Beaufort Herald

Beaufort Companye January 2010 Volume 4, Issue 1 Inside this issue: Welcome to 2010 —its later than you think The Siege of 2 drink, household retainers and servants, the John Judde 3 growth of the middle class, plus religion. If you have any ideas we can use for this or Battle of Dornach 1499 4 you are interested in taking part please

contact Allan JAYNE E .. Picture Gallery 5

Camp Followers 6

Making weekend with Sarah 7 Thursfield

Lou & Adams wedding 8

Beaufort website 8

Alternative Bosworth 8

Cookery Corner 8 Richard III Society Talk

Following from the success last year the In the next issuer: Richard III society for Nottingham and Lincoln has requested another talk on Sat- ♦ Ralph Arken 2005 urday 20th March at Huthwaite. ♦ Henry V ordnances The theme is “the medieval household” ♦ Elizabeth Shore and they would like something on food & Chris has been busy recruiting ♦ in Ireland The picture on the right is from For the worse) over time. Next Issue— February a long long time ago, in a re- In my case, I think the only enactment group far far away thing I have left out of that (The Stafford's). But it would kit is the buckler, every- be good to get more old pho- thing else has been either tos of members. upgraded, worn out, not up to scratch by compari- Possibly do a then and now, son with what I know with a small piece on what you liked then and what has now. A changed (for the better or

Gold Angel 1 The Siege of London , 1471 Beaufort Companye Newsletter The Lancastrian disaster at on the 4 May was not the end of fighting in 1471 as on the day before Thomas Neville, the Bastard of Fauconberg, unaware of his kinsmen’s death at Barnet, had landed in with 300 men of the Calais Garrison intent on inciting rebellion in support of Warwick. By the 12 May Fauconberg had been reinforced with men from the Cinque Ports, Kent , Essex and Surrey and, de- spite now being aware of Edward IV’s victory, sailed up the Thames demanding entry into the capital intent on releasing Henry VI. The mayor and council refused and mustering the cities various knights, al- derman, esquires and gentry placed them under the command of the Earl of Essex and Lord Rivers determined to resist the rebels. Fauconberg at once launched an assault across , but despite setting fire to the gate, was pushed back after fierce fighting. The following day the rebels attempted to cross the Thames upstream at Kingston Bridge in order to attack but Earl Rivers had already strengthened the defences and Fauconberg was once again forced to withdraw.

The following day the rebels were back in and at 11.00am they commenced a bombardment of the city with cannon whilst at the same launching a fresh assault across London Bridge . Simultaneously attacks were made on and Bishops Gate on the north east side of the city by the men of Essex who had crossed the river the night before under cover of darkness. On the north bank of the Thames the royal guns initially matched the rebels shot for shot but with more and more houses set on fire many were forced to withdraw. However the royal guns mounted on the end of London Bridge were able to remain in position and succeeded in sweeping the bridge clear of attackers with a sustained and lethal crossfire. On the north bank the rebel attack faired little better and although they managed to initially capture the Aldwark Outwork the citizens repelled them by dropping the portcullis and after regrouping launched a counter attack led by Alderman Bassett. At the same time having already been negotiating with one of Cla- Earl Rivers issued forth from the Tower’s Byward postern gate and rence’s heralds. The remaining rebels waited lead- caught the rebels in their exposed flank who, now faced with attack on erless at Blackheath until the morning of 20 May two sides, broke and fled. The Earl of Essex now led a charge out of before dispersing on hearing of the approach of Bishops Gate and routed the opposition there, chasing the rebels back to Edward IV who arrived outside the city at Blackwall, slaughtering as many as 700 as they attempted to regain their Shoreditch on the 21 May 1471. ships. The following morning Henry VI was dead On the south bank, and with him the end of the House of Lan- the remaining re- caster. Although initially Edward dealt se- bels retired de- verely with the rebels executing many of feated to Black- the leaders and imposing heavy fines oth- heath and on the ers by July he had issued pardons to the 18 May Faucon- Calais Garrison and by October a general berg abandoned pardon to all involved. For his part Faucon- them to their fate berg, who had surrendered to and, with the re- on the 26 May and received a pardon, mains of the Cal- was subsequently caught once again plot- ais Garrison, ting rebellion and in September declared sailed to Sandwich a traitor and executed, his head adorning to await the King London Bridge looking towards Kent. and offer his sur- render, Ian Brandt

2 Beaufort Companye Newsletter Personalities of the Wars of the Roses

John Judde: Master of the Kings Ordnance

Judde was born 1415 and the Calendar of Patent Rolls and Close Rolls refer to him as an Esquire, Citizen and Merchant of London. In 1448 he was one of the King’s Serjeants at Arms commissioned to take mariners and soldiers to serve on the sea and in 1450 he was employed to “ arrest” ships in the Port of London for the transport of Lord Rivers and soldiers to Aquitaine. The Issue Rolls re- cords a payment, made on 30 October 1452, to “ John Judde of London, Mer- chant who has lately set out to Bordeaux in the company of Lord Talbot, for 3 months service with 100 ‘hominibus defensiblibus’ (armed men) ”. In 1456 he was tasked with collecting Customs in the Port of Chichester.

1456 Judde was appointed, via Royal Warrant, as Master of the Kings Ord- In March 1460, John Judde, Henry nance for life and contracted to provide Henry VI with 60 Serpentines and Nevill, Alexander Norton, Robert twenty tons of saltpetre and sulphur and within a year he had supplied 26 Ser- Parker, John Carpenter and Dederic pentines and a Culverin for which he received £133 8s 5 ½d as payment. On 25 Tyle were commissioned to employ February 1458 John Judde, Thomas Thorp, Thomas Bettes, William Jakes and whelers, cartwryghtz and other car- Richard Eston were appointed to arrest (employ) the necessary workmen re- penters, stonemasons, smiths, plumb- quired to manufacture (the Kings) bows and on 10 April 1459 a further commis- ers, artificers and workmen for the sion was issued requiring John Judde, Robert Wylbram, Thomas Bettys and works of the Kings Ordnance to fa- William Teyes to employ bowyers, flecchers and stryngers to supply bows, ar- cilitate the carriage of bombards, can- rows and cords with other things necessary to the Office of the Artillery. nons, culvryns, serpentines, cross- bows, bows, arrows, saltpetre, powder In the autumn on 1459 he was commissioned to fit out of ships for the Duke of for cannons, lead, iron and all other Somerset’s failed expedition to recover Calais from the Yorkists and in Decem- stuff for the said Ordnance. Through- ber he received orders to seize ‘all the ordnance and habiliments of war, late of out the summer of 1460 Judde was Richard, the late Duke of York, Richard the late Earl of Warwick and Richard busy organising the transport of arma- the late Earl of Salisbury’ and to ‘visit all castles, fortified towns and fortalices ments from the to in the realm and to survey the ordnance and habiliments of war therein, repair- various Royal Castles, including Ken- ing where possible, those that are insufficient by indentures to be made between ilworth and it was while on one of him and the Constables or Keepers thereof’ . In recognition of his loyal service these missions that Judde was mur- he received an annual ‘grant for life of £50 from the Sheriffs of London from dered in St Albans on 22 June 1460. their receipts of the green wax and the subsidy on strangers dwelling in the city. Robert Bale, a London chronicler, wrote that Judde had maliciously con- spired and laboured to ordain and make all things for war to aid the de- struction of the Duke of York and as a result had as ‘wretched an end as only the caitiff deserved’ I Brandt

3

The Battle of DORNACH 22nd July1499 Beaufort Companye Newsletter

The Battle of Dornach was the decisive battle of the Swabian Wars (1499) fought between the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian, head of the Swabian League (a confederation of southern German states bordering on Switzerland) and the Swiss Confederacy.

Although initially a border dispute, it was used by Maximilian in an attempt to re-assert control over Switzerland, which although nomi- nally a part of the Holy Roman Emperor, gave little more than lip service to the Emperor. A series of minor battles, on the northern and eastern borders of Switzerland in the spring and summer of 1499, re- sulted in victory for the Swiss, who proceeded to plunder the Swabian border territories.

In retaliation Maximillian launched a major invasion of Switzerland After several hours of fighting Cow horns an- with 15,000 men predominantly Landsknecht under the command of his nounced the arrival of the Uri and best general, Heinrich von Furstenburg. Furstenburg bypassed the town contingents who emerged from woodland on of and besieged the Castle of Dorneck, Nr Dornach, and 8km to the Swabian flank. It was the last straw, the the south of Basel. Most of the garrison fled at their approach, leaving Landsknechts broke and fled, over 3,000 were just 11men under the command of Benedict Hugi to hold the castle. killed in the pursuit, many being drowned in Hugi’s men put on such a brave face that the Swabian forces settled the river Birs. down for a regular siege. The siege was not energetically prosecuted by the Landsknechts who enjoyed camp life “without a care, without a

Maximilian disheartened by this further defeat through in the towel. The subse- quent Treaty of Basel (22 nd September 1499), confirmed that Switzerland re- mained on paper part of the , but stated that the Swiss would not be subject to Imperial taxes or juris- diction and so the Swiss were to all in- tents and purposes independent.

Mark Hinsley

guard, with much amusement, with games, and much singing and dancing”

Worse still Furstenburg ignored repeated warnings from his offi- cers to keep a better watch and to fortify the camp and entrench- ments, an omission which was to cost him his life. For at dawn on the 22 July, a relieving force of 8,000 Swiss (5,000 Berne, 2,000 Solothurn, 400 Zurich, remainder minor cantons) arrived before Dorneck and seeing the unprepared state of the Swabians, immedi- ately attacked, despite the fact that part of their army the contin- gents of Uri, Zug & Lucerne were still coming up. Their attack came as a total surprise to the hapless Furstenburg, who was in- specting his siege artillery and was amongst the first to be cut down, but the Landsknechts were able to form a line and a fierce combat of pike vs. pike ensued. The initial Swiss assault was beaten back and the Swabian cavalry under the command of the Duke of Gueldres, made repeated charges at the flanks of the Swiss phalanx column, but were unable to stop it attacking once more. 4 Beaufort Companye Newsletter

Guess the event?

Mummers wanted! Anyone who would like to be a mummer, please contact and let us know, look at The “sprede these potential Oscar winners egle” Avoncroft

5 Camp Followers Rule(s) - Beaufort Companye Newsletter that’ll be thruppence please)

The medieval attitude toward prostitution on the whole was quite am- bivalent. Although followers of this “ profession” were seen as low and despicable, they were also deemed, following the teachings of Saint Augustine, as a necessary evil in society, for it was preferable for men to visit prostitutes than corrupt married women and virgins, or indulge in other unsavoury (and illegal) practices.

Therefore prostitution was condoned by the church and lay authori- ties, although they and their clients were sometimes brought to book. The question is what was the norm for campaigns and camp?

The major ruling was that no soldier, whatever their rank or their servants should keep a woman in concubinage, in adultery or in any other illicit union. No penalties are set for the woman but for the soldier they could be harsh are were to be imposed impartially. Offenders were to be imprisoned for up to a month, their pay stopped and they would have to pay a surety for good behaviour to be released (Chris start saving now). Henry V also tried to enforce protec- tion for females whilst on campaign. Especially for pregnant women, and those in childbirth! Also rape was made a capital offence.

The Earl of Salisbury when campaigning in Maine added to the rules by stating that a soldier was not allowed on campaign to have a “common woman” for his exclusive use, that she must instead lodge in a “bordell”.

Talbot also banned the keeping of such women on his campaigns, any woman found in the company of garrison sol- diers was to be arrested placed in the pillory and then banished,. Their master was to be imprisoned and have their goods and chattels confiscated. (pick the right commander girls)

There is no real evidence of sexually transmitted disease until Edward IV’s brief campaign of 1475 in France where the Brut chronicler noted “ower Kynge lost many a man that fylle to the lust of women and were brent by them; and theyr membrys royttyd away and they dyed” The French Pox as it was xenophobically called

It was also thought that excess of sexual activity made the person effeminate, thus like a woman fearful and incapable of fighting (hmmm). The idea that the male was weakened by sexual activity was well established in the medieval mind. A further concern was the influence that women could exert on the partner at such a time as it was stated that this was the time when a man was most vulnerable to her wiles.

These widely held views formed the backdrop to the Lancastrian military ordinances for France, and were principally concerned with keeping the soldiers mind on the tasks at hand, and they may be ruled and governed in good order prostitutes were to be kept at a distance from the host and from garrisons, and towns and that they were to be common property in order to reduce sexual jealousies amongst soldiers and to ensure orderly conduct. Soldiers were never banned from visiting brothels or bordells just the amount was regu- lated. No commander could afford to keep his soldiers restless and frustrated for too long!

From “Sex and the Soldier in Lancastrian Normandy “ by Anne Curry

6 The “Norman” cavalry at Kenilworth Beaufort Companye Newsletter

Making weekend with Sarah Thursfield 5th & 6th February

(Author of the Medieval Tailors Assistant) Are you certain this is intrinsic to the plot?

Anyone interested in a clothing seminar with Sarah Thursfield on 5th & 6th February being run by the Saviles. The venue is a hotel in cen- tral Doncaster, close to main road links (I will be sending out full info shortly). There is a charge of £10 per head for the weekend - this is to cover venue hire and refreshments which are provided all day. Satur- day will look at clothing in C15th, correct materials & colours, evi- dence for clothing and how to research etc... Sunday will be a practi- cal fitting session - with the opportunity to be measured up for custom patterns by Sarah (a fee applies to this). Beauforts marching onto the field at Tewkesbury

Henry VI Standard

7 Beaufort Companye Newsletter

BEAUFORTS WEDDING Lou & Adam not really a good enough excuse to miss Blore

Group Website

Phil has made a great start on our group web- site: Caption Competition. In future if you wish to be absent from an event, please supply a note from your http://www.beaufort-companye.org.uk/ parent or guardian Please visit and check it out, but be aware that Cookery Corner, Part 17 lots still has to be done. Cookery Corner, Part 17 Chykonys in Bruette (Chicken in Ale Sauce) If you want to help, have images or links that you would like included, or have any ideas on PERIOD English 15th C , | SOURCE: HarleianMS.279 Authentic content, please contact either Phil or Allan Difficulty Easy Take [an] Sethe Chykonys, & smyte hem to gobettys; Please tell me where Bosworth happened? than take Pepir, Gyngere, an Brede y-grounde, & temper it vppe wyth the self brothe, an with Ale; an coloure it with Safroun, an sethe an se- "The combined evidence proves that the battle was rue forth.

fought in the area between the villages of Dadling- ton, Shenton, Upton and Stoke Golding – in a loca- tion not previously suggested" MODERN RECIPE: 3 or 4 pounds chicken, cut into serving pieces , 2 T butter , 3 Cups water , 3/4 C ale or beer , 3/4 C broth from boiled chicken , 1/2 tsp each pepper and powdered ginger , 1/4 tsp saffron , 1 C white bread http://www.bosworthbattlefield.com/battle/ crumbs , Salt to taste archaeology/battlefield.htm

1. In a large pot or heavy frying pan, over medium heat, melt butter, and brown the chicken well on all sides. Off home to throw away all my "incorrect" Bosworth books then to make way for the new definitive history then . 2. Add water to the pot, bring to a boil, reduce heat, and simmer, cov- ered, for thirty minutes or until chicken is cooked through and tender. Remove from heat.

3. With a basting nozzle or ladle, draw off 3/4 cup of the broth in the pot.

4. In a saucepan, over medium heat, combine broth, ale and spices. Stir in bread crumbs, bring to a boil, reduce heat, and simmer, stirring occa- sionally, for about five minutes.

5. Arrange chicken pieces on a serving platter, and pour the sauce over them.

Serves four to six.

8