid swallow pills Serving Size 2 Softgels 1 Softgel 2 Softgels 2 Softgels 2 Softgels 2 Softgels 1 Softgel 11 g (2 tsp.) 5ml (1 tsp.) EPA (n-3) 270 mg 662 mg 1000 mg 600 mg 600 mg 320 mg 110 mg 1100 mg 725 mg DHA (n-3) 180 mg 250 mg 500 mg 400 mg 400 mg 200 mg 500 mg 720 mg 450 mg Other EFAs 645 mg 88 mg — 200 mg 200 mg 80 mg — 230 mg 180 mg Vitamin D3 — — — — 1000 IU — — — — Vitamin K1/K2 — — — — 500 mcg/25 mcg — — — — www.designsforhealth.com Lipase Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes — — For EveryPatient Essential FattyAcidFormulas SPECIAL FORMULAS The Impact of Fatty Acids Fatty acids have a number of fundamental benefits for human health.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders—A Review
    nutrients Review Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders—A Review Ewa Sokoła-Wysocza ´nska 1, Tomasz Wysocza ´nski 2, Jolanta Wagner 2,3, Katarzyna Czyz˙ 4,*, Robert Bodkowski 4, Stanisław Lochy ´nski 3,5 and Bozena˙ Patkowska-Sokoła 4 1 The Lumina Cordis Foundation, Szymanowskiego Street 2/a, 51-609 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] 2 FLC Pharma Ltd., Wroclaw Technology Park Muchoborska Street 18, 54-424 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] (T.W.); jolanta.pekala@flcpharma.com (J.W.) 3 Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] 4 Institute of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Biology and Animal Sciences, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego Street 38c, 50-001 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (B.P.-S.) 5 Institute of Cosmetology, Wroclaw College of Physiotherapy, Kosciuszki 4 Street, 50-038 Wroclaw, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-71-320-5781 Received: 23 August 2018; Accepted: 19 October 2018; Published: 21 October 2018 Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases are described as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies. Therefore, the importance of cardiovascular diseases prevention is widely reflected in the increasing number of reports on the topic among the key scientific research efforts of the recent period. The importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs) has been recognized in the fields of cardiac science and cardiac medicine, with the significant effects of various fatty acids having been confirmed by experimental studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Fats and Fatty Acid in Human Nutrition
    ISSN 0254-4725 91 FAO Fats and fatty acids FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPER in human nutrition Report of an expert consultation 91 Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition − Report of an expert consultation Knowledge of the role of fatty acids in determining health and nutritional well-being has expanded dramatically in the past 15 years. In November 2008, an international consultation of experts was convened to consider recent scientific developments, particularly with respect to the role of fatty acids in neonatal and infant growth and development, health maintenance, the prevention of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancers and age-related functional decline. This report will be a useful reference for nutrition scientists, medical researchers, designers of public health interventions and food producers. ISBN 978-92-5-106733-8 ISSN 0254-4725 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 6 7 3 3 8 Food and Agriculture I1953E/1/11.10 Organization of FAO the United Nations FAO Fats and fatty acids FOOD AND NUTRITION in human nutrition PAPER Report of an expert consultation 91 10 − 14 November 2008 Geneva FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2010 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatty Acids: Structures and Introductory Article Properties Article Contents
    Fatty Acids: Structures and Introductory article Properties Article Contents . Introduction Arild C Rustan, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway . Overview of Fatty Acid Structure . Major Fatty Acids Christian A Drevon, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway . Metabolism of Fatty Acids . Properties of Fatty Acids Fatty acids play a key role in metabolism: as a metabolic fuel, as a necessary component of . Requirements for and Uses of Fatty Acids in Human all membranes, and as a gene regulator. In addition, fatty acids have a number of industrial Nutrition uses. Uses of Fatty Acids in the Pharmaceutical/Personal Hygiene Industries Introduction doi: 10.1038/npg.els.0003894 Fatty acids, both free and as part of complex lipids, play a number of key roles in metabolism – major metabolic fuel (storage and transport of energy), as essential components subsequent one the b carbon. The letter n is also often used of all membranes, and as gene regulators (Table 1). In ad- instead of the Greek o to indicate the position of the double dition, dietary lipids provide polyunsaturated fatty acids bond closest to the methyl end. The systematic nomencla- (PUFAs) that are precursors of powerful locally acting ture for fatty acids may also indicate the location of double metabolites, i.e. the eicosanoids. As part of complex lipids, bonds with reference to the carboxyl group (D). Figure 2 fatty acids are also important for thermal and electrical outlines the structures of different types of naturally insulation, and for mechanical protection. Moreover, free occurring fatty acids. fatty acids and their salts may function as detergents and soaps owing to their amphipathic properties and the for- Saturated fatty acids mation of micelles.
    [Show full text]
  • Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Consumers
    Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Consumers What are omega-3 fatty acids and what do they do? Omega-3 fatty acids are found in foods, such as fish and flaxseed, and in dietary supplements, such as fish oil. The three main omega-3 fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA is found mainly in plant oils such as flaxseed, soybean, and canola oils. DHA and EPA are found in fish and other seafood. ALA is an essential fatty acid, meaning that your body can’t make it, so you must get it from the foods and beverages you consume. Your body can convert some ALA into EPA and then to DHA, but only in very small amounts. Therefore, getting EPA and DHA from foods (and dietary supplements if you take them) is the only practical way to increase levels of these omega-3 fatty acids in your body. Omega-3s are important components of the membranes that surround each cell in your body. DHA levels are especially high in retina (eye), brain, and sperm cells. Omega-3s also provide calories to give your body energy and have many functions in your heart, blood vessels, lungs, immune system, and endocrine system (the network of hormone-producing glands). How much omega-3s do I need? Omega-3s are found in foods Experts have not established recommended amounts for omega-3 fatty acids, except such as fatty fish and plant oils. for ALA. Average daily recommended amounts for ALA are listed below in grams (g).
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Bytes
    UCLA Nutrition Bytes Title Theories Presented in The Zone Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9pg2j7wk Journal Nutrition Bytes, 3(1) ISSN 1548-4327 Author Chang, Jeannie Publication Date 1997 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California "Easy -to -follow" diet plans appear each year to convince overweight Americans that there is finally a way to lose weight permanently. Barry Sears and Bill Lawren’s book, The Zone, is no exception; in fact, Sears’ book cover advertises that it is "a dietary road map to lose weight permanently, reset your genetic code, prevent disease, achieve maximum physical performance, [and] enhance mental productivity." But is this realistic? Can a diet really accomplish all of those tasks? After numerous searches through several databases, only two journal articles analyzing this diet plan surfaced, both warning readers about the misinformation contained in the book. There are definitely problems with Sears’ diet; for example, his daily caloric intake recommendation is dangerously low. Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter stated that they believed "[Sears was] confusing the near -euphoria he promises from following the Zone diet with lightheadedness from hunger" (3). Dr. Zamenhof, Associate Professor of Biological Ch emistry at UCLA said that it was probably due to an increased release of endorphins, enkephalins, and catecholamines. In addition, the information he provides regarding carbohydrate and fat metabolism, as well as insulin and glucagon secretion, are wrong. However, Sears also says that there is a direct relationship between insulin and glucagon with the synthesis of "good" eicosanoids (prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin I2 and "bad" eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes).
    [Show full text]
  • Serum N-6 Fatty Acids Are Positively Associated with Growth in 6-To-10-Year Old Ugandan Children Regardless of HIV Status—A Cross-Sectional Study
    nutrients Article Serum n-6 Fatty Acids are Positively Associated with Growth in 6-to-10-Year Old Ugandan Children Regardless of HIV Status—A Cross-Sectional Study Raghav Jain 1 , Amara E. Ezeamama 2, Alla Sikorskii 2, William Yakah 1 , Sarah Zalwango 3, Philippa Musoke 4, Michael J. Boivin 5,6 and Jenifer I. Fenton 1,* 1 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected] (R.J.); [email protected] (W.Y.) 2 Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected] (A.E.E.); [email protected] (A.S.) 3 Directorate of Public Health and Environment, Kampala Capital City Authority, Kampala 00256, Uganda; [email protected] 4 Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala 00256, Uganda; [email protected] 5 Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology & Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected] 6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-517-353-3342; Fax: +1-517-353-8963 Received: 8 April 2019; Accepted: 30 May 2019; Published: 4 June 2019 Abstract: Fatty acids (FAs) are crucial in child growth and development. In Uganda, antiretroviral therapy (ART) has drastically reduced perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of infants, however, the interplay of FAs, ART, and HIV in relation to child growth is not well understood. To investigate this, serum was collected from 240 children between 6–10 years old in Uganda and analyzed for FAs using gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry.
    [Show full text]
  • Food-Intake Normalization of Dysregulated Fatty Acids in Women with Anorexia Nervosa
    nutrients Article Food-Intake Normalization of Dysregulated Fatty Acids in Women with Anorexia Nervosa Nhien Nguyen 1, Michelle Dow 2, Blake Woodside 3, J. Bruce German 4, Oswald Quehenberger 5 and Pei-an Betty Shih 1,* 1 Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; [email protected] 2 Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; [email protected] 4 Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; [email protected] 5 Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +858-534-0828 Received: 3 August 2019; Accepted: 8 September 2019; Published: 13 September 2019 Abstract: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder affected by psychological, environmental, and biological factors. Individuals with AN avoid high-fat, high-calorie diets and have shown abnormal metabolism of fatty acids (FAs), which are essential for brain and cognitive/neuropsychiatric health. To clarify the relationship between FAs and AN, fasting and postprandial plasma FAs in AN patients and age-matched control women were analyzed via mass-spectrometry. Clinical phenotypes were assessed using Becker Anxiety Inventory and Becker Depression Inventory. AN patients and controls exhibited different FA signatures at both fasting and postprandial timepoints. Lauric acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) were higher in AN than in controls (lauric acid: 15,081.6 14,970.2 vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Omega-3, Omega-6 and Omega-9 Fatty Acids
    Johnson and Bradford, J Glycomics Lipidomics 2014, 4:4 DOI: 0.4172/2153-0637.1000123 Journal of Glycomics & Lipidomics Review Article Open Access Omega-3, Omega-6 and Omega-9 Fatty Acids: Implications for Cardiovascular and Other Diseases Melissa Johnson1* and Chastity Bradford2 1College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA 2Department of Biology, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA Abstract The relationship between diet and disease has long been established, with epidemiological and clinical evidence affirming the role of certain dietary fatty acid classes in disease pathogenesis. Within the same class, different fatty acids may exhibit beneficial or deleterious effects, with implications on disease progression or prevention. In conjunction with other fatty acids and lipids, the omega-3, -6 and -9 fatty acids make up the lipidome, and with the conversion and storage of excess carbohydrates into fats, transcendence of the glycome into the lipidome occurs. The essential omega-3 fatty acids are typically associated with initiating anti-inflammatory responses, while omega-6 fatty acids are associated with pro-inflammatory responses. Non-essential, omega-9 fatty acids serve as necessary components for other metabolic pathways, which may affect disease risk. These fatty acids which act as independent, yet synergistic lipid moieties that interact with other biomolecules within the cellular ecosystem epitomize the critical role of these fatty acids in homeostasis and overall health. This review focuses on the functional roles and potential mechanisms of omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids in regard to inflammation and disease pathogenesis. A particular emphasis is placed on cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Backgrounder on Omega-3 Fatty Acids
    Chapter 2 Backgrounder on Omega-3 Fatty Acids Flax is rich in the essential omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). This chapter provides background information on essential fatty acids and ALA metabolism. Reviewing ALA metabolism in this chapter will make the discussions about ALA’s health effects presented in later chapters easier to understand. Essential Fatty Acids There are two essential fatty acids (EFAs) in human nutrition: alpha- linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, and linoleic acid (LA), an omega-6 fatty acid. Humans must obtain EFAs from foods because the human body cannot make them. EFAs are required for the structure of cell membranes and, because they are unsaturated, they help keep membranes flexible. They are precursors of long-chain fatty acids, some of which are converted to powerful compounds that affect many biological processes, including inflammation and cell signaling (the way cells communicate). EFAs affect gene expression – that is, they turn genes on for the making of cell proteins (45-47). EFAs also have antibacterial actions and are found in breast milk (48). Indeed, breast milk is rich in LA and contains more of ALA than of any other omega-3 fatty acid (49-53). 22 Are All Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids Essential? In the strictest sense, there are only two essential fatty acids in human nutrition – alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA). ALA and LA are required in our diet because our bodies cannot make them. For this reason, ALA and LA are essential nutrients just like calcium, potassium, vitamin C and folate.
    [Show full text]
  • Essential Fatty Acids and Inflammation
    Annals ofthe Rheumatic Diseases 1991; 50: 745-746 745 Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.50.11.745 on 1 November 1991. Downloaded from Essential fatty acids and inflammation Essential fatty acids are 'essential'" not only because of their deprivation of linoleic acid leads to deficiency of arachidonic physiological importance but because they must be derived acid and impairment of prostaglandin synthesis. Essential in either direct or partially elaborated form from the diet. fatty acid deficiency causes many pathological changes, but Thus these acids may be classified as vitamins (indeed they it also reduces the severity of inflammation in experimental were once called vitamin F). animal models. Fasting also has a salutary effect on Two groups offatty acids are essential to the body: the W6 symptoms of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.3 As neither (n6) series, derived from linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and the W3 induction of essential fatty acid deficiency nor fasting are (n6) series, derived from a-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3). In these likely to be popular treatments it might be more prudent to notations 18 is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, modify or supplement, rather than delete, lipid intake. the second number is the number of double carbon-carbon The extraordinary rapidity with which platelets adhere to bonds (degree of unsaturation), and the number after the n damaged tissue, aggregate, and release potent biologically is the position of the first double bond starting from the active materials suggests that the platelet is well suited to be methyl (w) end of the fatty acid chain.
    [Show full text]