Rising up for Freedom
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The European Political Order and Internet Piracy: Accidental Or Paradigmatic Constitution-Shaping?
Davor Jancic The european political order and internet piracy: accidental or paradigmatic constitution-shaping? Article (Published version) (Refereed) Original citation: Jancic, Davor (2010) The european political order and internet piracy: accidental or paradigmatic constitution-shaping? European constitutional law review, 6 (03). pp. 430-461. ISSN 1574-0196 Doi 10.1017/S1574019610300058 © 2010 Cambridge Journals This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/51604/ Available in LSE Research Online:August 2013 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. 430 Davor Jančić EuConst 6 (2010) The European Political Order and Internet Piracy: Accidental or Paradigmatic Constitution-Shaping? Davor Jančić* Modern age technology spurs legal development – Temporal coincidence of con- flicting national and Union legislative processes triggers interdependence between EU and member states – French Loi Hadopi cuts Internet without recourse to a court – Conseil constitutionnel enshrines Internet as fundamental freedom – EU telecoms reform incorporates several French fundamental rights safeguards Introduction: Internet piracy as a constitutional spark In the autumn of 2007 the European Commission (the Commission) initiated a set of complex legislative proposals reforming the telecommunications sector of the European Union (the Union).1 At that time, the Commission could not have * Ph.D. -
IRAN April 2000
COUNTRY ASSESSMENT - IRAN April 2000 Country Information and Policy Unit I. SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 This assessment has been produced by the Country Information & Policy Unit, Immigration & Nationality Directorate, Home Office, from information obtained from a variety of sources. 1.2 The assessment has been prepared for background purposes for those involved in the asylum determination process. The information it contains is not exhaustive, nor is it intended to catalogue all human rights violations. It concentrates on the issues most commonly raised in asylum claims made in the United Kingdom. 1.3 The assessment is sourced throughout. It is intended to be used by caseworkers as a signpost to the source material, which has been made available to them. The vast majority of the source material is readily available in the public domain. 1.4 It is intended to revise the assessment on a 6-monthly basis while the country remains within the top 35 asylum producing countries in the United Kingdom. 1.5 The assessment will be placed on the Internet (http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/cipu1.htm). An electronic copy of the assessment has been made available to the following organisations: Amnesty International UK Immigration Advisory Service Immigration Appellate Authority Immigration Law Practitioners' Association Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants JUSTICE Medical Foundation for the care of Victims of Torture Refugee Council Refugee Legal Centre UN High Commissioner for Refugees CONTENTS I SCOPE OF DOCUMENT 1.1 - 1.6 II GEOGRAPHY 2.1 - 2.2 -
The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’S Revolutionary Guard
The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’s Revolutionary Guard SAEID GOLKAR AUGUST 2021 KASRA AARABI Contents Executive Summary 4 The Raisi Administration, the IRGC and the Creation of a New Islamic Government 6 The IRGC as the Foundation of Raisi’s Islamic Government The Clergy and the Guard: An Inseparable Bond 16 No Coup in Sight Upholding Clerical Superiority and Preserving Religious Legitimacy The Importance of Understanding the Guard 21 Shortcomings of Existing Approaches to the IRGC A New Model for Understanding the IRGC’s Intra-elite Factionalism 25 The Economic Vertex The Political Vertex The Security-Intelligence Vertex Charting IRGC Commanders’ Positions on the New Model Shades of Islamism: The Ideological Spectrum in the IRGC Conclusion 32 About the Authors 33 Saeid Golkar Kasra Aarabi Endnotes 34 4 The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi Executive Summary “The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps [IRGC] has excelled in every field it has entered both internationally and domestically, including security, defence, service provision and construction,” declared Ayatollah Ebrahim Raisi, then chief justice of Iran, in a speech to IRGC commanders on 17 March 2021.1 Four months on, Raisi, who assumes Iran’s presidency on 5 August after the country’s June 2021 election, has set his eyes on further empowering the IRGC with key ministerial and bureaucratic positions likely to be awarded to guardsmen under his new government. There is a clear reason for this ambition. Expanding the power of the IRGC serves the interests of both Raisi and his 82-year-old mentor, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic. -
Mujahideen-E Khalq (MEK) Dossier
Mujahideen-e Khalq (MEK) Dossier CENTER FOR POLICING TERRORISM “CPT” March 15, 2005 PREPARED BY: NICOLE CAFARELLA FOR THE CENTER FOR POLICING TERRORISM Executive Summary Led by husband and wife Massoud and Maryam Rajavi, the Mujahideen-e Khalq (MEK) is the primary opposition to the Islamic Republic of Iran; its military wing is the National Liberation Army (NLA), and its political arm is the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI). The US State Department designated the MEK as a foreign terrorist organization in 1997, based upon its killing of civilians, although the organization’s opposition to Iran and its democratic leanings have earned it support among some American and European officials. A group of college-educated Iranians who were opposed to the pro-Western Shah in Iran founded the MEK in the 1960s, but the Khomeini excluded the MEK from the new Iranian government due to the organization’s philosophy, a mixture of Marxism and Islamism. The leadership of the MEK fled to France in 1981, and their military infrastructure was transferred to Iraq, where the MEK/NLA began to provide internal security services for Saddam Hussein and the MEK received assistance from Hussein. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, however, Coalition forces bombed the MEK bases in Iraq, in early April of 2003, forcing the MEK to surrender by the middle of April of the same year. Approximately 3,800 members of the MEK, the majority of the organization in Iraq, are confined to Camp Ashraf, their main compound near Baghdad, under the control of the US-led Coalition forces. -
Raporti I Monitorimit Të Medias Në Datën 20.04.2021
Raporti ditor i monitorimit të fushatës zgjedhore nga OSHMA-të Përpara prezantimit të të dhënave faktike mbi procesin e monitorimit të përmbajtjeve të transmetuara nga OSHMA-të për pasqyrimin e fushatës zgjedhore 2021, ju informojmë se: OSHMA-të TV Antena Nord; TV Jug; TV RE.AL dhe TV Skampa nuk depozituan në AMA më datë 21.04.2021 regjistrimet e përmbajtjeve audiovizive të një dite më parë. AMA rikujton këto OSHMA, por dhe të tjera, të njoftuara në mënyrë të përsëritur, me shkresë zyrtare dhe përmes komunikimeve të drejtpërdrejta, se duhet që të zbatojnë sistematikisht kërkesat e Kodit Zgjedhor dhe akteve nënligjore të miratuara nga KQZ. Përmbajtjet e regjistruara duhet të depozitohen në AMA brenda orës 10:00 të ditës së nesërme të transmetimit. Gjatë transmetimeve të datës 20.04.2021, nga ora 21:00 deri në 23:59, subjekti RTV Ora ka pasur në fokus gjetjet e një sondazhi zgjedhor. Është konstatuar se nuk janë dhënë gjatë transmetimit numri i personave të intervistuar si dhe probabiliteti i gabimit, ndër kërkesat e detyrueshme për t’u bërë publike, sipas nenit 78 të Kodit Zgjedhor. TV Bulqiza edhe më datë 19.04.2021, ora 15:00, ka transmetuar edicionin informativ të një OSHMA-je tjetër. Subjekti ka marrë njoftime nga AMA që ta ndërpresë një praktikë të tillë. Kanë transmetuar reklama politike jashtë kohës së përcaktuar nga Kodi Zgjedhor, neni 84, pika 7, OSHMA-të: TV Kopliku 12:37; 14:54; 19:37; 20:20 Top News 20:02; 20:30 TV Channel 1 08:52; 08:55; 09:21; 09:23; 09:28; 09:46; 09:47; 09:48; 09:50; 09:53; 09:57; 09:59; 11:52; 11:53; 12:19; -
Décision N° 2012-661 DC Du 29 Décembre 2012
Décision n° 2012-661 DC du 29 décembre 2012 (Loi de finances rectificative pour 2012) Le Conseil constitutionnel a été saisi, dans les conditions prévues à l’article 61, deuxième alinéa, de la Constitution, de la loi de finances rectificative pour 2012, le 20 décembre 2012, par MM. François FILLON, François BAROIN, Jacques Alain BÉNISTI, Marcel BONNOT, Mme Valérie BOYER, MM. Bernard BROCHAND, Dominique BUSSEREAU, Jérôme CHARTIER, Guillaume CHEVROLLIER, Jean- Louis CHRIST, Dino CINIERI, Éric CIOTTI, Jean-Michel COUVE, Charles de LA VERPILLIÈRE, Camille de ROCCA SERRA, Bernard DEBRÉ, Jean-Pierre DECOOL, Rémi DELATTE, Dominique DORD, Mme Marianne DUBOIS, MM. Christian ESTROSI, Hervé GAYMARD, Mme Annie GENEVARD, MM. Guy GEOFFROY, Charles-Ange GINESY, Jean-Pierre GIRAN, Philippe GOUJON, Mmes Claude GREFF, Anne GROMMERCH, Arlette GROSSKOST, Françoise GUÉGOT, MM. Jean-Claude GUIBAL, Jean-Jacques GUILLET, Patrick HETZEL, Philippe HOUILLON, Jean-François LAMOUR, Thierry LAZARO, Mme Isabelle LE CALLENNEC, MM. Dominique LE MÈNER, Alain LEBOEUF, Jean LEONETTI, Céleste LETT, Mmes Geneviève LEVY, Véronique LOUWAGIE, MM. Gilles LURTON, Alain MARC, Alain MARLEIX, Philippe Armand MARTIN, Jean-Claude MATHIS, Patrick OLLIER, Mmes Valérie PECRESSE, Bérengère POLETTI, MM. Frédéric REISS, Arnaud ROBINET, Claude STURNI, Lionel TARDY, Guy TEISSIER, Michel TERROT, François VANNSON, Jean-Sébastien VIALATTE, Jean-Pierre VIGIER, Laurent WAUQUIEZ et Éric WOERTH, députés ; Et le même jour, par MM. Jean-Claude GAUDIN, Pierre ANDRÉ, Gérard BAILLY, Philippe BAS, Michel BÉCOT, Pierre BORDIER, Joël BOURDIN, Mme Marie-Thérèse BRUGUIÈRE, MM. François-Noël BUFFET, François CALVET, Christian CAMBON, Jean-Claude CARLE, Mme Caroline CAYEUX, MM. Gérard CÉSAR, Pierre CHARON, Alain CHATILLON, Gérard CORNU, Raymond COUDERC, Jean-Patrick COURTOIS, Mme Isabelle DEBRÉ, MM. -
Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy
Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy Kenneth Katzman Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs August 14, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL32048 Iran, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy Summary Since the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, a priority of U.S. policy has been to reduce the perceived threat posed by Iran to a broad range of U.S. interests, including the security of the Persian Gulf region. In 2014, a common adversary emerged in the form of the Islamic State organization, reducing gaps in U.S. and Iranian regional interests, although the two countries have often differing approaches over how to try to defeat the group. The finalization on July 14, 2015, of a “Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action” (JCPOA) between Iran and six negotiating powers could enhance Iran’s ability to counter the United States and its allies in the region, but could also pave the way for cooperation to resolve some of the region’s several conflicts. During the 1980s and 1990s, U.S. officials identified Iran’s support for militant Middle East groups as a significant threat to U.S. interests and allies. A perceived potential threat from Iran’s nuclear program emerged in 2002, and the United States orchestrated broad international economic pressure on Iran to try to ensure that the program is verifiably confined to purely peaceful purposes. The international pressure contributed to the June 2013 election as president of Iran of the relatively moderate Hassan Rouhani, who campaigned as an advocate of ending Iran’s international isolation. -
State, Dissidents, and Contention: Iran, 1979-2010
STATE, DISSIDENTS, AND CONTENTION: IRAN, 1979-2010 HAMID REZAI SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Hamid Rezai All rights reserved ABSTRACT State, Dissidents, and Contention: Iran, 1979-2010 Hamid Rezai Why after almost a decade of silence and “successful” crackdowns of contention during the 1980s has Iran witnessed once again waves of increasing popular protest? What are the processes and mechanisms behind the routinization of collective actions in Iran since the early 1990s, which continue despite state repression? Why and under what circumstances does a strong authoritarian state that has previously marginalized its contenders tolerate some forms of contention despite the state’s continued repressive capacity? And finally, to what extent are available social movement theories capable of explaining the Iranian case? In “State, Dissidents, and Contention: Iran, 1979-2010” I engage theories of social movements and contentious politics in order to examine the emergence, development, and likely outcomes of popular contention in contemporary Iran. My study is the first project of its kind to focus on elite factionalism and its impact on popular mobilization in contemporary Iran. Although other scholars have extensively written on elite factionalism in postrevolutionary Iran, they have not analyzed the implications of the inter-elite conflict for the emergence and development of social protests against the Islamic Republic. While this study primarily utilizes political process and resource mobilization models, it acknowledges the importance of economic, ideological, and breakdown approaches for the interpretation of the emergence and development of popular mobilization in contemporary Iran. -
National Subway Train Developed Despite Sanctions
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 42nd year No.13904 Sunday MARCH 14, 2021 Esfand 24, 1399 Rajab 30, 1442 Persons with military Skocic protests AFC over Free medical services “The Sand Wolf” background can stand choosing Bahrain as for people aged hunts Iran’s Flying as candidates Page 2 Group C host Page 3 over 65 Page 7 Turtle Page 8 Iranian heavy crude oil price rises 11.5% in February: OPEC TEHRAN- Iranian heavy oil price increased in the previous year’s same period. $6.28 in February to register an 11.5-per- The report put Iranian crude output for Illogical presence cent rise compared to the previous month, February at 2.12 million barrels per day according to OPEC’s latest monthly report. indicating a 35,000-bpd increase compared See page 3 Iran sold its heavy crude oil at $60.66 to the figure for the previous month. U.S. faces trouble justifying presence in Iraq per barrel in the mentioned month, com- Based on OPEC data, the country’s av- pared to January’s $54.38 per barrel, IRIB erage crude output in the fourth quarter reported. of 2020 stood at 1.993 million barrels According to the report, the country’s per day indicating a near 45,000-bpd average heavy crude price was $57.52 from rise compared to the figure for the third the beginning of 2021 up to the report’s quarter of the year. -
Report Worldwide Cultural Differences
Worldwide cultural differences in socio-ethical views in relation to biotechnology A report commissioned by the COGEM (Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification) Dr. Henk van den Belt Prof. Dr. Jozef Keulartz April, 2007 This report was commissioned by COGEM. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors. The contents of this publication may in no way be taken to represent the views of COGEM. Dit rapport is in opdracht van de Commissie Genetische Modificatie (COGEM) samengesteld. De meningen die in het rapport worden weergegeven zijn die van de auteurs en weerspiegelen niet noodzakelijkerwijs de mening van de COGEM. 2 Contents Voorwoord/Preface …………………5 Chapter 1 Worldwide cultural differences in socio-ethical views in relation to biotechnology: Overview and summary ……………………..7 Chapter 2 Monsters, boundary work and framing: Biotechnology from an anthropological perspective …………………….27 Chapter 3 Hwang Woo Suk and the Korean stem cell debacle: Scientific fraud, techno-nationalism and the ‘Wild East’ ……………………..47 Chapter 4 East Asia and the “GM Cold War”: The international struggle over precaution, labelling and segregation ………….77 3 4 Voorwoord/Preface Het voorliggende rapport Worldwide Cultural Differences in Socio-Ethical Views in Relation to Biotechnology (Mondiale cultuurverschillen in de ethisch maatschappelijke opvattingen i.v.m. biotechnologie) is samengesteld in opdracht van de Commissie Genetische Modificatie (COGEM). Het is mede bedoeld ter voorbereiding van de nieuwe Trendanalyse Biotechnologie die in 2007 zal worden uitgebracht. De onderzoekswerkzaamheden (voornamelijk ‘desk research’) zijn verricht door dr. Henk van den Belt onder directe supervisie van Prof. dr. Jozef Keulartz. De uitvoering van het project is begeleid door een begeleidingscommissie waarin Prof. -
13881 Saturday FEBRUARY 13, 2021 Bahman 25, 1399 Rajab 1, 1442
WWW.TEHRANTIMES.COM I N T E R N A T I O N A L D A I L Y 8 Pages Price 50,000 Rials 1.00 EURO 4.00 AED 42nd year No.13881 Saturday FEBRUARY 13, 2021 Bahman 25, 1399 Rajab 1, 1442 Ghalibaf: Iran’s strategic Ali Moradi Iran sits at UN TIR Even ‘illegal migrants’ principle is to develop nominated for executive board for 3rd in Iran will get ties with China Page 2 IWF presidency Page 3 consecutive time Page 4 COVID-19 vaccine Page 7 Iran’s top judge holds talks with Iraqi leaders SPECIAL ISSUE TEHRAN - Iran’s Judiciary Chief Ebra- him Raeisi held talks with several Iraqi political and judicial leaders including President Barham Salih, Prime Min- ister Mustafa al-Kadhimi, and Head of Iraq’s Supreme Judicial Council Faiq Zaidan. The man of On Monday, February 8, Ayatollah Raisi paid a two-day visit to Iraq. During his meeting with his Iraqi counterpart, the two sides signed three memoranda of understanding to boost judicial and legal cooperation between the two neighboring countries. theoretical Continued on page 3 Bandar Abbas-Latakia direct shipping line to be launched by early Mar. battlefields TEHRAN - Iran is going to establish a direct shipping line between its south- ern port of Bandar Abbas and Syria’s Mediterranean port of Latakia on March In memory of Ayatollah 10, Head of Iran-Syria Joint Chamber of Commerce Keyvan Kashefi announced. Mohammad Taghi Continued on page 4 Mesbah Yazdi, the Iranian “Yadoo” tops at 39th renowned theorist and Fajr Film Fsetival philosopher TEHRAN – War drama “Yadoo” was the top winner of the 39th Fajr Film Festival by garnering awards in several categories, including best film and best director. -
Distr. GENERAL E/CN.4/1994/50 2 February 1994 Original: ENGLISH
Distr. GENERAL E/CN.4/1994/50 2 February 1994 Original: ENGLISH/ FRENCH/SPANISH COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Fiftieth session Item 12 of the provisional agenda QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS, IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO COLONIAL AND OTHER DEPENDENT COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES Final report on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran prepared by the Special Representative of the Commission on Human Rights, Mr. Reynaldo Galindo Pohl, pursuant to Commission resolution 1993/62 of 10 March 1993 and Economic and Social Council decision 1993/273 CONTENTS Paragraphs Page Introduction ...................... 1-5 3 I. COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN AND THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE.................. 6-14 3 II. INFORMATION RECEIVED BY THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE.............. 15-220 6 A. Right to life ................ 16-77 7 B. Enforced or involuntary disappearances.... 78-82 18 C. Right to freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment . 83 - 91 18 D. Administration of justice .......... 92-125 20 E. Freedom of expression, opinion and the situation of the press............ 126-143 26 E/CN.4/1994/50 page 2 GE.94-10528 (E) CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs Page II. (continued) F. Freedom of religion and the situation of the Baha’i community ........... 144-170 29 G. The situation of women............ 171-191 34 H. The situation of children .......... 192-195 37 I. Right to work ................ 196-199 38 J. Right of everyone to own property ...... 200-203 38 K. The events of 25 May 1993 .........