Patterns of Genetic Variation in in and Ex Situ Populations of the Threatened Chilean Vine Berberidopsis Corallina, Detected Using RAPD Markers
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Bio 308-Course Guide
COURSE GUIDE BIO 308 BIOGEOGRAPHY Course Team Dr. Kelechi L. Njoku (Course Developer/Writer) Professor A. Adebanjo (Programme Leader)- NOUN Abiodun E. Adams (Course Coordinator)-NOUN NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island Lagos Abuja Office No. 5 Dar es Salaam Street Off Aminu Kano Crescent Wuse II, Abuja e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng Published by National Open University of Nigeria Printed 2013 ISBN: 978-058-434-X All Rights Reserved Printed by: ii BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………......................... iv What you will Learn from this Course …………………............ iv Course Aims ……………………………………………............ iv Course Objectives …………………………………………....... iv Working through this Course …………………………….......... v Course Materials ………………………………………….......... v Study Units ………………………………………………......... v Textbooks and References ………………………………........... vi Assessment ……………………………………………….......... vi End of Course Examination and Grading..................................... vi Course Marking Scheme................................................................ vii Presentation Schedule.................................................................... vii Tutor-Marked Assignment ……………………………….......... vii Tutors and Tutorials....................................................................... viii iii BIO 308 COURSE GUIDE INTRODUCTION BIO 308: Biogeography is a one-semester, 2 credit- hour course in Biology. It is a 300 level, second semester undergraduate course offered to students admitted in the School of Science and Technology, School of Education who are offering Biology or related programmes. The course guide tells you briefly what the course is all about, what course materials you will be using and how you can work your way through these materials. It gives you some guidance on your Tutor- Marked Assignments. There are Self-Assessment Exercises within the body of a unit and/or at the end of each unit. -
Reconstructing the Basal Angiosperm Phylogeny: Evaluating Information Content of Mitochondrial Genes
55 (4) • November 2006: 837–856 Qiu & al. • Basal angiosperm phylogeny Reconstructing the basal angiosperm phylogeny: evaluating information content of mitochondrial genes Yin-Long Qiu1, Libo Li, Tory A. Hendry, Ruiqi Li, David W. Taylor, Michael J. Issa, Alexander J. Ronen, Mona L. Vekaria & Adam M. White 1Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048, U.S.A. [email protected] (author for correspondence). Three mitochondrial (atp1, matR, nad5), four chloroplast (atpB, matK, rbcL, rpoC2), and one nuclear (18S) genes from 162 seed plants, representing all major lineages of gymnosperms and angiosperms, were analyzed together in a supermatrix or in various partitions using likelihood and parsimony methods. The results show that Amborella + Nymphaeales together constitute the first diverging lineage of angiosperms, and that the topology of Amborella alone being sister to all other angiosperms likely represents a local long branch attrac- tion artifact. The monophyly of magnoliids, as well as sister relationships between Magnoliales and Laurales, and between Canellales and Piperales, are all strongly supported. The sister relationship to eudicots of Ceratophyllum is not strongly supported by this study; instead a placement of the genus with Chloranthaceae receives moderate support in the mitochondrial gene analyses. Relationships among magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots remain unresolved. Direct comparisons of analytic results from several data partitions with or without RNA editing sites show that in multigene analyses, RNA editing has no effect on well supported rela- tionships, but minor effect on weakly supported ones. Finally, comparisons of results from separate analyses of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes demonstrate that mitochondrial genes, with overall slower rates of sub- stitution than chloroplast genes, are informative phylogenetic markers, and are particularly suitable for resolv- ing deep relationships. -
Ontogenetic Studies on the Determination of the Apical Meristem In
Ontogenetic studies on the determination of the apical meristem in racemose inflorescences D i s s e r t a t i o n Zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Am Fachbereich Biologie Der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Kester Bull-Hereñu geb. am 19.07.1979 in Santiago Mainz, 2010 CONTENTS SUMMARY OF THE THESIS............................................................................................ 1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG.................................................................................................. 2 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 3 1.1 Historical treatment of the terminal flower production in inflorescences....... 3 1.2 Structural understanding of the TF................................................................... 4 1.3 Parallel evolution of the character states referring the TF............................... 5 1.4 Matter of the thesis.......................................................................................... 6 2 DEVELOPMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR TERMINAL FLOWER PRODUCTION IN APIOID UMBELLETS...................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Materials and Methods..................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Plant material.................................................................................... -
(Flacourtuaceae) Species Were Published More Or Berberidopsis By
BLUMEA 30 (1984) 21-29 Berberidopsis (Flacourtuaceae) in Australia J.F. Veldkamp Rijksherbarium, Leiden, The Netherlands Summary Streptothamnusbeckleri F.v.M. (Flacourtiaceae) has been misplaced and belongs to Berberi- Hook, until from Chile. A revision ofboth is and dopsis f., now a monotypic genus genera given the tribal name Berberidopsideae is validated. General survey f. with the Berberidopsis was originally described by Hooker (1862) as only spe- cies B. corallina Hook, f., based on a collection from Chile by Pearce for the Veitch Company. Hooker thought the genus to be so intermediate between the Berberida- ceae and the Lardizabalaceae that it appeared to be another proof that these two families should be united. It is a very showy climber with numerous coral-red to scar- let flowers and has fortunately been cultivated in a number of places, because in its native country it has become very local. Baillon (1870) pointed out the great resemblance to Erythrospermum Lamk., which he also regarded as a Berberidacea, representing a distinct tribe, the Erythro- spermeae DC. (1824). Warburg (1893) agreed with this affinity, but placed the tribe in the Flacourtiaceae, and ever since Berberidopsis has been considered to be a mem- ber of that family. Van Tieghem's proposal (1900) to elevate at least Erythrosper- mum to a distinct family ('Erythrospermacees', nom. inval.) has found no accep- tance. Gilg (1925), on the contrary, united the tribe with the Oncobeae. Hutchinson of the (1967) for obscure reasons changed the name Erythrospermeae to Berberi- first the resemblance of dopsideae. He was the to point out apparent Berberidopsis until considered from southern to Streptothamnus F.v.M., now as a bi-specific genus Queensland and northern New South Wales, Australia. -
Conservation Strategies for Biodiversity and Indigenous People in Chilean Forest Ecosystems
© Journal of The Royal Society oj New Zealand Volume 31 Number 4 December 2001 pp 865-877 Conservation strategies for biodiversity and indigenous people in Chilean forest ecosystems J. J. Armesto*f, C. Smith-Ramirez*, R. Rozzi* The distribution of Chilean temperate forests has been greatly disrupted by human activities, mainly through logging, land clearing for agriculture, and replacement of native forests by extensive commercial plantations of exotic trees More than Vi million people of indigenous ancestry (mainly Pehuenche and Huilliche) still live in close association with forests in south-central Chile Indigenous people have been forced to retreat, along with the last remains of native forests, towards marginal lands, characterised by low productivity and limited accessibility This process has been driven by a historical trend that reassigned public and indigenous land to private or industrial landowners, and by a Chilean forestry policy that has ignored biodiversity and non- timber forest products, and undervalued native forests by providing costly subsidies to industrial plantations for timber and pulp production As a result of these policies, two major conflicts have emerged indigenous people encroached by timber plantations are resisting the expansion of commercial forestry, and the conservation of the last remains of biologically valuable habitat is at odds with land use claims by indigenous groups in less accessible areas A promising solution to these problems is the development of mixed use landscapes or "extractive reserves", -
Distribution Patterns of Flora and Fauna in Southern Chilean Coastal Rain
Biodivers Conserv (2007) 16:2627–2648 DOI 10.1007/s10531-006-9073-2 ORIGINAL PAPER Distribution patterns of flora and fauna in southern Chilean Coastal rain forests: Integrating Natural History and GIS Cecilia Smith-Ramı´rez Æ Iva´n Dı´az Æ Patricio Pliscoff Æ Claudio Valdovinos Æ Marco A. Me´ndez Æ Juan Larraı´n Æ Horacio Samaniego Received: 17 August 2005 / Accepted: 19 May 2006 / Published online: 27 October 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2006 Abstract Knowledge of species richness centers is necessary for the design of conservation areas. In this study, we present a GIS analysis of two years of field data on animal and plant diversity distributions in evergreen, coastal rain forests of southern Chile (39°30¢–41°25¢ S). Despite their high endemism, these forests have remained largely unprotected. Field records were complemented with data from museum collections and scientific literature. We used selected environmental vari- ables (evapotranspiration, altitude) and, in some cases, forest types as predictors of species distributions. Our study focused on the distribution of forest bryophytes, vascular plants, soil invertebrates, amphibians and birds. We generated distribu- tional maps for each taxa based on their field records in the study area, comple- C. Smith-Ramı´rez (&) Center for Advanced Studies in Ecology and Biodiversity (CASEB), P. Universidad Cato´ lica and Fundacio´ n Senda Darwin (FSD), 1220, Valdivia, Chile e-mail: [email protected] I. Dı´az Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida and FSD, Gainesville, FL, USA P. Pliscoff FSD, Roman Dı´az 390, dpto. 902, Providencia, Santiago, Chile C. -
Within-Population Genetic Diversity of Climbing Plants and Trees in a Temperate Forest in Central Chile
Gayana Bot. 70(1),70(1): 201336-43, 2013 ISSN 0016-5301 Within-population genetic diversity of climbing plants and trees in a temperate forest in central Chile Diversidad genética intra-poblacional de plantas trepadoras y árboles en un bosque templado en Chile central CRISTIAN TORRES-DÍAZ1, EDUARDO RUIZ2, CRISTIAN SALGADO-LUARTE3, MARCO A. MOLINA-MONTENEGRO4 & ERNESTO GIANOLI3* 1Laboratorio de Genómica & Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Casilla 447, Chillán Chile. 2Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C Concepción, Chile. 3Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Casilla 554 La Serena, Chile. 4Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile. [email protected] ABSTRACT The climbing habit is a key innovation in angiosperm evolution: climbing plant taxa have greater species richness than their non-climbing sister groups. It is considered that highly diversified clades should show increased among-population genetic differentiation. Less clear is the expected pattern regarding within-population genetic diversity in speciose lineages. We tested the hypothesis of greater within-population genetic diversity in climbing plants compared to trees in a temperate forest in central Chile. The assumption underlying this hypothesis is that higher among-population differentiation in climbers compared to trees should reflect higher genetic diversity as well. AFLP markers from 167 individual plants from 14 species (seven climbers and seven trees) were used to estimate the following indices of within-population genetic diversity: mean unbiased expected heterozygosity (HE), percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), Shannon information index (I), and the effective number of alleles (NE). -
Introduction to the Census of the Queensland Flora 2015
Introduction to the Census of the Queensland flora 2015 Queensland Herbarium 2015 Version 1.1 Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation Prepared by Peter D Bostock and Ailsa E Holland Queensland Herbarium Science Delivery Division Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation PO Box 5078 Brisbane QLD 4001 © The State of Queensland (Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation) 2015 The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence. Under this licence you are free, without having to seek permission from DSITI, to use this publication in accordance with the licence terms. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland, Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation as the source of the publication. For more information on this licence visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Disclaimer This document has been prepared with all due diligence and care, based on the best available information at the time of publication. The department holds no responsibility for any errors or omissions within this document. Any decisions made by other parties based on this document are solely the responsibility of those parties. Information contained in this document is from a number of sources and, as such, does not necessarily represent government or departmental policy. If you need to access this document in a language other than English, please call the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS National) on 131 450 and ask them to telephone Library Services on +61 7 3170 5725 Citation for introduction (this document) Bostock, P.D. -
Phylogenetic Analysis of 83 Plastid Genes Further Resolves the Early Diversification of Eudicots
Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots Michael J. Moorea,1, Pamela S. Soltisb, Charles D. Bellc, J. Gordon Burleighd, and Douglas E. Soltisd aBiology Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074; bFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148; and dDepartment of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Edited* by Michael J. Donoghue, Yale University, New Haven, CT, and approved January 26, 2010 (received for review July 14, 2009) Although Pentapetalae (comprising all core eudicots except Gun- (BS) values regardless of the partitioning strategy (Fig. 1 and Figs. nerales) include ≈70% of all angiosperms, the origin of and rela- S1–S3). The ML topologies were also similar to the maximum tionships among the major lineages of this clade have remained parsimony (MP) topology (Fig. S4). Relationships among early- largely unresolved. Phylogenetic analyses of 83 protein-coding diverging angiosperms and among many clades of Mesangio- and rRNA genes from the plastid genome for 86 species of seed spermae agree with those from the largest previous plastid genome plants, including new sequences from 25 eudicots, indicate that analyses (12, 15). Below, we focus on results regarding relation- soon after its origin, Pentapetalae diverged into three clades: (i) ships within the eudicots, with an emphasis on the ML topologies. a “superrosid” clade consisting of Rosidae, Vitaceae, and Saxifra- Within Eudicotyledoneae, a basal grade emerged, with most gales; (ii)a“superasterid” clade consisting of Berberidopsidales, nodes receiving 100% ML BS support. In all ML analyses, Santalales, Caryophyllales, and Asteridae; and (iii) Dilleniaceae. -
Plant Geography of Chile PLANT and VEGETATION
Plant Geography of Chile PLANT AND VEGETATION Volume 5 Series Editor: M.J.A. Werger For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7549 Plant Geography of Chile by Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile 123 Dr. Andrés Moreira-Muñoz Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Instituto de Geografia Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago Chile [email protected] ISSN 1875-1318 e-ISSN 1875-1326 ISBN 978-90-481-8747-8 e-ISBN 978-90-481-8748-5 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-8748-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. ◦ ◦ Cover illustration: High-Andean vegetation at Laguna Miscanti (23 43 S, 67 47 W, 4350 m asl) Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Carlos Reiche (1860–1929) In Memoriam Foreword It is not just the brilliant and dramatic scenery that makes Chile such an attractive part of the world. No, that country has so very much more! And certainly it has a rich and beautiful flora. Chile’s plant world is strongly diversified and shows inter- esting geographical and evolutionary patterns. This is due to several factors: The geographical position of the country on the edge of a continental plate and stretch- ing along an extremely long latitudinal gradient from the tropics to the cold, barren rocks of Cape Horn, opposite Antarctica; the strong differences in altitude from sea level to the icy peaks of the Andes; the inclusion of distant islands in the country’s territory; the long geological and evolutionary history of the biota; and the mixture of tropical and temperate floras. -
Identification of Plant Species in Multi Flower Honey by Using Ribulose
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2019; 7(3): 1475-1483 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Identification of plant species in multi flower honey JEZS 2019; 7(3): 1475-1483 © 2019 JEZS by using Ribulose-Bisphosphate carboxylase gene Received: 05-03-2019 Accepted: 10-04-2019 (RBC L) coding region as barcode marker, Meesala Krishna Murthy Mizoram, Northeast India: An Indo: Burma Research Scholar, Department of Zoology, Mizoram Central hotspot region University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India Pratima Khandayataray Meesala Krishna Murthy, Pratima Khandayataray, Lalhmanghai Ralte, Research Scholar, Department of Ramachandra Laha and Dibyaranjan Samal Zoology, Mizoram Central University, Aizawl, Mizoram, Abstract India Honey is mostly used for human nutrition due to its therapeutic properties. Honey is produced from Lalhmanghai Ralte living parts, nectar of plants and also from plant sucking insect’s excreation. Honey is sweet in taste, Research Scholar, Departments produced by honey bees. In the current study, we investigated ribulose-Bisphosphate carboxylase gene of Botany, Mizoram Central (RBC L) coding region ability to identify the plant species/botanical composition/pollen origins in multi University, Aizawl, Mizoram, flower honey. Honey also shows diverse plant compositions in diverse geographical locations. We India collected 19 honey samples in Aizawl (AZL; 23.72◦ & 92.71◦) and Champhai (23.45◦ & 93.32◦), Mizoram, India, were examined by using the rbcL coding regions as barcode markers. A DNA barcoding Ramachandra Laha reference database was retrieved from Gen Bank, NCBI and used for identification of the plant Professor and Head, species/pollen origin/taxonomic/botanical composition in multiflower honey in Mizoram, Northeast India Departments of Botany, (NEI). -
DATING PHYLOGENETICALLY BASAL EUDICOTS USING Rbcl SEQUENCES and MULTIPLE FOSSIL REFERENCE POINTS1
American Journal of Botany 92(10): 1737±1748. 2005. DATING PHYLOGENETICALLY BASAL EUDICOTS USING rbcL SEQUENCES AND MULTIPLE FOSSIL REFERENCE POINTS1 CAJSA LISA ANDERSON,2,5 KAÊ RE BREMER,3 AND ELSE MARIE FRIIS4 2Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, NorbyvaÈgen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; 3Stockholm University, Blom's House, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and 4Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden A molecular dating of the phylogenetically basal eudicots (Ranunculales, Proteales, Sabiales, Buxales and Trochodendrales sensu Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II) has been performed using several fossils as minimum age constraints. All rbcL sequences available in GenBank were sampled for the taxa in focus. Dating was performed using penalized likelihood, and results were compared with nonparametric rate smoothing. Fourteen eudicot fossils, all with a Cretaceous record, were included in this study for age constraints. Nine of these are assigned to basal eudicots and the remaining ®ve taxa represent core eudicots. Our study shows that the choice of methods and fossil constraints has a great impact on the age estimates, and that removing one single fossil change the results in the magnitude of tens of million years. The use of several fossil constraints increase the probability of approaching the true ages. Our results suggest a rapid diversi®cation during the late Early Cretaceous, with all the lineages of basal eudicots emerging during the latest part of the Early Cretaceous. The age of Ranunculales was estimated to 120 my, Proteales to 119 my, Sabiales to 118 my, Buxales to 117 my, and Trochodendrales to 116 my.