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A Quantum Chemical Study Involving Nitrogen Mustards
The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal, 2016, 3(4):58-60 Available online www.tpcj.org ISSN: 2349-7092 Research Article CODEN(USA): PCJHBA Formation enthalpy and number of conformers as suitable QSAR descriptors: a quantum chemical study involving nitrogen mustards Robson Fernandes de Farias Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Cx. Postal 1664, 59078-970, Natal-RN, Brasil Abstract In the present work, a quantum chemical study (Semi-empirical,PM6 method) is performed using nitrogen mustards (HN1, HN2 and HN3) as subjects in order to demonstrate that there is a close relationship between pharmacological activity and parameters such as formation enthalpy and number of conformers, which could, consequently, be employed as reliable QSAR descriptors. To the studied nitrogen mustards, a very simple equation o o relating log P, ΔH f and the number of conformers (Nc) was found: log P = [(log -ΔH f + logNc)/2]-0.28. Keywords QSAR, Descriptors, Formation enthalpy, Conformers, Semi-empirical, Nitrogen mustards, Log P Introduction It is well known that lipophilicity is a very important molecular descriptor that often correlates well with the bioactivity of chemicals [1]. Hence, lipophilicity, measured as log P, is a key property in quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies. In this connection, in the pharmaceutical sciences it is a common practice to use log P (the partition coefficient between water and octanol), as a reliable indicator of the hydrophobicity or lipophilicity of (drug) molecules [1-2]. For example, relying primarily on the log P is a sensible strategy in preparing future 18-crown-6 analogs with optimized biological activity [3]. -
The Chemotherapy of Malignant Disease -Practical and Experimental Considerations
Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.41.475.268 on 1 May 1965. Downloaded from POSTGRAD. MED. J. (1965), 41,268 THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF MALIGNANT DISEASE -PRACTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS JOHN MATTHIAS, M.D., M.R.C.P., F.F.A., R.C.S. Physician, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, S.W.3. THE TERM chemotherapy was introduced by positively charged alkyl (CH2) radicles of Ehrlich to describe the specific and effective the agent. treatment of infectious disease by chemical (a) The nitrogen mustards: mustine (HN2 substances. It is currently also applied to the 'nitrogen mustard', mechlorethamine, treatment of malignant disease. Unfortunately mustargen), trimustine (Trillekamin no aspect of tumour metabolism has been HN3), chlorambucil (Leukeran, phenyl discovered which has allowed the development butyric mustard), melphalan (Alkeran, of drugs capable of acting specifically upon the phenyl alanine mustard), uramustine malignant cell, so that cytotoxic drugs also (Uracil mustard), cyclophosphamide affect normal cells to a greater or lesser degree. (Endoxan or Cytoxan), mannomustine The most susceptible or sensitive of the normal (DegranoO). tissues are those with the highest rates of cell (b) The ethylenamines: tretamine (trie- turnover and include the haemopoietic and thanomelamine, triethylene melamine, lympho-reticular tissues, the gastro-intestinal TEM), thiotepa (triethylene thiopho- the the testis and the hair epithelium, ovary, sphoramide), triaziquone (Trenimon).by copyright. follicles. (c) The epoxides: triethyleneglycoldigly- Cancer chemotherapy may be said to encom- cidyl ether (Epodyl). pass all treatments of a chemical nature (d) The sulphonic acid esters: busulphan administered to patients with the purpose of (Myleran), mannitol myleran. restricting tumour growth or destroying tumour 2. -
Nerve Agent - Lntellipedia Page 1 Of9 Doc ID : 6637155 (U) Nerve Agent
This document is made available through the declassification efforts and research of John Greenewald, Jr., creator of: The Black Vault The Black Vault is the largest online Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) document clearinghouse in the world. The research efforts here are responsible for the declassification of MILLIONS of pages released by the U.S. Government & Military. Discover the Truth at: http://www.theblackvault.com Nerve Agent - lntellipedia Page 1 of9 Doc ID : 6637155 (U) Nerve Agent UNCLASSIFIED From lntellipedia Nerve Agents (also known as nerve gases, though these chemicals are liquid at room temperature) are a class of phosphorus-containing organic chemicals (organophosphates) that disrupt the mechanism by which nerves transfer messages to organs. The disruption is caused by blocking acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that normally relaxes the activity of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. ...--------- --- -·---- - --- -·-- --- --- Contents • 1 Overview • 2 Biological Effects • 2.1 Mechanism of Action • 2.2 Antidotes • 3 Classes • 3.1 G-Series • 3.2 V-Series • 3.3 Novichok Agents • 3.4 Insecticides • 4 History • 4.1 The Discovery ofNerve Agents • 4.2 The Nazi Mass Production ofTabun • 4.3 Nerve Agents in Nazi Germany • 4.4 The Secret Gets Out • 4.5 Since World War II • 4.6 Ocean Disposal of Chemical Weapons • 5 Popular Culture • 6 References and External Links --------------- ----·-- - Overview As chemical weapons, they are classified as weapons of mass destruction by the United Nations according to UN Resolution 687, and their production and stockpiling was outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993; the Chemical Weapons Convention officially took effect on April 291997. Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to contraction of pupils, profuse salivation, convulsions, involuntary urination and defecation, and eventual death by asphyxiation as control is lost over respiratory muscles. -
High-Threat Chemical Agents: Characteristics, Effects, and Policy Implications
Order Code RL31861 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web High-Threat Chemical Agents: Characteristics, Effects, and Policy Implications Updated September 9, 2003 Dana A. Shea Analyst in Science and Technology Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress High-Threat Chemical Agents: Characteristics, Effects, and Policy Implications Summary Terrorist use of chemical agents has been a noted concern, highlighted after the Tokyo Sarin gas attacks of 1995. The events of September 11, 2001, increased Congressional attention towards reducing the vulnerability of the United States to such attacks. High-threat chemical agents, which include chemical weapons and some toxic industrial chemicals, are normally organized by military planners into four groups: nerve agents, blister agents, choking agents, and blood agents. While the relative military threat posed by the various chemical types has varied over time, use of these chemicals against civilian targets is viewed as a low probability, high consequence event. High-threat chemical agents, depending on the type of agent used, cause a variety of symptoms in their victims. Some cause death by interfering with the nervous system. Some inhibit breathing and lead to asphyxiation. Others have caustic effects on contact. As a result, chemical attack treatment may be complicated by the need to identify at least the type of chemical used. Differences in treatment protocols for the various high-threat agents may also strain the resources of the public health system, especially in the case of mass casualties. Additionally, chemical agents trapped on the body or clothes of victims may place first responders and medical professionals at risk. -
Aerodrome Safety Publication
Aerodrome Safety Publication Number: ASP 02/2017 Issued: 5 April 2017 UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL AGENTS CONTENTS 1 Purpose ........................................................................................................ 2 2 Applicability ................................................................................................... 2 3 Cancellation .................................................................................................. 2 4 Effective Date ............................................................................................... 2 5 Introduction ................................................................................................... 2 6 Types of Chemical Agents ............................................................................ 3 7 Nerve Agents ................................................................................................ 3 8 Blister Agents ................................................................................................ 4 9 Blood Agents ................................................................................................ 4 10 Choking Agents ............................................................................................ 5 11 Protection against Chemical Agents ............................................................. 6 12 Detection of Chemical Agents ....................................................................... 6 13 Conclusion ................................................................................................... -
NIOSH Guidance -Filtration and Air Cleaning Systems to Protect Building
Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health April 2003 ii Ordering Information To receive documents or other information about occupational safety and health topics, contact the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) at NIOSH Publications Dissemination 4676 Columbia Parkway Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998 Telephone: 1-800-35-NIOSH (1-800-356-4674) Fax: 1-513-533-8573 E-mail: [email protected] or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh This document is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. Disclaimer: Mention of any company, product, policy, or the inclusion of any reference does not constitute endorse- ment by NIOSH. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2003-136 iii Foreword The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 [Public Law 91-596] assures so far as possible every working man and woman in the Nation safe and healthful working conditions. The Act charges the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) with conducting research and making science-based recommenda- tions to prevent work-related illness, injury, disability, and death. On October 8, 2001, the President of the United States established by executive order the Office of Homeland Security (OHS), which is mandated “to develop and coordinate the implementation of a com- prehensive national strategy to secure the United States from ter- rorist threats or attacks.” In January 2002, the OHS formed the Interagency Workgroup on Building Air Protection under the Medical and Public Health Preparedness Policy Coordinating Committee of the OHS. -
A Chemical and Biological Warfare Threat: USAF Water Systems at Risk
A Chemical and Biological Warfare Threat: USAF Water Systems at Risk Major Donald C. Hickman, USAF US Air Force Counterproliferation Center 3 Future Warfare Series No. 3 A CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE THREAT: USAF WATER SYSTEMS AT RISK by Donald C. Hickman, Major, USAF The Counterproliferation Papers Future Warfare Series No. 3 USAF Counterproliferation Center Air War College Air University Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama A Chemical and Biological Warfare Threat: USAF Water Systems At Risk Donald C. Hickman, Major, USAF September 1999 The Counterproliferation Papers Series was established by the USAF Counterproliferation Center to provide information and analysis to U.S. national security policy-makers and USAF officers to assist them in countering the threat posed by adversaries equipped with weapons of mass destruction. Copies of papers in this series are available from the USAF Counterproliferation Center, 325 Chennault Circle, Maxwell AFB AL 36112-6427. The fax number is (334) 953-7538; phone (334) 953-7538. Counterproliferation Paper No. 3 USAF Counterproliferation Center Air War College Air University Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-6427 The internet address for the USAF Counterproliferation Center is: http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc-cps.htm Contents Page Disclaimer . i The Author . ii Acknowledgments. iii Abstract . iv I. Introduction . 1 II. Taking Water for Granted . 3 III. Water System Analysis . 7 IV. Chemical and Biological Threats in Drinking Water. 13 V. Protecting the Force. 25 Appendix: Water System CW/BW Vulnerability Assessment . 29 Notes . 31 Disclaimer The views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense, the U.S. -
Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents
Blister Agent (HN1, HN2, HN3) Blister Agents Nitrogen Mustard (HN-1, HN-2, and HN-3) Patient Information Sheet This handout provides information and follow-up instructions for people who have been exposed to nitrogen mustards. What are nitrogen mustards? Nitrogen mustards are compounds that were initially developed as chemical warfare agents or pharmaceuticals. They have never been used on the battlefield. HN-2 has been used in chemotherapy. What immediate health effects can be caused by exposure to nitrogen mustards? Nitrogen mustards cause injury to the skin, eyes, nose and throat. Eye damage may occur within minutes of exposure. Nausea and vomiting also may occur shortly after exposure. Skin rashes, blisters, and lung damage may develop within a few hours of exposure but may take 6 hours or more. Nitrogen mustards can also suppress the immune system. Can nitrogen mustard poisoning be treated? There is no antidote for nitrogen mustard, but its effects can be treated and most exposed people recover. Immediate decontamination reduces symptoms. People who have been exposed to large amounts of nitrogen mustard will need to be treated in a hospital. Are any future health effects likely to occur? Adverse health effects, such as chronic respiratory diseases, may occur from exposure to high levels of these agents. Severe damage to the eye may be present for a long time following the exposure. What tests can be done if a person has been exposed to nitrogen mustard? There are no routine tests to confirm exposure. Where can more information about nitrogen mustard be found? More information about nitrogen mustards can be obtained from your regional poison control center; the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR); your doctor; or a clinic in your area that specializes in toxicology or occupational and environmental health. -
Protect Laboratory Chemicals from Use in a Terrorist Attack
Protect Laboratory Chemicals from Use in a Terrorist Attack Overview Chemicals and reagents used for research and development, testing, monitoring, or education are critical to production, nonproduction, diagnostic, and pharmaceutical laboratory services. However, in the wrong hands, some of these same chemicals can be used for great harm. What Is CFATS? In 2006, Congress authorized the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to establish the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) program. Managed by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), the CFATS program identifies and regulates high-risk chemical facilities to ensure that security measures are in place that reduce the risk of certain chemicals being weaponized. Appendix A of the CFATS regulation lists more than 300 chemicals of interest (COI) and their respective screening threshold quantity (STQ), concentration, and security issues. If released, stolen or diverted, and/or used as a contaminant, these COI have the potential to cause significant loss of human life and/or health consequences. Any individual or facility in possession of COI that meets or exceeds the STQ and concentration must report those chemicals to CISA through an online survey called a Top-Screen. COI Commonly Found in Laboratories Laboratories that use COI are considered chemical facilities under CFATS and may be subject to its regulations. Some of the commonly reported COI include, but are not limited to: • Aluminum (powder) • Sarin • Ammonium perchlorate • Sodium nitrate • DF (Methyl phosphonyl difluoride) • Soman [o-Pinacolyl • HN1, HN2, and HN3 (Nitrogen mustard-1, 2, 3) methylphosphonofluoridate] • Hydrogen fluoride (anhydrous) • Sulfur Mustard (Mustard gas (H)) • Hydrogen peroxide (conc. -
Chemical Weapons Technology Section 4—Chemical Weapons Technology
SECTION IV CHEMICAL WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY SECTION 4—CHEMICAL WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY Scope Highlights 4.1 Chemical Material Production ........................................................II-4-8 4.2 Dissemination, Dispersion, and Weapons Testing ..........................II-4-22 • Chemical weapons (CW) are relatively inexpensive to produce. 4.3 Detection, Warning, and Identification...........................................II-4-27 • CW can affect opposing forces without damaging infrastructure. 4.4 Chemical Defense Systems ............................................................II-4-34 • CW can be psychologically devastating. • Blister agents create casualties requiring attention and inhibiting BACKGROUND force efficiency. • Defensive measures can be taken to negate the effect of CW. Chemical weapons are defined as weapons using the toxic properties of chemi- • Donning of protective gear reduces combat efficiency of troops. cal substances rather than their explosive properties to produce physical or physiologi- • Key to employment is dissemination and dispersion of agents. cal effects on an enemy. Although instances of what might be styled as chemical weapons date to antiquity, much of the lore of chemical weapons as viewed today has • CW are highly susceptible to environmental effects (temperature, its origins in World War I. During that conflict “gas” (actually an aerosol or vapor) winds). was used effectively on numerous occasions by both sides to alter the outcome of • Offensive use of CW complicates command and control and battles. A significant number of battlefield casualties were sustained. The Geneva logistics problems. Protocol, prohibiting use of chemical weapons in warfare, was signed in 1925. Sev- eral nations, the United States included, signed with a reservation forswearing only the first use of the weapons and reserved the right to retaliate in kind if chemical weapons were used against them. -
Chemical Terrorism Fact Sheet Mustard Agent Eye Lesions Vesicants (Blistering Agents) - Mustard Agents Photo Courtesy Department of Defense
Chemical Terrorism Fact Sheet Mustard Agent Eye Lesions Vesicants (Blistering Agents) - Mustard Agents Photo Courtesy Department of Defense Protective Equipment/Detection Chemical Overview The mustards can penetrate cell membranes in tissues and numerous materials: Mustard agents, sulphur mustard (HD) woods, leather, rubber, plants, etc. Since ordinary clothing and surgical gear offer and nitrogen mustard (HN), are known little or no protection, special equipment including a respirator, NBC protective suit, as vesicant, or blistering, agents. Sulphur gloves and overboots are required. Due to the slow absorption of mustard by many mustard, first synthesized in 1822, is materials, protective equipment must be changed regularly. best known as the mustard gas of WWI where it received its name because of its garlicky, mustard odor. Mustard (HD) Mustards form, under certain conditions, colored complexes with para- is 2,2’-di(chloro-ethyl)-sulphide. In nitrobenzpyridine, making it possible to detect minute amounts. Readily available 1935, it was discovered that the vesicant single and three-color detector papers will detect liquid agent. Monitoring devices properties persisted when the sulphur for local contamination and water testing kits are also available. Mass spectrometric atom was substituted by nitrogen. There and immunoassay methods applied to blood samples, as well as urinary thiodiglycol are three nitrogen mustard agents – N- ethyl-2,2’di(chloroethyl) amine, or HN1, levels, can now be used to confirm exposure. N methyl-2,2’di(chloroethyl) amine, or HN2, and 2,2’, 2’’tri(chloroethyl) amine, or HN3 – of which only HN3 is likely to be used in war. HD and HN3 are the most feared vesicants historically, because of their chemical sta- Decontamination bility, their persistency in the field, their Skin – Decontaminate skin by physical adsorption or by the combination of physical ability to attack eyes, mucous membranes, adsorption and chemical inactivation. -
Bioterrorism, Chemical Weapons, and Radiation Terrorism
BIOTERRORISM, CHEMICAL WEAPONS, AND RADIATION TERRORISM INTRODUCTION Large-scale terrorism with biological, chemical, or radiological weapons has yet to happen in the United States. But the 9/11 attack clearly showed that the country could be vulnerable to a determined enemy and because biological, chemical, and (to a lesser degree) radiological weapons do not require enormous technical expertise to develop or use they would be an attractive alternative to use for a terrorist attack. In addition, a terrorist attack using one of these agents would not have to kill many people or produce a large number of casualties to be extremely disruptive. In the United States in 2001, letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to media offices and two United States senators. Five people were killed and 17 were infected, but the incident also created an enormous amount of fear, the investigation required huge amounts of time and money, the cleanup of postal and governmental offices was estimated to have cost over $1 billion, and there were untold number of emergency room visits and countless numbers of calls to health care facilities and public health agencies. The use of biological and chemical weapons for warfare dates back many centuries, and it has continued up to the present. The use of biological, chemical, or radiological weapons for the purposes of terror is also very old, but there are important differences between warfare and terrorism. Terrorism can be defined as a deliberate act of violence that is intended to cause harm but to also make a political or ideological statement, so the use of these non-traditional weapons for terror would be likely to occur outside of the context of an obvious, declared armed conflict and the targets would not be military but civilian.