Final Evaluation Report

Protect Vulnerable Children and Youth from Unsafe Migration and Involvement in Hazardous Work in North Wollo Zone

October 31, 2015

Save the Children fights for children’s rights. We deliver immediate and lasting improvements to children’s lives worldwide. Save the Children works for a world: which respects and values each child; which listens to children and learns; where all children have hope and opportunity.

Our Vision is a world in which every child attains the right to survival, protection, development and participation.

Our Mission is to inspire breakthrough in the way the world treats children and to achieve immediate and lasting change in their lives.

Team Leader, Senior Evaluator, Child Protection Expert and Author: Azeb Adefrsew Technical Vocational Education and Training Expert: Adane Abeje Assistant Evaluator and Youth Capacity Development Expert: Firehiwot Mezgebu Assistant Evaluator, Data Analyst and Editor and Assistant Author: Helina Abye Gebreyes

The picture on the front page depicts a girl tending sheep in Meket and a girl engaged in hairdressing in Woldia.

Permission to use, copy and distribute this document partly or in its entirety is hereby granted, provided that due source of reference appears in all copies.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ...... iii List of Acronyms ...... iv List of Tables ...... v List of Figures ...... v Glossary of Amharic and Other Local Terms ...... vi Executive Summary ...... vii 1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1. Project Background ...... 1 1.2. Objectives of the Final Evaluation...... 3 1.3. Scope and Focus of the Final Evaluation ...... 3 2. Definition of Key Terms...... 5 3. An Overview on Unsafe Child Migration and Involvement in Hazardous Work ...... 8 4. Methodology ...... 14 3.1. Overall Approach and Methodological Framework ...... 14 3.2. Sampling Strategy ...... 14 3.3. Assessment Area and Respondents ...... 16 3.4. Data Management, Processing and Analysis ...... 17 3.5. Opportunities and Limitations ...... 18 5. Findings of the Evaluation ...... 19 4.1. Accountability of the Partner ...... 19 4.2. Quality of Services and Activities ...... 21 4.3. Relevance of the Project ...... 25 4.4. Efficiency of Project Implementation ...... 31 4.5. Effectiveness of the Project ...... 34 4.6. Impact of the Project ...... 40 4.7. Gaps and Challenges Identified and Solutions Sought ...... 43 4.8. Good Practices and Key Lessons ...... 48 4.9. Sustainability of Results and Activities ...... 51 6. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 55 5.1. Conclusions ...... 55 5.2. Recommendations ...... 57 References ...... i Annexes ...... i Annex One: Background and Statistics of Survey Respondents ...... i Annex Two: List of Key Informants ...... viii

Acknowledgements

Sincere appreciation goes to all the youth in Woldia, Meket and Wadla Woredas in North Wollo of Amhara Regional State who benefited from the project who participated in the survey and focus group discussions and shared with us with their life stories as well as school club members and school children, adult school community members and community discussion fora members in Hana Mekuat Kebele in Meket and Lay Talet Kebele and Lay Talet Kebeles in Wadla who actively participated during the focus group discussions and individual interviews.

Our deepest gratitude goes to the representatives of the different government stakeholders who offered valuable information by participating in group and individual interviews as key informants. These included members of the Advisory Committees of Woldia, Meket and Wadla as well as the members of the Child Affairs Committees in Hana Mekuat Kebele in Meket and Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla.

We appreciate the valuable input from Program and Project Staff of ANPPCAN who implemented the project in Woldia, Meket and Wadla. Special thanks goes to Mr. Beruk Yakob, Program Coordinator; Mr. Tadesse Desalegn, previous Zone Coordinator; Mr. Hailu Ambaye, Acting Zone Coordinator; Mr. Mengesha Worku and Mr. Mareg Belay, previous Psycho Social Service Providers.

Save the Children Child Protection Program staff deserves special appreciation for providing constructive comments to the team of consultants from the preparatory to the final process of carrying out the final evaluation as well as providing relevant documents and facilitating contact with the partner.

iii

List of Acronyms

ACSI Amhara Credit and Saving Institution ANPPCAN Association for National Planned Program for Vulnerable Children in Need BoLSA Bureau of Labour and Social Affairs BoWCYA Bureau of Women, Children and Youth Affairs CCC Community Care Coalition CPU Child Protection Unit CSE Commercial Sexual Exploitation FGD Focus Group Discussions GOE Government of Ethiopia HTPs Harmful Traditional Practices IGAs Income Generating Activities INGOs International Non-Governmental Organization KII Key Informant Interview LSA Labour and Social Affairs MSEDO Micro and Small Enterprise Development Office MSEDA Micro and Small Enterprise Development Agency NGOs Non-Governmental Organization OVC Orphan and Vulnerable Children SACCOs Saving and Credit Cooperatives SCD Save the Children Denmark TOC Theory of Change WCYAO Women, Children and Youth Affairs Office UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

List of Tables

Table 1: Stratified Sample Size Determination for the Survey ...... 15 Table 2: Number of FGDs * Type of Participant * Woreda ...... 16 Table 3: Number of KII Participants ...... 17 Table 4: Income Level of Survey Respondents ...... 24 Table 5: Whether previous engagement was exploitative ...... 28 Table 6: Children and Youth Feeling Safer and More Protected Than Before * Sex, N=366 ...... 36 Table 7: Children and Youth Influencing Decisions Concerning Their Safety and Protection * Sex, N=354 ...... 36 Table 8: Children, Youth and Adults Who Can Mention 3 Reasons Why Unsafe Migration Puts Children at Risk * Sex, N=229 ...... 37 Table 9: Girls Engagement after Leaving Safe Home ...... 38 Table 10: Children and Youth Influencing Decisions Concerning Their Safety and Protection * Sex, N=99 ...... 39 Table 11: Engagement of Children and Youth in Woldia after Training ...... 40 Table 12: Desire for Unsafe Migration * With and Without the Project ...... 42

List of Figures

Figure 1: Applicability of Training for Livelihood, N=402 ...... 22 Figure 2: Without Project, Previous and Desire for Unsafe Migration of Survey Respondents ...... 29 Figure 3: Reasons for Unmarketable IGA, N=113 & * Woreda and Total, N=387 ...... 30 Figure 4: Relationship among IGA Members, N=368 ...... 33 Figure 5: Satisfaction of Youth in Meket and Wadla of Off Farm Skills Training * Sex, N=214 ...... 36 Figure 6: Knowledge on What makes Unaccompanied Migration Unsafe * Woreda, N=376 ...... 37 Figure 7: Satisfaction of Children & Youth in Woldia of Training * Sex, N=108 ...... 39 Figure 8: Most Effective Psychological Service, N=184 ...... 41 Figure 9: Knowledge on the Problems of Unsafe Migration * Woreda, N=393 ...... 42 Figure 10: Whether respondents were provided with a work place * total and * Woreda ...... 43 Figure 11: Whether Work Place is Operational, N=388 And Convenient, N=367 ...... 44

Glossary of Amharic and Other Local Terms

Iddir A traditional self-help association established by people living in a neighborhood which usually provides support to families for burial and death related expenses. Recently, Iddirs are working as community based organizations running different activities such as support to OVC.

Ekub A traditional self-help scheme of saving through regular contributions made between friends, family members and workmates for enabling individual members to take turns for getting hold of the sum contributed by members.

Enjera Crape like local traditional bread usually made with ‘teff’ and eaten with ‘wot’ and other types of traditional food.

Kebele The smallest unit of local government in Ethiopia (urban and rural). Kebeles are accountable to the Woreda (district), sub city, or city administrations.

Region Ethiopia is divided into nine ethnically based regional states and two federal city administrations (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa), each with its own government directly accountable to the federal government.

Woreda An administrative division of a zone managed by a local government, equivalent to a district. Woredas are important political and administrative units with legal recognition and authority, including the delivery of services such as education and health, budget allocation, and management.

Zone A subdivision of a region with varying political and legal recognition as well as authority. A zone is divided into woredas.

Executive Summary

Introduction

Background to the Final Evaluation: Save the Children implemented a project entitled Protect Vulnerable Children and Youth from Unsafe Migration and Involvement in Hazardous work in three woredas in North Wollo Zone of Amhara Regional State. This project was supported by Save the Children Denmark and implemented in partnership with Association for National Planned Program for Vulnerable Children in Need (ANPPCAN - Ethiopia). The project implementation period was originally from May 2011 to May 2014 and then it was extended by 7 months till December 2014 with additional funding. The budget was increased from ETB 8,253,942 to 15,918,928 due to inflation out of which ETB 15,028,546 was expended.

The design of this project was based on a well-analyzed situational assessment and benefited from the experiences gained from the implementation of a previous SCD project. The general objective of the project was to Protect Vulnerable Children and Youth from Unsafe Migration and Involvement in Hazardous Work in the intervention areas. The direct beneficiaries were 500 vulnerable children and youth17 to 25 years old, 150 migrant girls 14 to 17 years old previously engaged in commercial sexual exploitation, 300 girls and boys who are under exploitation of different types, and 20,000 school children. The indirect beneficiaries included 60,000 parents and community members.

Purpose of the Final Evaluation: The overall objective of the end of project evaluation is to assess the accountability, quality, relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability, as well as evaluate the achievement of results both at output and outcome levels.

Methodology: The final evaluation employed a mixed-method approach of participatory qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. The evaluation was carried out in Woldia, Wadla and Meket Woredas in North Wollo Zone of Amhara Regional State. A total of 511 provided primary data through a survey (403), focus group discussions (87) and key informant interviews (21). Most significant change cases, observations, secondary data, and desk review were used to supplement and substantiate the findings.

Major Findings

Accountability of the Partner: Accountability in terms of regular monitoring and evaluation, transparency and active participation of stakeholders. The findings showed that the implementing organization exhibited high accountability to the beneficiaries, key stakeholders and to the donor. The project was executed in accordance with the implementation plan and agreements and honored local rules and regulations. Follow-up to secure work place was a gap identified by many participants in this regard.

Quality of Services and Activities: With regard to quality of services the findings showed that the rehabilitation service provided to migrant girls previously engaged in CSE was effective. It

vii

brought about positive behavior and attitudinal change in the girls. This in turn positively impacted their vocational rehabilitation and their engagement in decent work. However, the rehabilitation of migrant youth engaged in other hazardous work was not adequate enough. This was mainly due to insufficient follow-up and support which necessitated staff at the kebele level.

The vocational and business skills training which was provided for all youth beneficiaries were generally successful in capacitating youth to manage their IGAs. Even those who dropped out from groups, started to work independently or found jobs in their area of training. Inadequacy and insufficiency of refresher training for on- farm activities were identified as gaps in Meket and Wadla. The provision of startup capital created jobs and better income for many of the beneficiaries. This contributed to the protection of most of the youth from unsafe migration and engagement in hazardous work. Moreover, the support in IGA management by project staff, the Advisory Committee and the Child Affairs Committees enhanced skills and helped youth to get higher benefits from their IGAs. However, the income was in most cases not sufficient to fully sustain the livelihoods of the beneficiaries.

At the community level, partnership was enhanced through the establishment of the Child Affairs Committees at kebele levels and the support and establishment of school clubs. Local capacity was developed through training for community discussion fora Facilitators, technical and material support to clubs and Child Affairs Committees. On the other hand, unavailability of training of trainers (TOTs) and insufficient field level follow-up were reported as shortfalls. The project activities are found to be replicable and scalable with some modifications as suggested in the recommendations. However, at present this could not be done by WCYAO, due to lack of budget and human power. Thus, there is a genuine need for continued support by SCD to continue the effective work and results achieved through the project.

Relevance of the Project: The project was based on a situational assessment that established the need for intervention to address child and youth migration and engagement in hazardous work. The original budget of the project was rendered inadequate by high inflation rates. Thus, the budget was revised three times. Yet, the budget was still found insufficient for IGA support, transportation for filed level follow-up in Wadla and Meket, capacity development of staff and government stakeholders and hiring staff at kebele level in Woldia Town.

The five project strategies were found to be realistic, appropriate and adequate to achieve the results. The findings suggest that most children and youth benefited from the employment of these strategies. Yet, the benefits were not equally gained by all due to the various gaps relating to accountability, quality, relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability as presented in the different sections. The fact that the mid-term review was not well documented and the lack of measures to employ the strategy for involving beneficiaries in professional networks were identified as gaps.

viii

Priority needs and areas of intervention were adequately identified since the project benefited from information and data gathered by a previous SCD project. IGAs selected were relevant to the local situation and market demands. In general, the project met the needs of beneficiaries and was in line with local priorities and needs. It was also aligned with the policies and priorities of ANPPCAN, SC and the donors.

Efficiency of Project Implementation: Being effective in rescuing girls from CSA makes the rehabilitation component cost effective. Other efficient measures taken to reduce cost included making girls attend vocational and business skills training full day instead of half so they could graduate within 6 months before they leave the safe home; utilizing the budget allocated for living cost for 6 months instead of 3; and replacing new beneficiaries in place of those who dropped out from training or IGAs. These helped to utilize the budget efficiently. Similarly, grouping beneficiaries to boost the startup capital; providing them with information on the types of business that were not capital intensive; and releasing the grant money with approval helped to maximize benefits and minimize waste of resources. Yet, working in groups resulted in disharmony and mistrust among members and caused the disintegration of many groups.

Utilizing already existing structures also contributed to efficient project implementation. The sector offices represented in the Advisory Committee supported the project in different ways such as providing training, office space and transportation free of charge. They advocated with the woreda and kebele administration offices to provide work place for beneficiaries in addition to providing technical support to IGA beneficiaries. The project activities did not overlap with other interventions since there were no similar projects in the target areas. In fact, the project filled gaps and complemented the efforts of the government and other NGOs.

Effectiveness of the Project: A total of 499 or 99.8% of vulnerable children and youth were engaged in decent work. Survey findings showed that 93.5% from 214 respondents who responded to the item are satisfied with the on- and off-farm skills training they received. According to survey findings, 94.1%, 366 of 389 respondents stated that they felt safer and more protected than they were before. A total of 209 migrant youth, or 69.7% of the 300 planned, were withdrawn from hazardous work, and received psychosocial support. A total of 855 of youth or 90% of the 950 planned, were engaged in decent work in all the intervention woredas.

All the 150 migrant girls 100% were successfully rehabilitated as planned. Within the survey, 98.7% or 77 out of the 78 girls in decent work stated that they completed the training. Almost all 78 girls in decent work in the survey were still engaged in decent work. The survey findings showed that of 78 girls in decent work, 74 (94.9%) stated they felt safer and more protected than they did before. The survey showed that out of 108 children and youth in Woldia, 92.6% of the respondents were satisfied with the training while 7.4% were not. Here the male respondents (93.6%) were slightly more satisfied with the training than the female respondents (91.3%).

Impact of the Project: The project had resulted in significant changes in the lives of many of the beneficiaries. The rehabilitation through the safe home brought about positive behavioral and attitudinal change among migrant girls. The provision of vocational and business skills training, and startup capital created decent jobs for migrant and vulnerable youth. This saved most of the beneficiaries from unsafe migration and hazardous work. It helped to raise hopes, develop self-confidence and self-reliance. Beneficiaries became self-employed owners of property, got relieved from abject poverty and gained freedom from exploitation. The provision of rehabilitation, life skills training, vocational and business skills training, startup capital and technical support brought about these changes.

Labor exploitation, early marriage, attitude towards girls’ education, pressure by parents to migrate unsafely, and these in turn resulted in the protection of children and youth from unsafe migration and hazardous work. These changes were attributed to the mass awareness raising activities, the community discussion fora and school club activities.

Gaps and Challenges Identified and Solutions Sought: The major gaps identified by the project were lack of work place or land for IGAs, the insufficiency of the startup capital, inadequate follow-up and the inability of youth to work together in groups. These could be minimized through strengthening follow-up and support to provide work place, technical backup and guidance. The main challenges were the fact that changing deep rooted attitudes being time taking and lack of grass for sheep due to the draught. The challenge related to change in attitude could be addressed through continuous awareness raising through the Community Care Coalition (CCC) but lack of rain is beyond the capacity of this project.

Good Practices: Effective rehabilitation of girls previously engaged in CSE; creation of sustainable livelihoods for vulnerable youth; and strong partnership ensuring government and community ownership were the good practices identified by the evaluation. These practices protected migrant and vulnerable children and youth from unsafe migration and exploitation in hazardous work. Thus, these good practices should be replicated or scaled up in future programing since they brought positive sustainable changes.

Sustainability of Results and Activities: The results achieved through the rehabilitation of migrant girls has sustained. This is due to the positive changes in attitude and behavior. The changes gained through the creation of decent work has sustained in many groups who were still engaged in the IGAs. However, in general IGAs were not generating sufficient income to fully sustain the livelihoods of most of the beneficiaries. Additional financial and technical support is needed to fully sustain the IGAs. Despite the low income, many of the beneficiaries were protected from unsafe migration and hazardous work since they chose to stay within their communities instead migrating unsafely.

The awareness raining activities are sustained by WCYAO. However, there is budget constraint to scale-up and scale out this activity to reach more people and expand to new kebeles. The fact that project activities are integrated within the formal obligations of

concerned sector offices, developed capacities and strong sense of ownership. However, except the awareness raising and job creation for youth which are also limited by budget constraint, the other activities could not be continued. The exit strategy was effectively implemented up to the handing over of the project to the WCYAO. However, follow-up after the handover was limited due to insufficient budget.

Recommendations

The following recommendations are forwarded after analyzing the findings of the final evaluation and considering the suggestions by participants. Overall, the project was found to be effective in protecting migrant and vulnerable children and youth from unsafe migration and engagement in hazardous work. However, there were some gaps that need attention in future planning and implementation. Thus, the recommendations focus on corrective measures be taken, activities to be replicate or scaled up and steps to be taken for strengthening sustainability. It is hoped that the suggested measures clearly show the way forward for better future engagement and improved project qualities.

Corrective Measures

 Baseline study should be carried out to allow better measurement of results and changes at the end of the project.  Adequate budget should be allocated for the rehabilitation of migrant youth to cover living costs and accommodation as well as for hiring staff at kebele level to carry out close follow-up and support.  Beneficiaries should get better preparation so they can work together more harmoniously; those who know each other well should be matched; and they should be supported to develop strong bi-laws for their IGAs.  Sufficient budget should be allocated for field level follow-up especially for the rural areas.  There should be better documentation of internal mid-term evaluations and the good practices documented by SCD should be shared to ANPPCAN and government stakeholders.

Steps towards Strengthening Sustainability

 Sufficient startup capital should be allocated in future interventions and this should be based on market feasibility study.  Work place, shade or land should be provided by the concerned government authority for use by IGA groups. Signing agreement with town, woreda and kebele administration offices is needed to ensure that beneficiaries are provided with adequate space for work for their initial IGAs as well as for diversification of their businesses both in the rural areas and in towns.  Refresher training on vocational skills is necessary for on- and off-farm activities and on diversification and management of IGAs for all groups.  Regular technical support should be provided for all IGA groups. They should be linked to business networks and provided with information from reliable market studies by the concerned government offices at the different levels.

 Startup capital should be provided through Saving and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) as revolving fund so the funds could be provided to the youth as loan and sustain the funds to be used to create jobs for more vulnerable youth for years to come.  Sufficient budget should be allocated for capacity development for government stakeholders and staff. This is necessary for providing training of trainers (TOTs) on unsafe child and youth migration, hazardous work and other related topics for sustaining the awareness raising activities at school and community levels.  Materials for awareness raising like leaflets, posters and pamphlets should be prepared and distributed in sufficient numbers for sustaining the activities. This should be supported with billboards in towns and along major highways.  The phase out strategy should be strengthened to ensure follow-up mechanisms.

Replication and Scaling-up of Project Activities

 Implementing the project through the full participation of government and community stakeholders including children and youth which contributed to the efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability of the project should be replicated.  Utilizing existing government, community and school structures should be continued with better emphasis on community based organizations such as Iddirs and religious organizations.  The rehabilitation of migrant girls and youth, vocational and business skills training, life skills training, creation of employment opportunities through the provision of startup capital and awareness raising are very effective activities that should be replicated in future interventions. While replicating these activities, attention should be given to the corrective measures and steps to be taken for strengthening sustainability presented above.  The problems of unsafe migration of children and youth and engagement in hazardous work still exists and is highly prevalent in North Wollo Zone but the government does not have sufficient budget for replicating the project. Thus, if funds are available, Save the Children will be the best organization due to the experiences gained to replicate the above activities in other woredas with high prevalence.

xii

1. Introduction

1.1. Project Background

Save the Children is the world’s leading independent organization for children. Save the Children’s vision is a world in which every child attains the right to survival, protection, development and participation. Its mission is to inspire breakthrough in the way the world treats children and to achieve immediate and lasting change in their lives. One of the programs that Save the Children is engaged in is Child Protection which focuses on ensuring the wellbeing of children by prioritizing four areas of intervention: Children without Appropriate Care, Children and Harmful Work, Physical and Humiliating Punishment and Child Protection in Emergencies.

Save the Children implemented a project entitled ‘Protect Vulnerable Children and Youth from Unsafe Migration and Involvement in Hazardous work in North Wollo Zone’ under the Children without Appropriate Care subtheme. This project was supported by Save the Children Denmark, which is one of the Save the Children member organizations, and implemented in partnership with Association for National Planned Program for Vulnerable Children in Need (ANPPCAN - Ethiopia) in three woredas in North Wollo Zone of Amhara Regional State. The project implementation period was originally from May 2011 to May 2014 and then it was extended by 7 months till December 2014 with additional funding. The total budget allocated for the implementation of the project was ETB 8,253,942 but since it was not found to be sufficient it was increased to 15,918,928 through three amendments. Out of the total budget, ETB 15,028,546 was expended.

According to the justification provided, the extension and the additional budget was necessary for completing planned vocational and business skills training for vulnerable girls; provision of technical and material support and making follow-up of established cooperatives; organizing training on Monitoring and Evaluation and Reporting for government stakeholders and project staff; continuous review meetings by government partners; and capacity building training for IGA groups established in all intervention areas on Market Linkage, Financial Control and Effective Utilization of Income.

The design of this project was based on a well-analyzed situational assessment on the demographic characteristics, socio-economic context, vulnerability and exploitation of youth, and vulnerable and at risk groups. According to the situational assessment, the underlying causes for unsafe migration from the rural to urban areas include limited access to income; limited access to off-farm training opportunities; abuse and neglect in the home; practice of early and arranged marriage; and low awareness on urban life challenges. The findings of the assessment indicated that children and youth have limited opportunities for livelihood in the transit town of Woldia. The underlying causes identified were inadequate community support mechanisms for migrated children and youth; limited access to vocational skills development for migrant girls in Woldia; and limited access to startup capital.

The project also benefited from the experiences gained from the implementation of a previous SCD project entitled Protection against (Unsafe) Child Migration in North Wollo Zone. The intervention areas were selected on the basis of data from the previous project which showed that among recent migrant children to Woldia Town, 31% were originally from the rural areas of Meket Woreda which was the first Woreda in the zone in child migration followed by Wadla and Gidan Woredas. Accordingly, the intervention areas covered by this project were: three kebeles in Woldia Town and ten kebeles each in Wadla and Meket Woredas.

The project was designed to respond to the protection concerns of children and youth who migrated to Woldia Town and were exposed to hazardous work including commercial sexual exploitation (commercial sexual exploitation) and vulnerable children and youth in the rural areas of Meket and Wadla Woredas who were on the verge of unsafe migration. Furthermore, school children in the rural intervention woredas directly benefited from the different awareness raising sessions so as to be informed about the problems of unsafe migration. The general objective of the project was to Protect Vulnerable Children and Youth from Unsafe Migration and Involvement in Hazardous Work in the intervention areas. The specific objectives were:

1. Change Objective 1: By 2013, 500 vulnerable children and youth of age 17 to 25 who are on the verge of unsafe migration stays in their communities under the care and protection of their guardians. 2. Change Objective 2: By 2013, 450 unaccompanied migrant girls age 14 to 17 years who are trapped in the CSE and other forms of exploitation that leads them to CSE are rehabilitated and engaged in decent work.

The Project had the following seven expected outcomes:

Outcome 1.1: 500 vulnerable children and youth, age 17 to 25 years, are engaged in decent work and pursue their basic education in the intervention rural kebeles.

Outcome 1.2: 50,000 trained and sensitized community members (youth, parents, religious leaders, local level officials) have established a safe and supporting environment for children and youth in the communities.

Outcome 1.3: 20,000 school children engaged in the process of combating unsafe child migration, exploitation, abuse and neglect.

Outcome 2.1: A safe home with required facilities established and made functional for the rehabilitation of girls involved in hazardous work and in commercial sex work.

Outcome 2.2: 150 Migrant girls (age 14 to 17 years) admitted to the safe home are rehabilitated.

Outcome 2.3: 150 rehabilitated migrant girls are engaged in decent work.

Outcome 2.4: 10,000 community members in Woldia Town are supporting the reintegration of girls withdrawn from hazardous work and admitted to the safe home.

Outcome 2.5: 300 girls and boys who are under exploitation of different types were engaged in decent employment.

The major strategies employed for the implementation of the project include education for youth employment (EYE); rehabilitation of children and youth victims of unsafe migration involved in hazardous work; capacity building of partners, stakeholders and duty bearers; closing the knowledge gap (conducting baseline surveys and documentation); establishment of child and youth led information and communication; and building leadership capacity and professional networks among children and youth. These strategies are in line with the strategic approaches in the SCD 2007 - 2010 Country Program Strategy.

1.2. Objectives of the Final Evaluation

General Objective

The overall objective of the end of project evaluation is to assess the accountability, quality, relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability, as well as evaluate the achievement of results both at output and outcome levels.

Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of the final evaluation are:

1. Assess the extent to which the project met its objectives and the technical strength of the project 2. Assess the extent to which the project provided accountability, quality, relevance, sustainability efficiency and effectiveness of achievements of the results in relation to stated objectives 3. Summarize key lessons, challenges and successes of the project and provide over all recommendations regarding children without appropriate care in Ethiopia 4. Recommend improvements for longer-term strategies, focusing on program and management quality and accountability, and contribute to learning in a wider sense within the agency

1.3. Scope and Focus of the Final Evaluation

In terms of geographical scope, the evaluation covered the three intervention areas which are Woldia, Wadla and Meket Woredas in North Wollo Zone of Amhara Regional State. The evaluation assessed the accomplishments of expected project results as outlined in the project document and the detail activities as shown in the project logical frame work matrix

and TOR. Quality of the vocational and business skills training, effect of the project on the lives of the beneficiaries, partnerships established with various stakeholders as well as contribution and approach of the project in building local capacity, replicability and scale of the project were assessed. The evaluation also looked at the changes for youth in a broader perspective at the individual level including the push-pull effect (from rural to urban area). The key evaluation questions that guided the end of project evaluation are annexed to this report.

Map of North Wollo Zone

2. Definition of Key Terms

Child protection means measures and structures to prevent and respond to abuse, neglect, violence and exploitation affecting children (SC, 2013b).

Child migration is covered under the definition of children on the move, an umbrella term adopted by the Inter-Agency Group (IAG) on Children on the Move which work directly to protect and support children affected by migration.

Children on the move is defined by the IAG as children moving for a variety of reasons, voluntarily or involuntarily, within or between countries, with or without their parents or other primary caregivers, and whose movement might place them at risk (or at an increased risk) of inadequate care, economic or sexual exploitation, abuse, neglect and violence. ‘Children on the move’ is an umbrella term that brings together a series of categories of children to highlight their common protection needs, including, for example: children who have been trafficked, children who migrate (Eg. to pursue better life opportunities, to look for work or education or to escape exploitative or abusive situations at home, or because of other protection needs) children displaced by conflict and natural disasters, and children who live and work in the streets. (SC, 2013b)

Independent child migration is the migration of children who are not refugees and are not coerced or tricked into moving by third persons. It is often carried out with the aim of seeking work or education (UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007).

Unsafe child migration is referred to as the ‘worst forms of movement’ and described as movement that is clandestine or dangerous or which takes place in unsafe conditions and without the support of trustworthy networks, consequently exposing children to exploitation and abuse in transit and/or at destination (SCUK, 2008).

Child work according to Save the Children is defined as all activities children undertake to contribute to their own and/or their family economy. It includes all kinds of productive or domestic work, paid or unpaid, in their home or in the homes of others as well as informal work and chores conducted by children in both rural and urban contexts (SC, 2013b).

Child work can be seen as part of a continuum, ranging from decent work, which is work that does not affect children’s health and development nor interfere with a quality and relevant schooling where all the rights of the child are respected, to harmful exploitative work, which jeopardizes the mental, physical and emotional well-being of the child. (SC, 2013a)

Decent work according to the ILO is work that provides a fair income, security in the workplace, social protection for families, and better prospects for personal development and social integration (ILO, 2015).

Harmful child work is work that includes different types and degrees of harm, including physical, psychological and emotional harm that may influence a child’s health, development and education. The latter, for instance, can be seen when work interferes with a child’s schooling by depriving them of the opportunity to attend school or requiring them to combine school attendance with excessively long and heavy work (SC, 2013a).

Hazardous child work is one of the four worst forms of child labor (WFCL) according to the ILO Convention No. 182 which does not allow exceptions and prohibits children from being engaged in these types of work: (a) all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as the sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labor, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict; (b) the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of pornography or for pornographic performances; (c) the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in the relevant international treaties; (d) work which, by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children (ILO-IPEC, 2011).

The Labor Proclamation defines ‘hazardous child work’ as work whose nature or the circumstances under which it is to be carried out is harmful to the life or health of the young worker which means a person who has attained the age of 14 but is not over the age of 18 (FDRE, 2004a). These definitions are in line with the specifications described in the ILO Conventions 138 and 182 (ILO, 1973 and ILO, 1999). ILO Convention 138 requires member states to specify the minimum age for children to engage in work or employment (ILO, 1973). Accordingly, it provides that:

. The minimum age shall not be less than the age of completion of compulsory schooling and, in any case, shall not be less than 15 years . A member state whose economy and educational facilities are insufficiently developed may, initially, specify a minimum age of 14 years . The minimum age for admission to any type of employment or work which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out is likely to jeopardize the health, safety or morals of young persons shall not be less than 18 years;

Child labor as defined for the purpose of the project proposal refers to those exploitations and hazardous work excluding sexual exploitation through engagement in prostitution and pornographic performance or procuring or offering a child for production of pornography. The Constitution of FDRE, under its Article 36(1/d), defines exploitative child labor as, work which may be hazardous or harmful to education, health or well-being of children (FDRE, 1995).

According to the project proposal, the “worst forms of child labor” shall comprise of the following:

a) all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as sale and trafficking of children, debt bondage and serfdom, and forced or compulsory labor; b) the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution, for production of pornography or for pornographic performances; c) the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in particular, for the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in relevant international treaties d) work which by its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to harm the health, safety and morals of children.

Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is defined as sexual abuse of a child by another person in return for remuneration, in cash or kind, paid to the child or paid to a third person or persons. It includes child prostitution, child pornography, trafﬁcking in children for sexual purposes, child sex tourism and child marriage for the purposes of sexual abuse or sexual exploitation. (The Declaration and Agenda for Action, 1996)

Youth as defined by the National Youth Policy of Ethiopia includes part of the society who are between 15 – 29 years of age (FDRE, 2004b).

Safe Home is a temporary center where children and youth exposed to exploitation and abuse of different types will enhance their resilience and get empowered through psychological support services (guidance and counselling, life skill trainings etc.) and vocational skill trainings which would enable them to get decent jobs.

3. An Overview on Unsafe Child Migration and Involvement in Hazardous Work

Children could migrate independently or along with their parents, internally or externally and they might move voluntarily, enticed or coerced by traffickers. So as to keep the review within the context of the project under evaluation, this section focuses on unsafe child migration in relation to independent internal migration which is voluntary in relation to involvement in hazardous work. Unsafe child migration as described in a report focusing on protecting and supporting children on the move is “movement that is clandestine or dangerous or which takes place in unsafe conditions and without the support of trustworthy networks, consequently exposing children to exploitation and abuse in transit and/or at destination” (SCUK, 2008).

Unsafe child migration in general and independent child migration in particular did not get due attention by researchers. Gaps in research were identified by a study carried out in relation to the prevalence, causes, and consequences of independent child labor migration (Eric V. Edmonds and Maheshwor Shrestha, 2012). The need for data and information on the situation of children on the more to improve the visibility of child migrants, including those in child labor was stressed (ILO, 2012). The International Organization for Migration (2013) identified the importance of in-depth examination of the individual strengths of children and evidence of the empowering effects of children’s independent migration. Another study indicated the lack of knowledge on the transition from school to work for low- and lower- middle income economies (ILO, 2015).

Prevalence of Independent Child Migration and Child Labor

The number of people moving from place to pace is increasing in many parts of the world. According to global estimates, 740 million persons are internal migrants while international migrants account for 214 million (IOM, 2013). Several reports indicate that children have currently become a major part of population movements. Yet, the proportion of children on the move both from the internal and external migrant populations were not specified due to gap in knowledge. (SCUK, 2008, ILO, 2012 and IOM, 2013) According to an estimate by the World Bank, about a third of the migrant flow from all developing countries was in the age range of 12 to 24 years (2006).

A study on independent child labor migrants in developing countries could only make a vague guess; estimating them to be in the tens of millions and this lumps together internal and external migrants (Yaqub, Shahin, 2009). A report by the International Labour Organization (2010) gave an indefinite statement when reporting that youth make up a significant percentage of all migrants. The same report revealed that large numbers of youth come from rural areas and that most independent child migrants, especially younger children, are internal migrants in developing countries. The latter statement was also corroborated by other studies (Eric V. Edmonds and Maheshwor Shrestha, 2012 and Yaqub, Shahin, 2009).

On a positive note, estimates related to child labor including children’s involvement in hazardous work are available and are reliable. According to the most recent ILO global estimates, there are 168 million child laborers of which 59 million are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Involvement in child labor is reported to be much higher among boys than girls for the 5-17 years age group accounting to 99.8 million boys versus 68.2 million girls. (ILO-IPEC, 2013a) The number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in hazardous work in 2012 was estimated to be 85 million (ILO-IPEC, 2013b). Conversely, there are 75 million young persons aged 15 to 24 who are unemployed (ILO, 2015) signifying the need for creating decent employment for children of minimum working age and older youth.

In Ethiopia, studies on independent child migration, engagement of child migrants in child labor including hazardous work and worst forms of child labor are patchy and limited to selected parts of the country. A study on child labor carried out in three urban towns of Southern Ethiopia showed that among the 323 child respondents, 63.3% migrated from rural areas while the rest were from urban areas including the three study towns, Hswassa, Wolaita Soddo, and Arbaminch (Solomon Sorsa and Alemu Abera, 2006). A study carried out in Addis Ababa showed that a large number of children continuously migrate into the larger towns, especially the capital city (FSCE, 2008).

Another study that surveyed 1,076 respondents aged 10-19 in low-income zones of Addis Ababa found that 83% were independent child migrants; about one-third migrated when younger than 10 years; 47% were between 10-14 years; and just under a fifth between 15-18 years. Girl migrants were four times as likely as boys to be living without parents. Most (73%) came from rural areas, while the rest migrated from towns. (Erulkar, Annabel S. et al., 2006 cited in UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007)

According to the Report of the National Workshop on Child Labor in Ethiopia (Nov. 1995 - cited in SCD, 2003), 52.1% of the child population (62% boys and 42% girls) in the 5-17 age group were engaged in productive activities. Even if not specific with regard to the proportion of migrant children and those actually engaged in child labor, the report evidenced the huge number of working children in the country. A study on child labor carried out by Save the Children Denmark indicated that among the 100 respondent girls exposed to CSE, 54% were migrants out of which 42.6% came in search of employment. (SCD, 2003)

Another study carried out in 2009 pointed out that in Ethiopia children work both in the formal and informal sectors. According to this study, the activities children were engaged in ranged from construction to manufacturing, crop production, fishing, mining, cattle herding, street vending, weaving and domestic service to begging and commercial sex. It was reported that children worked 14.5 hours per day on average. Especially girls are reported to toil more hours than boys since they carry out household chores that include fetching water and caring for smaller children in addition to farm work. (People in Need Ethiopia, 2009)

The Causes of Independent Child Migration

Individual child migrants move for reasons that are diverse depending on their distinct conditions and age. There are many cases where children choose to migrate individually with the aim of seeking a better future through improved access to education and livelihood opportunities (SCUK, 2008, Eric V. Edmonds and Maheshwor Shrestha, 2012 and IOM, 2013). On the other hand, many children run away from abuse at home or at the work place such as physical maltreatment, labor exploitation or child marriage as well as to escape extreme poverty, conflict and natural disaster. Especially for the latter group of children, migration can be a difficult choice but one of the few survival strategies available to them (SCUK, 2008, SCUK and SCN, 2008 and IOM, 2013).

In Ethiopia, independent child migration is exacerbated by push and pull factors which are multifaceted and interrelated (FSCE, 2008 and People In Need Ethiopia 2009). Extreme poverty, child labor, lack of basic social services, death of one or both parents, shortage of land, the need to become economically independent and violence within the home environment were some of the push factors identified. The pull factors included perception of better opportunities for education and employment in the urban areas and peer pressure. (SCD, 2003 and People In Need Ethiopia 2009) More boys than girls were reported to move to the city for accessing education with difference that significantly increases among older adolescents (Erulkar, Annabel S., 2012 cited in Population Council, 2013a).

Besides, dropping out of school due to failure in exams or completing education but not being able to find a job instigated migration in many of the participants of a qualitative study on poverty, youth and rural-urban migration in Farta Woreda in South Gondar (Adamnesh Atnafu, et al., 2014). The causes for independent child migration are sometimes related to gender-based violence and harmful traditional practices (HTPs) that include sexual abuse, abduction and child, early and forced marriage. A study revealed that 25% of girls interviewed in the slum areas of Addis Ababa migrated due to the threat of forced marriage (Bartlett, 2010 cited in IOM, 2013).

Experiences of Independent Child Migrants

Research focusing on independent child migration has underlined the variety and complexity of children’s migratory experiences which result in both positive and negative outcomes for a majority of the children involved. Experiences reported by migrant children showed that vulnerability is not static, children tend to move back and forth across a continuum of positive and negative experiences. (UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007) The fact that children’s movement could be beneficial and harmful at the same time was confirmed by other studies. These studies suggest that the balance between the two depends on age, gender and the conditions of children’s migration (SCD, 2003 and UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007).

It is realized that independent migration may offer children the opportunity for acquiring a new social identity and economic independence (UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007). Thus, in dealing with independent child migration, policymakers are advised to understand children’s vulnerability as well as their agency and resilience and take into account both the positive and negative experiences (IOM, 2013).

As evidenced by research carried out with migrant children in various parts of the world, children feel positive about migration when the opportunity enables them to contribute to their family’s income, acquire new skills or achieve other aspirations (IAG on Children on the Move, 2013). In a study carried out in Ghana, many of the children were found to be very positive about their experiences due to the opportunities offered by migration such as developing new and useful skills or earning income that they had significant control over (Iman M. Hashim, 2006).

According to a study on internal migration in general, keeping all other factors controlled, migrants obtain higher wages and returns to their education than non-migrants (Niels-Hugo Blunch and Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi, 2015). Many Ethiopian migrant girls in domestic work are reported to value the income they gain from their jobs as well as the new skills, increased schooling options, and exposure to new ideas even if some suffer extreme exploitation (Population Council, 2013a).

The above findings indicate that independent child migration is exploitative and damaging for children but it could be rewarding at the same time in some cases. Thus, experts working in the area stress the positive outcomes should be analyzed in the context of extreme poverty and limited opportunities in the source areas. The importance of cultural norms that oblige children to work and meet their own needs and contribute to household income should also be considered. There are numerous situations where independent migration is the best option among all other available alternatives. In such cases, taking protective measures to make independent child migration as safe as possible is key in supporting children to succeed in their own efforts. (UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007)

What makes independent child migration unsafe?

Besides the positive impacts discussed above, independent child migration is believed to increase the risk of vulnerability to physical, emotional and sexual abuse (SCUK, 2008 and IOM, 2013). According to the different studies and reports reviewed, the major vulnerability factors that make independent child migration unsafe include lack of family protection and isolation, age, gender, poverty and invisibility (SCUK, 2008, SCUK, 2012, ILO 2012, IOM, 2013 and Population Council, 2013a).

According to a previous report, children on the move, especially those moving independently, are vulnerable to exploitation, coercion, deception, and violence (SCUK, 2008). This is because children who move without their families become deprived of family protection. Especially children who lack social network in their new surroundings become lonely and isolated

without having someone to turn to in cases of illness or other urgent needs (IOM, 2013). Other studies evidenced that migrant children face more adverse working conditions than non- migrant child workers in terms of working more hours, being exposed to hazardous work, bondage and violence (ILO 2012).

Age and gender are identified as major vulnerability factors for independent child migrants and especially girls, to risks such as exploitative employment (SCUK, 2008 and Population Council, 2013b). It is stressed that younger children and girls are particularly vulnerable to the worst forms of child labor, physical violence, and sexual exploitation and abuse (SCUK, 2008). A previous research on child labor in Ethiopia showed that child laborers perform tasks that are beyond their capacity and face physical and emotional maltreatment by employers or other people. Due to these exposures, children living under vulnerable conditions are reported to have high rates of developmental, emotional, nutritional and health problems. (SCD, 2003)

Especially very young children and girls face more serious exploitation when migrating independently. As evidenced by one study in Addis Ababa, 40% of recent migrant girls reported having no friends versus 13% of migrant boys (Erulkar, Annabel S., 2012 cited in Population Council, 2013a). Another study reported that children in the age group of 12-17 were exploited in the formal economic sector in Ethiopia. The study revealed that employers took advantage of the young age of children and make them work long hours that usually averaged 12.5 hours a day and pay them very low wages. (People in Need Ethiopia, 2009).

Another study established that child domestic workers aged 8-15 underwent more psychosocial disorders (such as phobia and separation anxiety) than other working and non- working children. This was believed to be due to the physical, verbal and emotional abuse, excessive hours of work, lack of personal freedom, and in general the fierce control employers had over child domestic workers. (Alem, A. et al., 2006) A study on the worst forms of child labor revealed that more than 80% migrant child domestics surveyed in Ethiopia reported that they did not have the right to voluntarily quit their jobs (ILO-IPEC, 2005).

According to the ILO, many child migrants who combine education and work are likely to drop out of school prematurely since schooling and child labor are incompatible (ILO, 2015). A survey that covered 1,076 respondents aged 10-19 in low-income zones of Addis Ababa showed that 50% migrated for schooling opportunities, yet some 13% did not enter school (Erulkar, Annabel S. et al., 2006 cited in UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007). Since education is generally perceived as a means to improve future employment prospects (UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007), the children who fail to achieve their plans to access education may get negatively impacted by such outcomes.

From Unsafe Child Migration to School or Decent Work

According to Save the Children UK, national and international policies and programmes on child protection should give the rights and needs of children on the move a high priority. It is further stressed that actions towards supporting children on the move should be well integrated into the development and implementation of programs addressing child labor, migration, poverty reduction and decent work. (SCUK, 2008) Researchers in the area of independent child migration underscore the importance of generating evidence-based research for policy making to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks of migration (UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007).

Recommendations by the IOM in relation to the protection of migrant children, include ensuring governments’ compliance with conventions, access to education, accessibility of low-interest loans, birth registration of all children and investment in preparation for migration. Furthermore, improvement of monitoring of migration movements and working conditions of migrant children of working age as well as the creation of decent jobs with decent pay is suggested to be viable actions to be taken by governments. (IOM, 2013)

Similarly, ILO’s Call for Action calls on governments and its social partners to foster pro- employment growth and decent job creation with the aim of shaping national strategies for youth employment (ILO, 2015). This is believed to unlock the benefits of migration by acting as “a powerful force for change in the developing world—improving lives and reducing poverty in their communities and nations” (Population Council, 2013b).

Success in translating the above recommendations depends on high commitment and serious efforts by states, non-government and community based organizations, international non- governmental organizations (INGOs) and UN agencies. The fact that children on the move are hard-to-reach presents unique difficulties when planning and programming actions to support and protect these children (IOM, 2013). Yet, nothing is impossible as suggested by the success gained in reducing the number of children engaged in hazardous work from 171 million in 2000 to 85 million in 2012 (ILO-IPEC, 2013b).

The creation of decent work for children of minimum age of employment and youth through this project which aimed to prevent the need for unsafe child migration and help to reduce the risks associated with it is in line with the ILO’s Call for Action (ILO, 2015). For children below the minimum age of employment, actions in support of children on the move should include the family reintegration and enrollment in school whenever it is in their best interest.

4. Methodology

The final evaluation employed a mixed-method approach of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques. Both approaches were made highly participatory and inclusive in the process of collecting primary and secondary data making the exercise a positive learning process for all parties who were involved.

The methodology of the evaluation is outlined below and includes the overall approach and methodological framework, sampling strategy, assessment area and respondents, data management, processing and analysis, and opportunities and limitations.

3.1. Overall Approach and Methodological Framework

The methodological framework for this evaluation which is summative comprised of a mix of mechanisms and tools. Information and data were collected through quantitative and qualitative primary and secondary data collection techniques. These included literature and document review, survey, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews (KIIs) as well as case stories and observation. These techniques were guided by structured and unstructured questionnaires and checklists. Triangulation was used to validate responses from different sources and gaps and challenges were identified and analyzed.

As a guiding methodology, the evaluation adopted the Development Assistance Committee of the Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD/DAC) Evaluation Framework developed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. The OECD/DAC definition and framework of evaluation has been adopted by Danida and major development agencies internationally. The five evaluation criteria are relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability and they have been widely adopted and utilized for aid evaluation by most donor agencies and INGOs. (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, 2006) In addition to the OECD/DAC criteria, the evaluation also adopted the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership (HAP) International evaluation criteria which are accountability and quality to which Save the Children International (SCI) adheres to. (HAP, 2015)

Save the Children’s Theory of Change (TOC) was also used to explore the contributions of the project to the key components of the TOC that include participation, advocacy, partnership and innovation. Save the Children’s TOC is stated as “We will be the voice, we will achieve results at scale, we will be the innovator and we will build partnerships”. (SC, 2013)

3.2. Sampling Strategy

The evaluation design was structured so as to reduce bias and increase the reliability of the data. Validity and reliability of data was ensured through the training and supervision of data collectors. Responses were checked and cleared for contradictions to maintain consistent and valid data.

The research design involved the use of sample selection using random and multi-stage probability sampling technique applying stratified sampling then simple random sampling. The selected respondents for the quantitative evaluation included the target groups in three of the project’s outcomes, namely; youth in Meket and Wadla, migrant girls in Woldia; and youth in Woldia, all engaged in decent work. These were categorized into two strata and were selected so as to provide insight into the project’s relevance, quality, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. The survey included only these target groups for manageability and efficient analysis on the major outcomes in relation to the two specific objectives, while the other outcomes are addressed through qualitative instruments.

Stratified sampling technique was used to select representative samples from the strata/outcomes selected for the survey using the following formulas below.

푅푆 = [(푍)2 ∗ 푆푑 ∗ (1 − 푆푑)]/(푀퐸)2

Where, RS is the required sample size, Z is the z-score, Sd is the standard deviation (expected variation in responses) and ME is the margin of error (confidence interval). Choosing a 95% confidence level, 0.5 standard deviation (expected variation in responses), and a margin of error (confidence interval) of +/- 5%, the calculation would result in a required sample of 384. Since the population of each strata (outcome) is defined and finite, the following formula is used to calculate the necessary representative sample size for each with the same interval for each strata using simple random sampling.

푁푆푖 = 푅푆/[1 + (푅푆 − 1)/푃푖]

Where NSi is the necessary sample size of strata/outcome i, RS is the required sample size obtained above for an infinite population and Pi is the known population for strata/outcome i. Here we have found above that RS is 384 and the populations for outcomes are calculated using the above formula giving the results below (Bill Godden, 2004).

This ensured the sample size for the survey to be representative from the two selected strata populations.

Table 1: Stratified Sample Size Determination for the Survey Population (targets Targeted reached) Sample Outcome 1 - Youth Engaged in Decent Work in Meket and Wadla 500 498 217 Outcome 2.3 and 2.5 - Migrant Girls and Youth Engaged in Decent Work in Woldia 450 359 186 Total 950 857 403

The population of the two strata was 707 and the total of the estimated representative sample sizes was 403.

The selection of kebeles for collecting both qualitative and quantitative data was purposive. Both the survey and the qualitative data collection covered all three kebeles in Woldia Town and five kebeles each in Meket and Wadla because it was not possible to find all the groups in one or two kebeles. Anyway, this was good for the evaluation since it was possible to include different IGA groups. The selection of participants for FGDs and KIIs was carried out using purposive sampling method.

3.3. Assessment Area and Respondents

The evaluation was conducted in the three intervention areas (Woldia, Wadla and Meket woredas) of North Wollo Zone of Amhara Regional State targeted by the project. The data sources for the quantitative evaluation included youth engaged in decent work in Meket and Wadla as well as migrant girls and youth engaged in decent work in Woldia Town. The sample size of survey participants was determined in accordance with the sampling design and procedure presented below (section 3.2 above).

FGD participants included migrant girls and youth engaged in decent work in Woldia Town; youth engaged in decent work in Meket and Wadla Woredas; and school children and school club members in Meket and Wadla; committee members in each site including teachers, directors and community discussion fora Facilitators. In total 13 FGDs (4 in Woldia and 5 in Wadla and 4 in Meket) were held with a total of 75 participants (43 F and 32 M).

Table 2: Number of FGDs * Type of Participant * Woreda Number of Participants Type of Beneficiary Woldia Wadla Meket Total F M T Migrant Girls and Youth Engaged 4 - - 4 12 6 18 in Decent Work Youth Engaged in Decent Work - 3 1 4 13 12 25 School Club Members and - 1 2 3 18 4 22 School Children Adult School Community - - 1 1 - 4 4 Members Trained And Sensitized - 1 - 1 - 6 6 Community Members Kebele Child Affairs - 6 6 12 1 11 12 Committee Members Total 4 11 10 25 44 43 87

KII or group interview informants comprised of key stakeholders including the Advisory Committee members (representatives of woreda offices of Women, Children and Youth Affairs Offices (WCYAOs), Micro and Small Enterprise Development Agency (MSEDA),

Agriculture and Rural Development, Education, Police (CPU), Woreda Administration, Finance and Economic Development); Keble Administration and Kebele Child Affairs Committee (including Agriculture and Health Extension Workers, Community Policing, Schools, religious leaders, Youth Networks/ Youth Decent Work Networks, Women and Youth Associations, and representatives of women, children and youth); and Project Officers in each woreda and project/program staff of ANPPCAN and Save the Children.

These were mainly involved in group interviews and individual interviews were held with some the most prominent representatives and those who were not be able to be present during the group interview. Thus, a total of 35 people were interviewed as key informants.

Table 3: Number of KII Participants Type of Beneficiary Woldia Wadla Meket AA & BD Total Advisory Committee Members 5 5 5 - 15 Project Officers of ANPPCAN 2 - 1 - 3 Program Staff of ANPPCAN 1 - - 1 2 Program Staff of Save the Children - - - 1 1 Total 8 5 6 2 21

3.4. Data Management, Processing and Analysis

Quantitative data or data from the structured interviews was thoroughly checked and edited at the field level, categorized and coded by experienced editors and coders. Then it was entered and cleaned using the latest statistical analyses software, Statistical Package for Statistics/Data Analysis (STATA) 12, for data analysis.

Statistical tools, mainly frequencies, percentages and averages were utilized to analyze data. The information derived from the collected data are presented in graphic forms including tables and charts to bring about the existing facts that provided basis for interpreting the findings. Data was disaggregated by gender, age, category and other variables perceived to be crucial for the analysis. Qualitative data obtained from unstructured interviews and FGDs was transcribed and organized in tables for analysis.

Techniques such as analysis of critical issues, gap identification, triangulation and comparative analysis were applied to draw conclusions and recommendations. Critical issues and gaps were identified and analyzed. Triangulation involved testing the consistency of quantitative data with qualitative evidence by comparing responses from the different groups through different tools. Finally, the report was prepared in line with the objectives of the evaluation.

3.5. Opportunities and Limitations

Opportunities

Quantitative data was collected by the members of the core team who have ample experience in probing during FGDs and KIIs to get in-depth information. Quantitative data was collected by university students with experience in collecting survey data. This helped to ensure the reliability of the data collected. Moreover, most beneficiaries, including youth and children, were collaborative and provided relevant information during the discussions. Even if the project has already phased out, it was possible to get most of the staff who implemented the project with the support of ANPPCAN program staff.

School children participating in FGD

Limitations

Challenges during data collection included inability to get teachers and directors in sufficient numbers since schools were closed for the long vacation. However, it was possible to conduct FGDs with school children and club members with the support of ANPPCAN staff. In most cases IGA groups do not have working place thus have to be called by phone for the FGDs and survey interviews. Since, most were at home or at the places where they work as part-time employees. Many youths have dropped out of their groups and getting information on these children and youth was not possible due to lack of information on their whereabouts. Moreover, it was challenging to get the different community stakeholders since it was a busy time for farmers.

5. Findings of the Evaluation

This section presents the findings of the final evaluation organized under the objectives of the assessment (accountability, quality, relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability) in relation to the objectives as well as the achievement of results both at output and outcome levels. The accomplishments of expected results and the activities outlined in the project logical framework matrix were assessed in relation to the objectives, outcomes, outputs and indicators. In the analysis of the findings, focus was also given to the technical strength of the project, good practices, key lessons, challenges and successes of the project.

4.1. Accountability of the Partner

This section presents findings on accountability or the ability of the implementing organization to verify, justify and document results, achievements and actions in accordance with project objectives and set rules and regulations. Accountability to donors, beneficiaries, key stakeholders and partners was also examined.

The findings indicated that the project was carried out in accordance with the implementation plan and agreements as well as national, regional and local rules and regulations. Project activities were monitored and reviewed regularly by the partner together with all stakeholders. This included the Woreda Advisory Committees made up of government sector offices, the Kebele Child Affairs Committees that included local authorities and community and school representatives and beneficiaries.

The project followed results-based approaches to management and accountability with emphasis on impact. Save the Children’s TOC promotes the use of evidence to influence governments and other key actors to adopt impactful policies and implement them at scale (SC, 2013). However, the fact that the mid-term review that was carried out in all intervention areas was not well documented was a gap. It undermined knowledge generation, learning, sharing and strengthening the implementation during the remaining period.

Save the Children’s TOC states that all work carried out by the organization is expected to be founded on providing a voice with and for children (SC, 2013). Accordingly, the findings showed that children and youth actively participated in the project activities. Migrant girls in Debre Gelila and Yeju Genet Kebeles in Woldia Town stated that they have information on the budget allocated for each girl in the safe home and actively participated in the management of the home. They, provided their views in relation to budget as well as the services provided by the safe home and in most cases, corrective measures were taken. However, some beneficiaries were not provided with the vocational skill training based on their choice. It was explained by project staff that this was because when replacing new beneficiaries by those who dropped out of their groups, the options were limited.

Migrant male youth engaged in hollow brick production and pool business in Defergae Kebele in Woldia Town reported that they plan together with the project staff and developed a bi- law for their group. They indicated that the project activities were adequately monitored and evaluated. This group was one of the hardworking groups which were awarded and got motivated for higher achievement. The award material was obtained from an IGA group that disappeared. This demonstrated a good level of accountability to the beneficiaries of the project both by the Advisory Committee members and ANPPCAN.

Male youth in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda testified that the project opened their eyes and they fully participated in planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the activities. However, they pointed out to the inadequate follow-up that did not support them to get work place as promised by the kebele. Youth in Sharia Genet Kebele in Wadla Woreda conveyed that they participated in evaluations and discussions. According to youth in Hanna Mekuat Kebele in Meket Woreda, the project was voluntary and inclusive and orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) were given a priority in the selection process.

Girls’ club members from Felasi Primary School in Wadla Woreda stated that they participated in planning and implementing their club activities assisted by focal teachers. In addition to club activities, Child Rights and Child Protection club members from Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda reported that they participated in discussions with the concerned woreda administration officers. Adult school community members of Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda pointed out that the project involved children, youth and community members in beneficiary selection, and follow-up. Participants of the community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda further justified the participation of children and youth in the selection of direct beneficiaries and in forwarding their views openly in the community discussion fora.

According to Woldia and Meket Woreda Advisory Committee members, the project was transparent and accountable to the beneficiaries. They had knowledge on the selection criteria and the number of youth that will be selected from each kebele. The budget was transparent even to the community. The findings from all participants indicated that beneficiaries had the right to participate in the project voluntarily and had a say in the process in all three woredas. The project was implemented in close partnership with all relevant line bureaus in the woreda and kebele administration offices. The Advisory Committees planed, implemented and monitored project activities jointly with ANPPCAN and had full information of the budget. It was noted that the Advisory Committees in all the three woredas conducted review meetings where all stakeholders participated. This was done on quarterly basis in Meket and every six months in Woldia and Wadla.

This was confirmed by project staff who added that project documents, plans and budgets were transparently shared to partners. According to project staff, ANPPCAN had been fully accountable to SCI. Project areas, budget lines, objectives, outputs and target groups were respected and implemented as per the project document. The project was accountable to SCI

through regular progress reports and joint monitoring and evaluation. Similarly, SCI fulfilled all its obligations and provided technical support whenever needed and conducted field monitoring visits.

The findings from the survey indicated that the majority of beneficiaries received the training of their choice. Of 403 respondents, 399 answered the question whether the training they received was made by choice. 94% (375) stated it was by their choice while only 6% (24) stated that they would have preferred to have had other training.

4.2. Quality of Services and Activities

The evaluation looked at the quality of the services and activities of the project. This included rehabilitation of girls through the safe home, vocational and business skills training, creation of employment opportunities for the youth, partnerships established with various stakeholders as well as contribution and approach of the project in building local capacity, as well as replicability and scale of the project.

Rehabilitation

Most of the FGD and KII participants reported that the rehabilitation of girls through the safe home was effective. Many of them pointed out that none of the 150 girls went back to CSE. The rehabilitation process involved the provision of psychosocial support, extra skills development activities that included embroidery, cooking and home management.

However, according to the Advisory Committee and project staff, migrant youth previously engaged in other hazardous work were not effectively rehabilitated. They were provided with life skills training and guidance and counselling services. Yet, their behavior did not change sufficiently and as a result, many of them had serious behavioral and business management problems.

According to the Advisory Committee members, while working as groups, they could not attract customers, they could not work in harmony, cheated each other and some sold property and disappeared. The youth had to continue the hazardous work they were engaged in so as to fend for their daily bread while attending the training. This reduced the time they had for training and rehabilitation. Also, staying in the damaging environment reduced the benefit they got from the rehabilitation services. Thereafter, this group did not have adequate psychosocial support and technical assistance on business management. There was a need for center based rehabilitation and close and regular follow-up for this group.

Vocational and Business Skill Training

Vocational skills training was provided for all youth beneficiaries however the options were limited due to the limited training centers in the intervention areas. Migrant girls and youth in Woldia received training on food preparation, hair dressing, tailoring and embroidery, block production, wood and metal work and bakery. Training for vulnerable youth in Meket and

Wadla Woredas mainly involved on- and off- farm activities such as sheep and goat rearing and fattening, poultry production and retail business that included trading in retail goods, garment, construction wood, cereal, butter and honey. In Woldia, the training was delivered by Poly Technique College (WPTC) and private institutions based on the interests of beneficiaries and marketability of the skills. Yet, in Meket and Wadla, MSEDA and Amhara Credit and Saving Institution (ACSI) provided the training free of charge.

Training on basic business or entrepreneurship skills included concepts and definition of entrepreneurship, characteristics and quality of good entrepreneurship, business plan preparation, types of saving, recording of financial expenditures and profits. According to discussion with the Advisory Committee members in the three woredas, the training time was up to the standard and trainings were evaluated at the end and found to be appropriate and effective for identifying and managing IGAs.

The findings of the survey support the above finding that the training was applicable to the majority of the beneficiaries. From the 403 sample of respondents, 402 responded to the question of how applicable the training was for their livelihood. 60.4% (243) stated it was very useful while 36.6% (147) stated that it was somewhat useful and only 3% (12) expressed that it was not at all useful.

Of those 159 that stated the training was somewhat applicable and not applicable at all; 40 Figure 1: Applicability of Training for responded to the question reasons why it was Livelihood, N=402 not applicable. Out of these 40, 22.5% stated it was not applicable because it was not related to their current job; another 22.5% noted that it was because the training was 147 Somewhat too short; 12.5% because there was an useful inharmonious relationship among the 36.6% members of the group; 10% because it did not 243 improve their livelihood; and 7.5% because Very useful they did not complete the training. Other 60.4% 12 reasons mentioned at 5% were that the seed Not at all useful 3% capital was not enough; could not be profitable using their skills and not having a

proper work place.

Migrant girls engaged in hairdressing in Yeju Genet and Defergae Kebeles in Woldia Town stated that the vocational skill training enabled them to acquire skills in different types of hair dressing styles and the apprenticeship provided them with hands on training which built confidence. Similarly, migrant male youth engaged in hollow brick production and pool business in Defergae Kebele in Woldia Town appreciated the vocational and business skills trainings. According to them the trainings were useful and adequate in terms of training materials, space and apprenticeship which allowed sufficient practical experience.

The six days training on sheep fattening and basic business were also appreciated by the beneficiaries in Lay Talet and Sharia Genet Kebeles in Wadla Woreda and Hanna Mekuat Kebele in Meket Woreda. They indicated that the training focused on when to buy and how to choose sheep for fattening, how to prepare fodder, how to follow the health care needs of sheep and the time needed for fattening. They indicated that the vocational skill training fits into the context of the intervention area and provided them with the necessary skills to improve their livelihoods. However, Meket and Wadla Woreda Advisory Committee members indicated that the follow-up training was not adequate. Similarly, youth from Lay Talet Kebele pointed out lack of apprenticeship program and shortfall of the marketing training.

Creation of Employment Opportunities

Following the vocational and basic business skills trainings, the project created employment opportunities for the youth by providing them with startup capital from ETB 4,500 to 6,000 for each beneficiary for starting income generating activities (IGAs). According to most participants, this amount was believed to be too small to start business at individual level. Thus, youth were organized in cooperatives to boost the startup capital. IGA groups obtained business licenses from the concerned offices. Then the seed money for the groups was deposited in group accounts in the ACSIs. Money was only withdrawn after business plans and the amounts to be withdrawn were authorized by ANPPCAN, Woreda WCYAOs, and Woreda MSEDAs.

These woreda level offices, the kebele MSEDOs and Agricultural Development Offices also provided supportive supervision from the selection of training and type of IGA to the procurement of equipment and products to the management of the IGAs. For example, beneficiaries were provided with information on the types of businesses that were not saturated and capital intensive.

The main types of IGAs established by the youth in the rural areas were sheep and goat rearing and fattening, poultry production, hollow brick production and trading in construction wood, butter, honey and cereal. In Woldia, men’s hairdressing and women’s beauty salon, pool business, cafeteria, goods retail shop, tailoring and garment trading dominated.

Youth Engaged in Decent Work

The findings from FGDs with beneficiaries and KII with the Advisory Committee in Woldia indicated that income earned by youth who were engaged in other hazardous work is better than what they earned previously. However, the girls who were rescued from CSE previously earned from 500 to 700 Birr per month which is more than what they earn from the IGAs. Yet, they did not want to go back to their previous lives because the rehabilitation they went through helped them to realize the risks and hazards they faced.

Youth and Advisory Committee members in Meket and Wadla Woredas appreciated the fact that the project created jobs and better income for youth and the marketability of the businesses. The experience sharing visits among IGA groups were reported by many of the FGD participants to be useful in motivating youth and improving IGA management. They pointed out that the income was inadequate to sustain their livelihoods fully. Even then, most of the youth are now working locally instead of migrating to other places.

This finding was supported by the survey results as the mean monthly income of the respondents was found to be 367 birr while the minimum was no income and the maximum was 4,000 birr. The respondents also were asked whether their current income was sufficient of which 383 responded. Overall, 67.9% stated that their current income was insufficient. Over fifty percent stated that the incomes of 551 birr per month and above was sufficient for their livelihood (See Annex Figure 9). Table 4: Income Level of Survey However, the majority of the respondents reported Respondents monthly incomes below the sufficient level. The largest Income Level No. % group 45.9% was in the income group of 151 to 550 birr No income 59 15.0 1 - 150 90 22.8 per month while the second largest 22.8% was between 151 - 550 181 45.9 1 to 150 birr per month, 15% had no income, 11.7% 551 - 950 46 11.7 earned from 551 to 950 birr, and 4.6% made over 951 Over 951 18 4.6 birr per month. Total 394 100 Partnership Established

The establishment of the Advisory Committees at woreda and the Child Affairs Committees at kebele levels in all intervention areas was instrumental in the implementation of the project. The Advisory Committees were previously chaired by Labour and Social Affairs Office (LSAO) and now by WCYAO and comprised of Education, Labour and Social Affairs Department, Finance and Economic Development and Town or Woreda Administration Offices, Police and Small Scale and MSEDA. The major roles of the committee were identification of selection criteria, selection of beneficiaries, networking, coordination, monitoring and evaluation of project activities.

The Child Affairs Committees were led by the Kebele Administrator and comprised of School Directors, Health Extension Workers, Youth Association leaders, religious leaders, community policing and representatives of women, children youth affairs, women and youth

associations. Their major roles are supporting IGA beneficiaries and educating the community on unsafe migration. The establishment of the woreda and kebele structures helped to carry out monthly, quarterly and bi-annual review of the progress of the project and to provide supportive supervision to the beneficiaries

Moreover, the project created awareness among school children, parents, community members and other stakeholders through awareness raising workshops, community discussion fora, edutainment programs and community meetings. This helped to produce numerous groups and individuals who work towards reducing unsafe child and youth migration and hazardous work including CSE.

Building Local Capacity

Trainings were provided for community discussion fora Facilitators on Unsafe Migration, Health and Psychosocial Problems. Technical support was provided for school clubs in 50 schools on organizing edutainment programs on unsafe migration. Child Affairs Committees and school clubs were supported with educational materials and stationary. However, according to project staff and Advisory Committee members, there were no TOTs for sustaining the continuation of the activities at the community and school levels. TOTs could have been provided as capacity development for staff and partners but there was no budget.

Only one training was provided for government stakeholders and project staff. This five-day training which focused on Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting and Sustainability could have been more useful if it was provided at the beginning of the project period with a refresher at the end. After the training, particularly Meket and Wadla Woredas have developed joint sustainability and monitoring plan of action. The experience sharing visit in Bahir Dar of a similar project organized for Advisory Committee members and staff helped to share experiences, acquire knowledge and gain insight on different approaches of rehabilitation.

Replicability and Scale of the Project

The project had not been replicated fully as yet but could be replicated to bring about greater results with some modification as suggested in the recommendations. The learning from this project will be very useful to make future projects in the area more successful. Efforts were made by Woldia Advisory Committee members to engage migrant and vulnerable youth in construction work through the Town Administration and MSEDA. However, the work could not be considered as age appropriate.

4.3. Relevance of the Project

Examining the relevance of the project being one of the objectives of the evaluation, the evaluation assessed whether the inputs and strategies identified were realistic, appropriate and adequate to achieve the results; and the extent to which the project was in line with local

needs and priorities as well as the priorities and policies of ANPPCAN, Save the Children, the Ethiopian government and the donor.

Inputs

According to the project documents, the original budget allocated for the project was not realistic and sufficient to achieve the results. This was mainly due to price escalation caused by high inflation which affected the budget allocated for startup capital and the running of the safe home. Thus, two rounds of budget amendments and a cost extension amendment were made to address the budget inadequacy.

The first budget revision increased the original project budget from ETB 8,253,942 to ETB 12,800,000. The additional budget was mainly needed for reaching 300 migrant youth engaged in other hazardous work in Woldia but was also used for safe home activities including provision of start-up capital. The second revision increased the budget from ETB12, 800,000 to ETB14, 000,000 which was needed for the running of the safe home and the provision of start-up capital both for migrant girls and youth. Finally, cost extension was needed for increasing the budget to 15,918,928 to carryout technical and financial support for cooperatives, training on M&E for staff and government stakeholders, review meetings with government stakeholders and capacity building training for IGA beneficiaries.

Discussion with project staff and the Advisory Committee members in all intervention woredas, indicated that the project budget was insufficient even after the amendments. It was pointed out that the budget was insufficient for establishing individual IGAs and transportation for staff to follow-up the activities. Gap in budget was also identified in relation to hiring Community Workers to follow-up the activities at kebele level in Woldia and organizing capacity building for government stakeholders and staff. In the case of the startup capital, the project had to organize youth in cooperatives to increase the amount per IGA. Yet, this strategy was not very effective since the youth preferred to work individually.

Woldia Woreda Advisory Committee members stressed the need to assign one Community Worker per kebele for effective follow-up and support. The MSEDO at the kebele level provided support but the youth needed daily follow-up and supervision. In addition to this, there was inadequacy of inputs for transportation to the different rural areas in Meket and Wadla for follow-up as pointed out by the Advisory Committee members in these woreda s.

Strategies

According to Project staff and the Advisory Committee members in all intervention woredas, the strategies were reported to be realistic, appropriate and adequate to achieve the results. The evaluation findings suggest that most children and youth benefited from the employment of these strategies. Yet, the benefits were not gained equally by all due to the various gaps identified in relation to accountability, quality, relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability as presented in the sections relating to this issues.

The project had five strategies and the first one, education for youth employment (EYE), focuses on retaining youth right by realizing their full potential through social, political and economic empowerment. Beneficiaries who managed to work together in group IGAs enjoyed better economic empowerment than those who did not. For example, some beneficiaries who were organized in groups due to the insufficiency of the starting budget but could not harmoniously work together left their groups empty handed. These benefited only from the training but not from the economic empowerment.

The second strategy is rehabilitation of migrant girls and youth victims of unsafe migration involved in hazardous work. As discussed under quality of services, the rehabilitation of the migrant girls through the safe home was very effective. On the contrary, the rehabilitation of the migrant youth was not adequate due to lack of budget for center based service. According to staff and the Advisory Committee members in Woldia, more youth dropped out and more groups were dispersed from the migrant youth groups who were engaged in other hazardous work as compared to the migrant girls who were engaged in CSE.

Establishment of child and youth led information and communication and building leadership capacity and professional networks among children and youth is the third strategy. The leadership capacity of children and youth was developed through the establishment and strengthening of school child protection clubs. This was carried out through the organization of sensitization workshops and provision of technical and material support. This strategy was effective in enabling school children to actively engage in the process of combating unsafe child migration and hazardous work. However, there was no evidence found on any involvement of beneficiaries in professional networks or youth networks.

Capacity building of partners and stakeholders which is the fourth strategy was minimally employed as described under the section on quality of services and activities. This compromised the importance of this strategy for ensuring sustainability. The fifth strategy, closing the knowledge gap, was also employed to some degree. The project was based on a situation assessment and the results of the project were documented in quarterly, annual and review reports. However, there was no baseline study and the mid-term evaluation was not well documented and shared to ANPPCAN and SC. According to the program staff of ANPPCAN, SCD did documentation and review of the project but these were not shared with the partner for knowledge building and improving future programming.

Local Needs and Priorities

Even if there was no baseline study, the design of this project was based on a situational assessment presented in the project document. The assessment indicated that children and youth in North Wollo Zone are highly vulnerable to unsafe migration. The fact that the Zone is migration prone was confirmed by the assessment and discussion with key informants. The three woredas were selected for the intervention based on information and data from a previous SCD project. According to the information, Woldia town is a transit center which

attracted large numbers of migrant girls and boys. Similarly, Meket and Wadla Woredas were selected based on data that showed the high prevalence of unsafe child and youth migration from the two woredas to Woldia.

The survey findings supported the above findings indicating the prevalence of engagement of children and youth in hazardous work. Out of 278 respondents who were previously engaged in work, 97.5% (217) stated their engagement was exploitative. The type of engagements included daily laborer, farm worker, housemaid, bar tender, waitress/waiter, and others. The majority of each of these engagements had exposed the respondents to exploitation.

Table 5: Whether previous engagement was exploitative Whether engagement was exploitative Previous engagement Yes % No % Total Daily laborer 93 83.8 18 16.2 111 Farm worker 34 72.3 13 27.7 47 House Maid 34 81.0 8 19.1 42 Bar tender 23 85.2 4 14.8 27 Waitress/Waiter 21 87.5 3 12.5 24 Others 12 54.5 10 45.5 22 Total 217 79.5 56 20.5 273

The findings from the different participants confirmed that children and youth in Meket and Wadla Woredas are vulnerable to unsafe migration and hazardous work. The problem existed but is decreasing. According to Meket and Wadla Woreda Advisory Committee members many of the youth are saved by the project from going to Humera and Raya to work as daily laborers. Adult school community members of Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda indicated that children and youth were migrating from Meket to Woldia, Hara, Raya, Combolcha, Dessie, Metema, Humera, Quara, Jawi and Addis Ababa. Similarly, participants of the community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda identified Combolcha, Dessie, Woldia, Raya and Addis Ababa as destination towns for migrant children and youth.

The findings were also reflected in the survey results as the majority of respondents in all Woredas (84.5% in Woldia, 85.7% in Meket and 77.1% in Wadla) believed that they would have unsafely migrated if the project had not been there to support them. A significant percentage of them had already previously engaged in unsafe migration with 33.9% in Woldia, 43.5% in Meket and 35.8% in Wadla. The desire to still migrate is low but exists showing the relevance of projects addressing unsafe migration still exists.

Figure 2: Without Project, Previous and Desire for Unsafe Migration of Survey Respondents

90% 80% 84.5% 85.7% Possibility Unsafe 70% 77.1% Migration without Project 60% 50% Previous Unsafe Migration 40% 43.5% 30% 33.9% 35.8% 20% Residual Desire for Unsafe 21.3% 10% 19.1% Migration 0% 9.2% WOLDIA MEKET WADLA

Youth in Lay Talet and Sharia Genet Kebeles in Wadla Woreda and adult school community members and youth in Hanna Mekuat Kebele in Meket Woreda stated that there is serious unsafe child and youth migration from their community and involvement in hazardous work. All youth participants reported that their previous work was exploitative. They indicated that they worked up to 18 hours a day for extremely low income. According to youth in Sharia Genet Kebele in Wadla Woreda migrant children are exposed to long hours of work of 18 hours a day in hazardous work like charcoal processing.

Two migrant girls have died and one was injured while working in coal production in Afar Region. A nine-year-old girl left with friends to Addis Ababa where she was kidnapped, raped and beaten close to death. When, she came back home after 13 years, she had mental problems due to the traumatic experiences she went through. She kept getting into trouble with the law and was imprisoned several times. After that, she disappeared and we do not know whether she is alive or not.

Youth in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda

Youth in Sharia Genet Kebele in Wadla Woreda indicated that the reasons for unsafe migration and engagement in hazardous work included poverty, child labor, forced marriage, peer pressure and low awareness. This was mostly supported by youth and adult participants from Lay Talet Kebele and Hanna Mekuat Kebele in Meket Woreda.

Adult school community members of Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda added that the project has contributed significantly to relieve them from abject poverty, unsafe migration and hazardous work. According to youth in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda, the project activities and approaches were reported to be relevant in meeting their needs. Migrant girls who were exposed to CSE reported that the project activities and strategies were relevant in protecting them from hazardous work and its consequences.

Meket Woreda Advisory Committee members confirmed that the project was in line with local priorities including creating jobs for unemployed youth. Unemployment and lack of capital are reported as serious challenges and priority issues of the Woreda. According to Meket and Wadla Woreda Advisory Committee members and participants of community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda, the IGAs selected were practical and relevant to real life situations of the community. In summary, most of the FGD and KII participants agreed that the project was relevant to the needs of the beneficiaries.

The survey showed that of 387 respondents, 70.5% had marketable IGA’s while 29.5% did not. Out of the 114 that had stated their IGA was not marketable, 113 stated their reasons. The larger share of respondents (31% and 29%) stated the major cause for the lack of market was low supply and strong competition respectively. The others stated it was because of low capital (15%), low demand (14%) and unsuitable work place (6%). Other reasons (6%) mentioned were bad customer service of members, low effort, lack of market network, stigma from the community and being too young in the business.

Figure 3: Reasons for Unmarketable IGA, N=113 & * Woreda and Total, N=387

94, Yes, Low supply 86.2% 31% 72, Yes, 273, Yes, 70.5% 107, Yes, 69.2% Other 61.5% s

67, No, Strong Unsuitable 38.5% 32, No, competitio 114, No, work place 30.8% 29.5% 6% n 15, No, 13.8% Low demand 14% Low capital WOLDIA MEKET WADLA TOTAL

When seen by woreda 58.4% of 113 were from Woldia, 28.3% from Meket and 13.3% from Wadla. In Woldia, those who reported their reasons why their IGA was not marketable (66 of 113) were those engaged in hairdressing (31.8%), food preparation (27.3%), retailing (12.1%), photocopy and print (10.6%), sewing (7.6%), bakery (6.1%), poultry and dairy (3%) and metal work (1.5%). The major reason for a non-marketable IGA in Woldia was strong competition (36.4%) faced by those in food preparation, photocopy and print, sewing, and poultry and dairy followed by low supply (30.3%) faced by those in hairdressing, bakery, retailing and metal work. Other reasons why those in Woldia had unmarketable IGAs were because of an unsuitable work place (10.6%), low demand (9.1%), and low capital (6.1%).

In Meket, out of the 32 of 113 who stated reasons for an unmarketable IGA, 31.3% were engaged in production and retail of fruits and vegetables, 15.6% in sheep production, 12.5%

in beekeeping, and 6.3% each in wood production, grain production and retailing. The major reason for a non-marketable IGA in Meket was low capital (34.4%) faced by those engaged in fruits and vegetables, and grain production; followed by low supply (28.1%) faced by those in sheep, bee and wood production; strong competition (21.9%) faced by those in sheep, wood and grain production; and low demand (15.6%) faced by those in retailing.

In Wadla, out of those 15 of 113, 80% were engaged in sheep production, while 6.7% each were engaged in fruits and vegetable, goat production, and retail. The major reason for a non- marketable IGA in Wadla was low supply (40%) faced by those engaged in sheep production; followed by low demand (33.3%) faced by those engaged in goat and sheep production; low capital (13.3%) faced by those in fruits and vegetables and sheep production; and strong competition (6.7%) faced by those in retail.

National Policies and Priorities of ANPPCAN and SC

Many of the key informants agreed that the project was in line with national policies and priorities including the Youth Policy (FDRE, 2004b), Decent Work Country Programme (ILO, 2011) and the Growth and Transformation Plan (FDRE, 2012) which promote skills development and creation of employment opportunities for vulnerable and unemployed youths. These strategies were in line with the priorities of ANPPCAN and SC in terms of protecting vulnerable children and the strategic approaches in the SCD 2007 - 2010 Country Program Strategy.

4.4. Efficiency of Project Implementation

The evaluation assessed the extent to which the project used the least costly resources possible in order to achieve the desired results that is whether activities were cost-efficient or not. Whether the project adopted the most efficient process has been examined in comparison to alternative approaches to achieving the same outputs.

The financial cost of rehabilitating girls through the safe home was high but is cost effective when compared to the economic and social benefits gained from rescuing 150 girls from CSE. Project staff in Woldia reported that the time for vocational skill training which was longer than 6 months had to be shortened from 4 to 6 months because they stay in the safe home for 6 months. Thus, they were made to attend both morning and afternoon sessions for shortening the training time. This measure contributed to the efficiency of the project by reducing cost without compromising the quality of the training.

After completing the training, the rehabilitated girls left the safe home to live in rented rooms. They were provided with 1,000 Birr per month for three months for covering their living expenses. However, the 3,000 Birr allocated for three months was provided to them for a period of 6 months, 500 Birr per month which was found to be sufficient. The money was kept in a personal saving account opened for the purpose. This was another efficient implementation measure that helped to utilize the budget for a longer period which is cost-

effective. This maximized the benefits for the girls since it helped them to use their share economically and develop habits of saving.

The beneficiaries were organized in cooperatives because the seed money was small. With regard to youth who were engaged in other hazardous work, those who dropped out of the cooperatives were replaced by other youth. Moreover, since the startup capital was still small even after grouping, beneficiaries were provided with information on the types of businesses that were not capital intensive. Then, the grant money was deposited in the bank accounts of the IGA groups to be released with authorization by ANPPCAN, Woreda WCYAOs, and Woreda MSEDAs. All the measures were resource efficient and aimed at minimizing waste of scarce resources and achieving results with the available budget.

According to a report on a women’s economic empowerment program in Uganda, producing or working in groups can provide a business with the necessary capital, workforce and skills. Similarly, marketing in cooperatives or groups helps to gain collective power over the market in selling and buying. A group can produce or sell in volumes and this helps to have stronger bargaining position for getting better prices especially through business networks. (Everse Ruhindi and John Livingstone, 2009) In Ethiopia, getting organized in cooperatives offers legal status which in turn helps members to get protection from officials confiscating their goods at checkpoints, and allows them to enter into the formal sector. Moreover, it offers groups access to important business training and financial services. (Matt Griffith, 2008)

However, most of the beneficiaries of this project, except some groups in the rural areas, were not in favor of working in groups. There seems to be some gap in the training as well as in group formation. Findings of an evaluation of a women economic empowerment program funded by Sida showed that cooperatives become effective and solid when group members are close to each other and sharing membership in social associations like ‘Iddirs’ and ‘Ekubs’. In contrast, it was realized that groups formed with members who have little acquaintance or no common interest have greater possibility of being dispersed very easily. (UEWCA, 2013)

This was evidenced among youth in Wadla who worked harmoniously in a strong social bond. For example, some youth in Sharia Genet went away far from the area for high school or vocational education while the rest of the members took care of the group business. Obviously, this situation is rare in Woldia since the beneficiaries are migrant youth who came from different places and backgrounds. Better harmony was evidenced among migrant girls working in groups which seems to have resulted from the intensive rehabilitation and living under the same roof. The survey findings also showed that those in Wadla worked more harmoniously than the other two woredas with 67.9% stating that they mostly had harmonious relationship. Those who stated that their relationship was not at all harmonious was higher in Meket (24.7%) than the other two woredas.

Figure 4: Relationship among IGA Members, N=368

Mostly harmonious Somewhat harmonious Not at all harmonious

72, 67.9%

83, 180, 80, 48% 46.2% 39, 43.8% 149, 40.5% 28, 31.5% 22, 24.7% 27, 25.5%

39, 10.6% 10, 5.8% 7, 6.6%

WOLDIA MEKET WADLA TOTAL

The project established and strengthened different committees, clubs and discussion forums to efficiently undertake the planned activities. The structures through which the activities were implemented, the advisory and child affairs committees, were not newly established. For example, the advisory committee in Woldia was formed by adding a few members to the OVC committee. Those in Meket and Wadla were also composed by adding a few members to the committees established by the respective woreda administration to coordinate and follow-up the activities of NGOs. Existing school clubs were supported and in places were suitable clubs did not exist new ones were established with minimal cost.

The members of the child affairs committee were drawn from the kebele administration, community policing, health extension, schools and agriculture development army. Government sectors offices provided resources persons and offices free of charge and provided fuel, vehicle and telephone for monitoring activities; and negotiated to get skill training fees reduced. Local administration offices provided work place or land for some beneficiaries. The project benefited from the joint planning and implementation exercise carried out with key stakeholders. All these contributed to efficient and cost effective project management.

All participants agreed that the project activities did not overlap with or duplicate other similar interventions. Even if the government is working towards creating jobs for unemployed youth through IGAs, the reach is far lower than the number of youth who need the services. UNICEF is carrying out CC on unsafe migration in seven kebeles which are out of the target of this project. Thus, this project complemented and filled the gap by addressing needs which were not met.

The evaluation has identified the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the project through discussion with beneficiaries, community stakeholders, the Advisory Committees, Child Affairs Committees and staff as well as the review of project documents.

Strengths  The project was need based and addressed government priority and local needs  Developing close working relationship with government stakeholders which helped to make the project government led and owned  Providing effective rehabilitation services for migrant girls pulled them out of CSE which they never went back to and enabled them to access decent work  Providing skills and creating decent work employment opportunity for migrant and vulnerable youth which generated income retained youths in their villages and prevented migration  Supporting beneficiaries to develop the habit of saving  Promoting active participation among beneficiaries and the community starting from the selection of beneficiaries up to monitoring and evaluation  Reviewing the project regularly at woreda level which made the project plan transparent and the implementation more effective  Supportive supervision and technical support at all levels by SC and ANPPCAN

Weaknesses  Inadequate rehabilitation of migrant youth previously engaged in other hazardous work due to lack of budget for living costs and accommodation  Shortage of seed money for establishing competitive group and individual IGAs  Youth accessed grant with lesser accountability or legal bindings  Not assigning Community Workers at kebele level in Woldia for closer follow-up and technical support of youth engaged in decent work  Staff turnover in ANPPCAN and in sector government offices  Grouping beneficiaries in cooperatives without sufficient preparation and follow-up  The fact that many migrant youths dropped out of the business groups  Insufficient budget for capacity building for staff and partners  Lack of means of transportation for field level follow-up and supervision

Opportunities:  The trustworthy partnership developed among ANPCAN, government stakeholders and communities through long years of engagement  Existing favorable government policy on children and youth  The strong support of committed line offices in facilitating project implementation  Stakeholder strength and existing government structure at woreda and kebele levels

Threats:  Cooperatives can be dissolved due to lack of sufficient follow-up from line bureau  Mistrust and lack of harmony among youth group members may cause groups to breakup

4.5. Effectiveness of the Project

The effectiveness of the project was assessed by looking at the extent to which the project attained its objectives. In the analysis, emphasis was given to the appropriateness of the

intervention strategies and their contribution in supporting the results as well as to the major factors influencing the achievement or non-achievement of the objectives.

Change Objective 1: By 2013, 500 vulnerable children and youth of age 17 to 25 who are on the verge of unsafe migration stays in their communities under the care and protection of their guardians.

The number of vulnerable children prevented from unsafe migration through addressing vulnerability and risks at their place of origin was planned to be 500. The project achieved to reach 499, 272 males and 227 females, with a rate of achievement of 99.8%. Moreover, Government sectors and local administration offices provided resources persons to conduct free training to the beneficiaries, provided technical support to IGAs and availed other resources to support the project implementation. School children, parents, community members and other stakeholders participated in the selection of beneficiaries and awareness raising. School club members contribute money to support vulnerable students.

Outcome 1.1: 500 vulnerable children and youth, age 17 to 25 years, are engaged in decent work and pursue their basic education in the intervention rural kebeles.

A total of 499 or 99.8% of vulnerable children and youth were engaged in decent work. Survey findings showed that from 214 respondents who responded to the item whether they are satisfied with the on- and off-farm skills training they received, 93.5% said they were satisfied while 6.5% were not. Female respondents (97.9%) seemed more satisfied than male respondents (90.1%) with the training.

Outcome 1.2: 50,000 trained and sensitized community members (youth, parents, religious leaders, local level officials) have established a safe and supportive environment for children and youth in the communities.

According to survey findings, 94.1%, 366 of 389 respondents stated that they felt safer and more protected than they were before. 7.4%, 8.4%, and 1% in Woldia, Meket and Wadla respectively stated that they had not been feeling safer and more protected than before.

When seen by age group and sex; those below 14 and from 14 to 17 all felt safer and more protected than before. While 87.4% male and 97.4% female from 18 to 25 felt safer and more protected than before. All the female respondents above 25 years felt safer and more protected than before while 93.9% of male respondents above 25 felt the same.

Table 6: Children and Youth Feeling Safer and More Protected Than Before * Sex, N=366 Male Female Total Age Group # % # % # % Below 14 - - 1 100 1 100 14-17 6 100 46 100 52 100 18-25 118 87.4 153 97.4 271 92.8 Above 25 31 93.9 11 100 42 95.5 Total 155 89.1 211 98.1 366 94.1

The survey found that 90.5%, 354 of 391 respondents stated that they felt they had influence on decisions concerning their safety and protection. 2.3%, 21.7% and 9.4% in Woldia, Meket and Wadla respectively stated that they did not feel they had influence over decisions concerning their safety and protection.

Figure 5: Satisfaction of Youth in Meket and Wadla of Off When seen by age group and sex; Farm Skills Training * Sex, N=214 those below 14 and from 14 to 17 all felt that they had influence on 200, Yes, 109, Yes, 91, Yes, 97.9% their safety and protection. While 93.5% 90.1% 88.4% male and 91.1% female from 18 to 25 felt that they had influence on their safety and protection. The respondents above 25 years who felt that they 12, No, 9.9% 14, No, 6.5% 2, No, 2.2% had influence on their safety and MALE FEMALE TOTAL protection were 84.9% of male respondents and 81.8% of female respondents.

Table 7: Children and Youth Influencing Decisions Concerning Their Safety and Protection * Sex, N=354 Male Female Total Age Group # % # % # % Below 14 - - 1 100 1 100 14-17 6 100 45 100 51 100 18-25 122 88.4 143 91.1 265 89.8 Above 25 28 84.9 9 81.8 37 84.1 Total 156 88.1 198 92.5 354 90.5

Survey findings show that 229 of 403 respondents were able to mention 3 key reasons why unsafe migration puts children at risk. Those below 14 (only one girl) could not mention 3 reasons why unsafe migration puts children at risk while 45.5% of those 14 to 17 did mention 3 reasons; 56% of those aged 18 to 25 also did; and 77.8% of those above 25 were able to mention 3 reasons. This showed that awareness was greater with age and more remains to be done to increase awareness on the risks of unsafe migration.

Table 8: Children, Youth and Adults Who Can Mention 3 Reasons Why Unsafe Migration Puts Children at Risk * Sex, N=229 Male Female Total Age Group # % # % # % 14-17 4 57.1 21 43.8 25 45.5 18-25 83 58.5 86 53.8 169 56.0 Above 25 26 76.5 9 81.8 35 77.8 Total 113 49.3 116 50.7 229 100

The beneficiaries included in the survey also reflected their knowledge on the reasons unsafe migration posed a risk for the development of a child. The major reason identified by the respondents was the deprivation of basic needs (34.8%) followed by lack of care and support (23.6%); life threatening danger (20.9%); vulnerability to exploitation (9.8%); lack of awareness and social skills (6.8%); emotional vulnerability (2.3%); and vulnerability to abuse (1.7%). See Annex Figure 10 for further categorization of each reason given by respondents.

Figure 6: Knowledge on What makes Unaccompanied Migration Unsafe * Woreda, N=376

Woldia Meket Wadla Average

50%

40% 34.8%

30% 20.9% 23.6% 20% 9.8% 6.8% 10% 1.7% 2.3% 0%

Outcome 1.3: 20,000 school children engaged in the process of combating unsafe child migration, exploitation, abuse and neglect.

Girls’ club members from Felasi Primary School in Wadla Woreda reported that club members hold discussions on unsafe child and youth migration and involvement in hazardous work and raise the awareness of the school community and parents. They stated that the project provided them with materials and technical support.

However, female school children from Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda had very little information on unsafe child migration and hazardous work. They reported that clubs were raising money to support vulnerable children with school materials.

Change Objective 2: By 2013, 450 unaccompanied migrant girls and youth age 14 to 17 years who are trapped in the CSE and other forms of exploitation that leads them to CSE are rehabilitated and engaged in decent work.

A total of 209 migrant youth, or 69.7% of the 300 planned, were withdrawn from hazardous work, and received psychosocial support. A total of 855 of youth or 90% of the 950 planned, were engaged in decent work in all the intervention woredas.

Outcome 2.1: A safe home with required facilities established and made functional for the rehabilitation of girls involved in hazardous work and in commercial sex work.

According to project staff in Woldia, the services provided at the shelter that included guidance and counseling and life skills training, meals, accommodation, clothing medical and sanitary education and provisions as well as living cost after graduation, vocational skill training and startup capital.

Outcome 2.2: 150 Migrant girls (age 14 to 17 years) admitted to the safe home are rehabilitated.

A total of 150 or 100% of the girls had been successfully rehabilitated as planned. The survey found that out of 78 girls in decent work who participated in the survey, 73 (93.6%) were satisfied with the training they received while only 5 (6.4%) were not. According to survey findings, from the 78 girls in decent work, 76 responded to the question asking if they felt they had influence over decisions on safe home services and 97.4% stated that they did.

Outcome 2.3: 150 rehabilitated migrant girls are engaged in decent work.

Within the survey, 98.7% or 77 out of the 78 girls in decent work stated that they completed the training. Almost all 78 girls in decent work in the survey were still engaged in decent work with the exception of two girls (one 2 years and the other 21/2 years past the training) who were no longer engaged.

Table 9: Girls Engagement after Leaving Safe Home Engaged Not Engaged Months Past Training Total # % # % 6 23 100 0 0 23 7 – 12 42 100 0 0 42 13 – 24 7 87.5 1 12.5 8 25 – 36 3 75 1 25 4 Unspecified 1 100 0 0 1 Total 76 97.4 2 2.6 78

According to survey findings, of 78 girls engaged in decent work, 73 responded to the question asking their satisfaction with their current work. 79.5% (58) stated they were satisfied while 20.5% (15) said they were not.

Outcome 2.4: 10,000 community members in Woldia town are supporting the reintegration of girls withdrawn from hazardous work and admitted to the safe home.

The survey findings showed that of 78 girls in decent work, 74 (94.9%) stated they felt safer and more protected than they did before. While the remaining did not respond to the question. According to survey findings, among 76 youth who responded, 65.8% stated that the attitude of adults towards reintegrated girls was very positive while 34.2% felt it was somewhat positive. The survey found that from the 78 girls in decent work, 75 (96.2) stated they felt they had influence on their safety and protection than they did before. While the remaining did not respond to the question.

Outcome 2.5: 300 girls and boys who are under exploitation of different types were engaged in decent employment.

All the 150 migrant girls 100% were successfully rehabilitated as planned. However, the percentage and number of the migrant youth who are successfully rehabilitated is difficult to state from the findings of this evaluation. Many have dropped out of their groups and getting information on these children and youth was not possible. This was because of lack of information on their whereabouts.

Figure 7: Satisfaction of Children & Youth in Woldia of Training * Sex, N=108 The survey showed that out of 108 58, Yes, 42, Yes, 100, Yes, children and youth in Woldia, 92.6% of 93.6% 91.3% 92.6% the respondents were satisfied with the training while 7.4% were not. Here the male respondents (93.6%) were slightly more satisfied with the training than the female respondents (91.3%).

4, No, 8.7% 8, No, 7.4% 4, No, 6.5%

MALE FEMALE TOTAL

The survey showed that from 103 respondents, 99 stated that they felt they had influence over decisions on their safety and protection. Of these all in the age group 14 to 17 felt they had influence while 94.9% of those from 18 to 25 years felt they had influence.

Table 10: Children and Youth Influencing Decisions Concerning Their Safety and Protection * Sex, N=99 Male Female Total Age Group # % # % # % 14-17 5 100 19 100 24 100 18-25 50 92.5 25 100 75 94.9 Total 55 93.2 44 100 99 96.1

A total of 855 of youth or 90% of the 950 planned, were provided with and completed trainings (vocational skills and business/ entrepreneurship skills). According to survey results, 89.8% (97) of 108 respondents were still engaged in work after training. 71.4% (10) of 14 respondents were still engaged in decent work after training 6 months and below past the training period.

Table 11: Engagement of Children and Youth in Woldia after Training Engaged Not Engaged Months past training Total # % # % 6 10 71.4 4 28.6 14 12 45 93.8 3 6.3 48 48 40 90.9 4 9.1 44 Unspecified 2 100 0 0 2 Total 97 89.8% 11 10.2% 108 According to survey findings, of 108 children and youth engaged in decent work, 86 responded to the question asking their satisfaction with their current work. 64% (55) stated they were satisfied while 36% (31) said they were not.

4.6. Impact of the Project

This part of the report presents findings of the evaluation that demonstrate lasting and significant changes and results (whether intended or unintended and positive or negative) brought about by the project in the lives of children and youth in the intervention areas. The following accounts by the beneficiaries provide evidence of the changes the project brought about in their lives.

“I am no more dependent on others (‘yesew fit alayim’). I am self-reliant. I have an income which I generate and spend as I choose. I can be employed elsewhere in hair dressing and earn income.”

A migrant girl in Defergae Kebele in Woldia Town

Migrant girls engaged in hairdressing in Yeju Genet Kebele in Woldia Town expressed their satisfaction with the intervention. All valued the self-employment and the income they generate by themselves despite the amount. Migrant girls engaged in hairdressing and pool business in Debre Gelila Kebele in Woldia Town explained that if they were not trained in vocational skills, they would still be working as daily laborers. They said that the skills they gained from the training freed them from labor exploitation and other forms of abuse. They also appreciated the startup capital and the psychosocial support.

Figure 8: Most Effective Psychological Service, N=184 The survey findings showed that of 186 respondents in Woldia that received psychological services, 184

Life skills reported which service was most training, 73, Peer-to-peer effective for them. Of these 184, 40% 40% counselling, 13, 7% noted that life skills training was the most effective while 35% liked group Individual Group counselling, counseling the most; 18% individual counselling, 33, 18% counselling and 7% peer to peer 65, 35% counselling.

Migrant male youth engaged in hollow brick production and pool business in Defergae Kebele in Woldia Town, participants reported that they gained change in attitude, became self-reliant owners of property, gained freedom from exploitation. One of the boys expressed this by saying, “We make money equivalent to our labor, have peace of mind, do not suffer from moral degeneration and have freedom which is the opposite of our previous life.” According to the participants, the provision of startup capital, vocational and business skills training and life skills training contributed to these changes.

“We feel safe and feel free, we own property and work in freedom but most of all we have vision.”

Migrant male youth in Defergae Kebele in Woldia Town

Most of the youth in Sharia Genet Kebele in Wadla Woreda affirmed that they are self- employed now and thus do not have any plan to migrate to other areas. According to this group, awareness raising sessions reduced labor exploitation within the family and community. Youth in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda stated that their lives have changed greatly. They said that if they have not been empowered to support themselves they would have unsafely migrated to other places for work. They testified that the project saved them from injury, death and abuse and expressed their pleasure for getting the opportunity to work at home.

“We are relieved from labor exploitation and unsafe migration. We are getting respect and reputation in the community.”

Youth in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda

Youth in Hanna Mekuat Kebele in Meket Woreda reported that they now have their own income and are self-sufficient. They said that their parents’ attitudes have also changed and that they now support them staying in their own community and see the benefit of the

training. One unintended outcome reported by youth in Hanna Mekuat Kebele was that they were able to influence others through the changes seen in their own lives. According to Advisory Committee members, there is a significant change in the lives of the beneficiaries because they have been saved from going into hazardous work. The changes were largely attributed to the vocational and business skills training, life skills training and the awareness raising. Participants of community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda appreciated the project for saving lives and added that some youth were able to attend college education by using the profit from their IGAs.

The survey also reflected that beneficiaries had a highly decreased desire for unsafe migration where only 17% wished to still migrate unsafely while 82.7% would have migrated if the project had not supported them.

Table 12: Desire for Unsafe Migration * With and Without the Project Desire for Unsafe Without the Project With the Project (current desire) Migration # % # % Yes 305 82.7 68 17 No 64 17.3 332 83 Total 369 100 400 100

Girls’ club members from Felasi Primary School in Wadla Woreda and Child Rights and Child Protection club members from Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda reported that club members have gained greater awareness on the issue and spread awareness to peers and the community. They indicated that there is better awareness and change of attitude among parents and youth on unsafe child and youth migration and involvement in hazardous work. They stated that child labor and unsafe migration have reduced but the problems still exist. They pointed out that the changes in attitude among the school community and parents were brought about as a result of the activities of the clubs.

The increased awareness of youth is also supported by the survey findings where 393 of 403 respondents listed various reasons why unsafe migration is risky for children.

Figure 9: Knowledge on the Problems of Unsafe Migration * Woreda, N=393

Woldia Meket Wadla Average

70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

According to adult school community members of Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda, parents understand the negative consequences of unsafe migration and hazardous work. As a result, the engagement of children in digging, carrying heavy loads and any other work that is beyond their capacity has reduced in their community. The attitude of parents towards sending girls to school is said to have changed and child marriage has reduced. It was also indicated that a significant number of unemployed youth were relieved from abject poverty, unsafe migration and hazardous work. They stressed that these results were achieved as there was a strong collaboration and synergy of the project with sector offices.

4.7. Gaps and Challenges Identified and Solutions Sought

The evaluation identified the major gaps and challenges faced in the process of implementing project activities at the different levels. Challenges in sustaining the activities and outcomes of the project and actions that were taken or could have been taken to address them were also identified and discussed.

Lack of Free Work Place

The government gives priority to businesses in the fields of agriculture and production in supplying land and work place. Yet, many of the beneficiaries in Lay Talet and Sharia Genet Kebeles in Wadla Woreda and those in Hana Mekuat Kebele in Meket Woreda reported that they did not get land for their IGAs. They keep the sheep in their private homes, buy grass and depend on their parents for grazing land which in some cases is causing conflict. They expressed their disappointment with the kebeles for not keeping the promise to provide them with grazing land for their sheep and other work place in town to diversify their businesses. According to the beneficiaries in Lay Talet Kebele this resulted from inadequate follow-up.

According the survey results, 64% (248) of 388 respondents were not provided with work place of their own. When seen by Woreda, the respondents who were provided with work place were 61.1% in Woldia, 18.4% in Wadla and 12.5% in Meket. This shows that there is a significant gap in providing work place for the beneficiaries to operate their IGAs.

Figure 10: Whether respondents were provided with a work place * total and * Woreda

107, No, 38.9%

13, No, 20, No, Yes, 140, 87.5% 81.7% 36%

No, 248, 68, Yes, 64% 61.1%

91, Yes, 89, Yes, 12.5% 18.4% WOLDIA MEKET WADLA

Migrant girls engaged in hairdressing in Defergae Kebele in Woldia Town complained that they are paying 1,000 Birr per month for rent since the kebele did not provide them with work place. Moreover, they stated that their water and power usage is controlled by the landlord. One of the girls explained, “We moved several times due to this challenge and this resulted in damaging our property.” Another group in Debre Gelila Kebele were paying only 75 Birr per month. However, they felt excluded by the town administration which they said was providing free work place for other youth.

The findings from the survey showed that 87.4% of 388 respondents had operational work places (their own, rented or with their family) while 43.9% of 367 respondents who responded to the question on continence of work place stated their work place was not convenient.

Figure 11: Whether Work Place is Operational, N=388 And Convenient, N=367

90.9% 93.6% 87.4%

74.8%

60.4% 57.8% 56.1% 51% 42.2% 39.6% 43.9% 49%

12.6% 9.1% 25.2% 6.4%

WOLDIA MEKET WADLA TOTAL

Convenient Not Convenient Operational Not Operational

Out of 140 who were provided with workplace, 25% stated that it was not convenient. This was because the location did not have demand or had strong competition and it was not suitable for their business.

Among the 226 who were not provided work place, 55.3% stated that the place they were working at was not convenient. They either worked on their family land or home while others rented out areas of work. Those who worked with their families would have a problem of space while the others who rented space had to decrease rent from their profits. Both may face problems of having work area not close to the market or the necessary utilities such as water and electricity as reported by some groups.

Inadequate Startup Capital

According to discussion with many of the beneficiaries and the Advisory Committees in all intervention woredas, the startup capital which amounted from 4,500 to 6,000 Birr per beneficiary was inadequate to establish individual IGAs that generate sustainable income. In order to deal with this gap, beneficiaries were grouped for establishing IGAs. This however backfired since many groups dissolved mainly due to disharmony and lack of trust.

Even after the grouping, discussion with beneficiaries and other participants indicated the inadequacy of the startup capital. In Hanna Mekuat Kebele in Meket Woreda, trained youth started to work in wood trading. However, due to the cost of transporting wood to the market place they were carrying it manually. This made the work labor intensive with little return as a result of which six members dropped out of the IGA. Following this, the group changed their IGA to sheep farming by substituting the six who left by new members.

Similarly, migrant male youth engaged in hollow brick production and pool business in Defergae Kebele in Woldia Town reported that they started producing low quality brick that did not sell well due to increase in the price of cement. According to them, the main reasons for this were shortage of capital to buy sufficient cement and lack of business networking for selling the brick they produced previously. The group needs support in creating business networks.

In Woldia efforts were made to minimize this problem by providing additional seed money to the groups that were stronger to further strengthen their businesses. On the part of beneficiaries, the measure taken was to find part-time work or start a side business to supplement their income.

Working in Groups

According to discussion with many of the participants, IGA groups especially in Woldia Town and in kebeles near towns in Meket and Wadla IGA groups dispersed due to disagreement and lack of trust among members. One of the migrant girls engaged in hairdressing in Yeju Genet Kebele in Woldia Town was dissatisfied with working in groups. She said, “I personally feel that we are not working the way we should.” Moreover, as indicated by the Advisory Committee in Woldia, the fact that beneficiaries were organized in groups with more than 10 members limited the income they gained. For example, Godana Yebka Pool Bet was established with 15 male members and low income was one of the reasons for this group to dissolve.

Business groups that were dissolved in Woldia were: (1) Godana Yebka Pool Bet (there were 15 male members); (2) Hana, Tigist and Friends Kurs Bet (there were 5 female members and two males); and Addis Raey Sheketasheket and Hebret Sera (there were 16 male members and one female). The reasons for the groups to dissolve were disharmony among the members and the fact that the seed capital was lower than their expectation.

According to project staff, most members of the dissolved groups were hired in the vocation of their training. However, some were working as brokers, cleaners, waitresses and waiters or daily laborers. This shows that a number of them went back to hazardous work even if it was reported none went back to CSE. In Wadla Woreda, Edget Besera and Edget Lesera Associations in Yeneja Kebele dissolved due to disagreement among the members.

The survey findings showed that among the sample respondents, those in Meket had the worst relationship among IGA members with 24.7% stating that their relationship was not at all harmonious while only 5.8% in Woldia and 6.6% in Wadla gave this response.

Edget Besera Association (11 members) and Hebret Share Association (13 members) have both been dissolved. Only one of the members of Edget Besera Association migrated and went to Addis Ababa. Edget Besera Association was licensed to sell wood and Hebret Share Association to sell butter and honey but were trained in cereal trade. Reason for dissolution was mostly due to their intention to work individually because of lack of trust. Some of the girls got married and became housewives. Most group members are now working individually some in the trade they were trained and some in different trades but reported that their incomes were low. Only four of the members were engaged gainfully.

Youth in Meket Woreda

Gaps in Follow-up

Closer follow-up would have helped to minimize the problems created due to the above mentioned gaps. Especially the migrant youth in Woldia needed close follow-up and support since they did not get intensive rehabilitation. However, field level follow-up was inadequate due to lack of staff at kebele level in Woldia and means of transportation especially in Meket. Adult school community members of Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda indicated that there was no frequent physical monitoring and evaluation at grassroots level.

Edget Behebret business group was dissolved. Over 6 of the members migrated to Addis Ababa, Dessie, Bahir Dar and other towns. From the remaining, some were engaged individually while others were unemployed. They were engaged in cereal trade and had opened a cafeteria. According to an interview with one of the members, the reasons for the dissolution was because the Treasurer took all the property from both businesses as well as the money in the bank and is using it for her own benefit. Seven of them took her to court but the Woreda Court gave judgment in her favor. The audit showed only 38,684 Birr missing but group members believe she has taken more than that. It is difficult to verify the missing money since all documents were with her. Then they appealed at the Higher Court in Woldia and the file was sent back to the Woreda Court with an order to revise the judgment. Now, only two of us are following the case. The others have lost hope.

Youth in Meley Kebele in Wadla Woreda

Out of 399, 296 (74.2%) stated that they received follow-up and support. 13.2%, 51.9% and 21.1% in Woldia, Meket, and Wadla respectively reported that they had no follow-up and support. This shows that Meket had a problem of lack of follow-up and support followed by Wadla.

Of the 296 that received follow-up and support, 69.6% stated that it was very useful while 30.1% stated that it was somewhat useful and 0.3% stated that it was not at all useful. 62%, 63.5% and 87.2% in Woldia, Meket and Wadla respectively stated that the follow-up and support they received was very useful. This indicates that the follow-up and support in Wadla was of better quality than in the two other woredas.

According to the participants of the community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda, Insufficient field level monitoring at grassroots level resulted in the dominance of kebele administration over community discussion fora. The strategy employed to solve the exhibited gap was to conduct the community discussion fora in parallel with other government activities in the kebele. Their suggestion is to conduct the community discussion fora in social gathering places like churches, mosques and Iddirs instead of the kebele.

Challenges

The major challenge for youth in Sharia Genet Kebele in Wadla Woreda has been the drought of this year which is making it hard to find grass to feed their sheep. They reported that some sheep died from the harsh weather conditions. This is a challenge which is beyond the capacity of the project. Yet, efforts should be made to refer these groups to experts in the area of Agriculture for technical support on how they could withstand such disasters.

Adult school community members of Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda reported that the mass based awareness raising activities were brining changes in community attitude

but the progress is slow. This was corroborated by participants of community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda who stressed that changing deep rooted community attitudes needs more time than the project life. They also indicated that the number of community members attending the awareness raising was not adequate.

Lack of alternative vocational training fields in Woldia town was another challenge faced. This resulted in migrant boys and girls receiving training in saturated business areas. High turnover of trained government staff was also a challenge. This problem was dealt with through close follow-up and quick orientation to new experts joining the sector offices.

4.8. Good Practices and Key Lessons

Components of the project that should be replicated or scaled up were identified on the basis of Save the Children’s TOC. This involved examining the extent to which the program was innovative, evidence-based and replicable in addressing unsafe migration; achieving results at scale by expanding effective and sustainable approaches; and building partnerships with all stakeholders. Good practices and lessons learnt that could be used for future programing were identified and presented below.

Effective Rehabilitation of Girls Exposed to CSE

Discussion with most FGD and KII participants evidenced that the rehabilitation of girls through the safe home was effective. The fact that none of the 150 girls went back to CSE was presented as evidence to its effectiveness. The rehabilitation process involved the provision of individual and group guidance and counseling provided for 40 minutes and one hour per week respectively as well as life skills training supported with film shows and group discussions. During their six months stay in the safe home, the girls also participated in extra skills development activities that included embroidery, cooking and home management which was gained through taking turns in purchasing the necessary food items for preparing their own food and keeping the home clean.

The findings indicated that the girls are earning from the IGAs less than what they earned previously while trapped in CSA. Yet, they were not tempted to go back to their previous life owing to the good quality of rehabilitation they were provided in the safe home. The individual and group counseling, life skills training and other psychosocial services helped them to realize the risks and dangers they faced and got rescued from.

The girls appreciated the services in the safe home and in particular the psychosocial services. They reported that group awareness raising sessions, life skills training and group guidance were instrumental in empowering girls to understand exploitation, build self- confidence and develop belief in work for changing oneself.

Migrant girls in Debre Gelila, Yeju Genet and Defergae Kebeles in Woldia Town

The experience sharing visit in Bahir Dar of a similar project implemented by an NGO with ample experience in rehabilitation of girls rescued from CSA helped to improve the psychosocial services. After coming back from this experience sharing visit, the project staff implemented a new technique or approach to rehabilitation acquired from the visit. The approach known as heart-to-heart or peer-to-peer support involved the presentation of individual life experiences in groups followed by discussions and one-to-one support. This helped them to deeply understand the devastating and long term consequences of CSA and provided them with emotional support.

The vocational and business skills training, provision of start-up capital and organizing them in IGAs created job opportunities. The fact that both the psychosocial and vocational rehabilitation took place within the 6 months of the girls’ stay in the safe home made the intervention cost effective. Then, after the 6 months, the girls left the safe home with provision for living expenses with the aim of supporting them until they started to gain income from the IGAs. Selecting girls who were recent migrants of six or less months is another innovative approach which contributed to the success of the rehabilitation service.

Living under the same roof in the safe home as well as in rented rooms after leaving the safe home created strong harmony among many of the migrant girls and this positively impacted their engagement in decent work. All these were crucial in sustaining the benefits from the effective rehabilitation services.

Creation of Sustainable Livelihoods for Vulnerable Youth

Wadla Woreda Advisory Committee members stated that the project created employment for the youth. Yet, it was noted that success varies from group to group. For instance, 5 youths (one female) who benefited from the IGA support attended their distance education and got diplomas. One of them become a teacher. In Lay Talet Kebele, there are two cooperatives one has 5 members and owns 80 sheep. Their capital is estimated to be 56,000. The other group has 6 members and owns 100 sheep. Their capital is estimated to reach 70,000. They reported that they are able to satisfy their basic needs.

According to participants of community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda, business diversification increased the benefits from the IGA support. It was reported that this strategy undoubtedly improved the livelihoods of beneficiaries. For instance, a boy involved in cloth tailoring and another boy involved in cereal retailing in addition to sheep rearing and fattening were best examples in Sharia Genet Kebele and Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda respectively. As a result of diversifying their businesses, these two youths were securing a monthly income of Birr 2,000 to Birr 2,500.

Another group of male youth in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda said, “Currently, we are covering all our basic necessities like food, shelter and clothing.” Three of them were getting from Birr 1,000.00 to Birr 2,500.00 profit per month from their businesses. They have

diversified their businesses form sheep rearing and fattening to retailing of different goods, which is very important to make attractive profits as already mentioned above. Aydefer kebele youths created a wealth of sheep, goat and oxen. In Timitamit Kebele beneficiaries bought grinding mill with the profit they made from trading grain and trading of construction wood.

“We are now involved in group business, which has a key contribution to improve our livelihoods. We are saving money in two ways:

1. In group, we are saving 30% in the name of our association, 2. In private, from the individual incomes, each individual saved 20%

Totally, we get from Birr 1,800.00 to Birr 2,300.00 from hair dressing and Birr 2,000.00 to Birr 2,400 from the pool business per month. Then, we shared this money among five members of the association.”

Migrant girls Debre Gelila Kebele in Woldia Town

Rural Youth Engaged in Decent Work

Strong Partnership Ensuring Ownership and Continuity

The project was implemented in close partnership with all relevant line bureaus in the woreda and kebele administration offices. The establishment of the Advisory Committees at woreda and the Child Affairs Committees at kebele levels in all intervention areas was instrumental in the implementation of the project. The project created awareness among school children, parents, community members and other stakeholder groups and individuals who work towards reducing unsafe child and youth migration and hazardous work including CSE.

The partnership with government stakeholders, local authorities, children, community members and all other stakeholders helped to develop government and the community ownership and strong commitment. This in turn contributed to bringing the issues of unsafe child migration and involvement in hazardous work to the forefront and improved sustainability of the awareness creation activities.

Key Learning

 Implementing need based projects addressing government priority helps to forge close working relationship with government stakeholders making the projects government led and owned.  Working closely with government stakeholders contributes to efficiency, effectiveness and accountability.  Girls previously engaged in CSE could be rehabilitated and get engaged in decent work if given the opportunity and supported through close follow up.  Vocational and business skills training, provision of seed money and follow-up are the major strategies for empowering vulnerable youth.

4.9. Sustainability of Results and Activities

This section presents the findings with regard to sustainability or the extent to which the benefits of the project have continued after the funding ended. The analysis focused on benefits related to the rehabilitation of migrant girls previously engaged in CSA, creation of sustainable livelihood for youth, strengthening of capacities at organizational levels, the integration of the activities of the project with the formal obligations of the concerned sector offices at woreda level and the local administration offices at kebele level as well as the effectiveness of the exit strategies.

Sustainability of the Rehabilitation of Migrant Girls: According to the girls themselves and the project staff in Woldia, the present income of migrant girls who were previously engaged in CSE is lower than their previous income from CSE and not sufficient. However, they are happy to sustain their livelihood with whatever income they are getting. They testified that engaging in decent work saved them from roaming around the whole night and facing serious health and other risks. It is reported that many of them express this by saying, “I will not go back to CSA after getting a certificate.” This shows that the rehabilitation services delivered to this group was effective and sustainable.

Creation of Sustainable Livelihood: According to Advisory Committee members in the three woredas, most IGA groups continued despite their low income. It was reported that the IGA by itself is not adequate to sustain the livelihood of beneficiaries. Some of the youth are engaged in other IGAs or in part-time employment to supplement their incomes. Among these, some in Wadla succeeded to the extent of becoming home owners. This shows the importance of diversification of business or income for sustaining the benefits of the project. On the other hand, others gained very low incomes and depend on their families to fill the gaps in satisfying some of their needs. Yet, most did not make any attempt to migrate. According to the youth, they are happy that they have property and are convinced that they can work within their communities for better life.

Participants of community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda stated that the child affairs committee follows up the IGAs. Parents were supporting the youth by providing hay and grazing land which contributed to the sustainability of the IGAs. However, adult school community members in Hana Mekuat in Meket Woreda stressed the need for provision of additional technical, material or financial support to sustain the IGAs.

Advisory Committee members in Wadla and Meket indicated that there is some follow-up by the WCYAO which has taken over the responsibility. In Woldia, Advisory Committee members and project staff indicated that follow-up and support by the WCYAO, MSEDA and the Advisory Committee helped in sustaining the business groups. The strong groups were provided with additional seed money to further strengthen their businesses. According to project staff in Woldia, migrant youth are now earning better income than before. Some were even working for free previously. The creation of decent work enabled them to get food and a place to sleep which saved many of them from hunger and living on the street. However, since the rehabilitation of this group was not adequate. Thus, many IGA groups dispersed and some of the group members migrated. Some however, continued their engagement in decent work by getting hired in the fields they were trained in.

According to most participants, the grouping of youth in cooperatives is endangering the sustainability of IGAs. Similarly, inadequate capital and lack of work place are threats for sustainability. Yet, according to participants of community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda, neither the community nor the kebele administration could provide additional money to boost the IGA capitals for enabling youth to generate sustainable income.

Strengthening of Capacities at Organizational Levels: Capacity development activities were minimal. The project did not have sufficient capacity strengthening budget for staff and partners. The only training they received was on Monitoring and Evaluation, and Sustainability. Besides, this training was organized at the end of the project while it could have been more beneficial if it was provided at the beginning. Moreover, providing TOTs would have contributed much to sustaining the continuation of the awareness raising activities at community and school levels. On a positive note, the experience sharing visit in Bahir Dar was appreciated since in addition to sharing of experiences it contributed to gaining insight and acquiring knowledge on different approaches of rehabilitation.

Integration of Activities with Formal Obligations: Integrating the activities of the project with the formal obligations of the concerned sector offices at woreda level and the local administration offices at kebele level were important for sustaining the benefits and activities of the project. In all three woredas, there was strong participation by government stakeholders from the planning and beneficiary selection stages up to the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the project activities. Key informants and FGD participants reported that the Woreda Advisory Committees and Kebele Child Affairs Committees were coordinating the implementation of the project activities together with ANPPCAN. This helped to create ownership which is an important step towards sustainability.

Strong linkages were created from woreda to kebele levels. The Advisory Committees are linked to the Child Affairs Committees and the school clubs and community discussion fora are linked to the Child Affairs Committees. This was done by representing schools and community discussion fora in the Child Affairs Committees. Most of the members are drawn from the kebele administration. Participants of community discussion fora in Lay Talet Kebele in Wadla Woreda stated that the kebele chairperson was facilitating the community discussion fora. Members of school clubs, school children and adult school community members in Meket and Wadla confirmed the linkages and support received. This created wide partnership for sustaining the activities of the project.

With regard to integration, follow-up of NGO activities is a formal obligation of Woreda Steering Committees most of whom are represented in the Advisory Committees. Protection of children and youth being the mandate and responsibility of WCYAO, the activities of the project are integrated within the mandate of the office. This includes awareness raising on unsafe migration and hazardous child labor. The phase-out strategy helped integrate the project with the programs of the line office, WCYAO. However, according to Meket and Wadla Advisory Committees, follow-up is inadequate as a result of limited technical and financial capacity.

Similarly, organizing Youths in IGAs for creating self-employment is the mandate or formal obligations of MSEDA. Thus, the follow-up of youth engaged in IGAs is carried out by the office. The CPU is mandated to provide protection for victimized groups. The one in Woldia has a temporary shelter. Thus, these organizations are collaborating to take forward the activities initiated by the project together with WCYAO. In general, the project activities, especially issues related to mass awareness programs, were implemented within the government system. This contributed significantly to sustainability of this activity.

Adequacy of Exit Strategies: Key informants reported that the handing over was carried out properly. The activities included the provision of training for woreda accountants and finance heads and organizing workshops at zonal and woreda levels. ANPCAN facilitated the handover by assigning a staff for three months during the extension period. The exit at the end of the project was well organized and smooth. Participants indicated that this was mainly because government stakeholders were involved from the start of the project. The fact that the project was extended for seven months also had some contribution.

According to the completion report, the advisory committees jointly developed sustainability plan to continue the project activities. This was done during the phase-out and hand-over process of the project. It was however indicated that the line sector office could not secure funds to sustain the safe home. This was confirmed through discussion with key informants. In general, exit strategies were implemented adequately however after the handover, the follow-up by the line sector office, WCYAO, was found to be weak. Especially in Meket and Wadla, follow-up after the handover was reported to be far from satisfactory. It was indicated that WCYAO is challenged by limited staff and budget.

Activities and Outcomes that Continued After Phase-out: Project staff indicated that the awareness raising on unsafe migration and hazardous child labor has continued as it is not capital intensive. Similarly, child rights and child protection club members from Hana Mekuat Primary School in Meket Woreda and Girls’ club members from Felasi Primary School in Wadla Woreda stated that the clubs have continued to work on awareness raising after the project ended. They testified that they are still carrying out discussions among club members and raising awareness even if they are not getting any support. Club members still contribute one birr per month to support vulnerable children with school materials.

Advisory Committee members and project staff in Woldia reported that awareness raising and job creation for youth have continued after the project phased out. Creation of decent work was however found to be very challenging. They stated that efforts were made to engage children and youth in construction work through the Town Administration and MSEDA. However, the work could not be considered as age appropriate. According to them, the CCC will be the structure that will contribute to reduce unsafe child and youth migration in the future since this is given high priority by the government.

Advisory Committee Members in Woldia Town

Community Members in Hana Mekuat

6. Conclusions and Recommendations

5.1. Conclusions

The conclusions presented under this section are mainly drawn from the key findings in relation to the accountability, quality, relevance, effectiveness and sustainability of the benefits and outcomes of the project.

Transparency in sharing project information including criteria of selection, plans and budgets contributed towards ensuring accountability. Moreover, implementing project activities in line with set rules and regulations and together with government and community stakeholders was a major factor in meeting the accountability criteria. Voluntary participation which is based on needs and interests of beneficiaries had similar results. Project progress was documented through quarterly and annual reports that were shared to the concerned government authorities and Save the Children.

The rehabilitation of migrant girls was found to be very effective in protecting them from commercial sexual exploitation (CSA) by providing them with the necessary knowledge and skills. The selection criteria that targeted only recent migrant girls contributed to the success. They did not go back to CSA even if their present income is lower than what they earned in CSA. Their awareness on the consequences of CSA was raised, their self-confidence improved and their hopes were raised. All these demonstrate the good quality of the rehabilitation. The vocational and business skills development provided in all intervention woredas were effective. When complemented with the provision of startup capital, it created decent work for the beneficiaries confirming the good quality of these components.

Providing the startup fund as grant to saving and credit cooperatives (SACCOs) rather than individuals could have been more cost-effective. This could have allowed the funds to revolve and create decent work for large numbers of youth and sustained the benefits and activities. Joining SACCOs is also beneficial since it encourages savings and provides opportunities for accessing low interest loan.

Moreover, grouping beneficiaries in cooperatives was less effective. Many work groups dispersed due to lack of harmony and trust. Groups could be more cohesive if their members are close to each other and have similar interests. This was commonly found among the vulnerable youth in the rural areas and migrant girls who lived together in the safe home rather than the migrant youth who came from different places and diverse situations. The inadequate rehabilitation of this group, the insufficiency of the startup capital and the low income gained from income generating activities (IGA) are also contributing factors in this regard.

The fact that the project actively engaged government stakeholders, community members and beneficiaries in the implementation of the project helped to develop capacities and ownership.

The project was found to be in line with the priorities and policies of the Ethiopian government as well as that of ANPPCAN and Save the Children and donors. It was also highly relevant to local needs and priorities being based on information and data that showed the existence of unsafe migration of children and youth and engagement in hazardous work. The inputs and strategies were relevant and adequate to successfully rehabilitate migrant girls as well as to develop skills and create decent work for migrant and vulnerable youth. However, the inputs were not adequate for the startup capital, capacity development and field level follow-up. The inputs and strategies for the rehabilitation of migrant youth were also not adequate and relevant to bring about the expected results.

According to the findings, the project was efficient in using the least costly resources possible for achieving the desired results. This was evidenced in the cost effective measures taken to achieve results without compromising quality. These include negotiating with training centers to reduce fees and shorten the time set for vocational training through full day attendance instead of half; utilizing the budget for living cost for a longer period; grouping youth in working groups to boost the startup capital and controlling the use of startup capital to minimize wastage. All these were measures that helped to use the available resources efficiently.

Attaining most of its objectives made this project very effective. Rehabilitation of migrant girls, vocational and business skills development, creation of decent work through the provision of startup capital and awareness raising were appropriate intervention strategies. These approaches brought about positive results in the lives of the beneficiaries. Yet, the rehabilitation of migrant youth was less effective. The factors that contributed to this were the lack of budget for living cost and accommodation and unavailability of staff for providing close follow-up at kebele level.

As mentioned above, the project resulted in highly significant changes in the lives of the beneficiaries. Migrant girls were protected from CSE since they realized the negative consequences of CSE. Vulnerable youth were protected from unsafe migration and engagement in hazardous work. Similarly, many of the migrant youth were protected from engagement in hazardous work and extreme deprivation. Most of the beneficiaries were provided with opportunities to get engaged in decent work and become self-employed. This enabled them to own property and generate income even if the income level was low and could not fully sustain their livelihoods.

In terms of sustainability, the effective strategies resulted in sustainable changes in the lives of beneficiaries as described above. Similarly, the integration of the activities of the project with the formal obligations of the concerned woreda level sector offices and kebele

administration offices sustained the awareness raising activities and creation of job opportunities for youth even if it is to a very limited extent due to budget constraints. However, the rehabilitation service provided for migrant girls could not be sustained since it is resource intensive. The line sector office, Women, Children and Youth Affairs Office (WCYAO), does not have the budget to continue this service even if the need for the service was quite high in Woldia and other migration prone towns in North Wollo.

Incomes gained from IGAs being low could not fully sustain the livelihoods of beneficiaries. This is mainly due to the inadequate amount of startup capital and lack of working place. Group size also contributed to this problem since each of the groups had six to twelve members. Draught is another threat for sustaining the IGAs involved in sheep or goat breeding and fattening. Limitation in budget for capacity development did not allow to plan training of trainers (TOT) with would have been instrumental in sustaining the awareness raising activities at community and school levels.

5.2. Recommendations

Corrective Measures

Steps towards Strengthening Sustainability

 Sufficient startup capital should be allocated in future interventions and this should be based on market feasibility study.

 Work place, shade or land should be provided by the concerned government authority for use by IGA groups. Signing agreement with town, woreda and kebele administration offices is needed to ensure that beneficiaries are provided with adequate space for work for their initial IGAs as well as for diversification of their businesses both in the rural areas and in towns.  Refresher training on vocational skills is necessary for on- and off-farm activities and on diversification and management of IGAs for all groups.  Regular technical support should be provided for all IGA groups. They should be linked to business networks and provided with information from reliable market studies by the concerned government offices at the different levels.  Startup capital should be provided through Saving and Credit Cooperatives (SACCOs) as revolving fund so the funds could be provided to the youth as loan and sustain the funds to be used to create jobs for more vulnerable youth for years to come.  Sufficient budget should be allocated for capacity development for government stakeholders and staff. This is necessary for providing training of trainers (TOTs) on unsafe child and youth migration, hazardous work and other related topics for sustaining the awareness raising activities at school and community levels.  Materials for awareness raising like leaflets, posters and pamphlets should be prepared and distributed in sufficient numbers for sustaining the activities. This should be supported with billboards in towns and along major highways.  The phase out strategy should be strengthened to ensure follow-up mechanisms.

Replication and Scaling-up of Project Activities

References

1. Adamnesh Atnafu, Linda Oucho and Benjamin Zeitlyn, 2014. Poverty, Youth and Rural- Urban Migration in Ethiopia, Working Paper 17, Migrating out of Poverty, University of Sussex July 2014. 2. Atalay Alem, Ababi Zergaw, Derege Kebede, Mesfin Araya, Menelik Desta, Teferea Muche, Debela Chali, Girmay Medhin, 2006. “Child labor and childhood behavioral and mental health problems in Ethiopia”, in Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 119–126. 3. Bartlett, S., 2010. “Responding to the perspectives of urban youth,” Environment and Urbanization Brief, 22(2):1–5. 4. Bill Godden, 2004. Sample Size Formulas, January 2004. 5. Eric V. Edmonds and Maheshwor Shrestha, 2012. Independent Child Labor Migrants, February 17, 2012. 6. Erulkar, Annabel S., 2012. Preliminary analysis on Ethiopia Youth and Gender survey (2009-2010), Unpublished Background Paper for Girls on the Move: Commissioned Research Paper Series. New York: Population Council. 7. Erulkar, Annabel S., Tekle-Ab Mekbib, Negussie Simie and Tsehai Gulema, 2006. Migration and vulnerability among adolescents in slum areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Journal of Youth Studies, 9(3), 361-74. 8. Everse Ruhindi and John Livingstone, 2009. Women’s Economic Empowerment Program Socio-Economic Baseline Survey, Masaka, Ssembabule and Kabale Districts. 9. FDRE, 1995. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, August 1995. 10. FDRE, 2004a. Proclamation No. 377/2003, Labor Proclamation Labor, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, February 2004. 11. FDRE, 2004b. National Youth Policy, Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture, the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, March 12, 2004. 12. FDRE, 2012. Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11-2014/15), Annual Progress Report for F.Y. 2010/11, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, March 2012. 13. FSCE, 2008. Rapid Assessment on the Situation of Child Labor Abuse with Special Emphasis on Child Domestic Labor in Kebele 10/11 of Addis Ketema Sub City, Merkato Area; Forum on Street Children Ethiopia (FSCE). 14. HAP, 2015. Strengthening humanitarian response through the application of a common standard: The Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and Accountability, Humanitarian Accountability Partnership (HAP). 15. IAG on Children on the Move, 2013. Why children matter? Background Paper prepared for the UN High Level Dialogue on Migration and Development 2013, Inter-Agency Group (IAG) on Children on the Move, April 2013.

16. ILO, 1973. ILO Convention No. 138 on the Minimum Age, 1973, International Labour Office, Geneva. 17. ILO, 1999. Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), International Labour Organization. 18. ILO, 2010. Migration and child labor: Exploring child migrant vulnerabilities and those of children left-behind, International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva, September 2010. 19. ILO, 2011. Ethiopia Decent Work Country Program (DWCP) Review: 2009-2012, International Labor Organization Country Office (ILO CO) For Ethiopia and Somalia, December 2011. 20. ILO, 2015. World Report on Child Labour 2015: Paving the way to decent work for young people, International Labour Organization (ILO). 21. ILO-IPEC, 2005. Investigating the worst forms of child labor: A synthesis report of selected rapid assessment and national reports, Sub-regional synthesis paper, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva. 22. ILO-IPEC, 2011. Children in Hazardous Work, What we know, What we need to do, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Office, Geneva. 23. ILO-IPEC, 2013a. Global child labor trends 2008 to 2012, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva. 24. ILO-IPEC, 2013b. Global estimates and trends 2000-2012, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva. 25. Iman M. Hashim, 2006. The Positives and Negatives of Children’s Independent Migration: Assessing the Evidence and the Debates, Sussex Centre for Migration Research, September 2006. 26. IOM, 2013. Children on the Move, International Organization for Migration (IOM), Geneva, Switzerland. 27. Matt Griffith, 2008. PLI/ENABLE IGA Harmonization Assessment, Report Submitted to CARE PLI/ENABLE, Fletcher School, Tufts University, July, 2008. 28. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, 2006. Evaluation Guidelines, Evaluation Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, November 2006. 29. MOE, 2011. Ethiopian Ministry of Education, Ethiopian Education System: Presentation for International Literacy Day, September 8, 2011, USIAID HQ, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 30. Niels-Hugo Blunch and Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi, 2015. The Winner Takes It All: Internal Migration, Education and Wages in Ethiopia, Institute for the Study of Labor, March 2015. 31. People in Need Ethiopia, 2009. A Study on the Situation of Child Labour in Ethiopia: Review of Existing Studies and Brief Assessment, People in Need Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, July 2009. 32. Population Council, 2013a. Girls on the Move: Adolescent Girls and Migration in the Developing World, A GIRLS COUNT report on Adolescent Girls, www.popcouncil.org, Population Council, Inc.

33. Population Council, 2013b. Adolescent Girls and Migration in the Developing World, POLICY BRIEF, www.popcouncil.org, Population Council, Inc. 34. SC, 2013. Save the Children’s Child Protection Strategy 2013-2015, Making the world a safe place for children, http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se, Save the Children (SC). 35. SCD, 2003. Child Labor in Ethiopia with Special Focus on Child Prostitution, Save the Children Denmark (SCD), Addis Ababa, December 2003. 36. SCUK and SCN, 2008. Our Broken Dreams: Child Migration in Southern Africa. Save the Children UK (SCUK) and Save the Children Norway (SCN). 37. SCUK, 2008. Away from Home: Protecting and supporting children on the move, Save the Children UK (SCUK), Save the Children Fund. 38. SCUK, 2012. Situational Analysis on Street Children in Ethiopia, Save the Children UK (SCUK), June 2012. 39. Solomon Sorsa and Alemu Abera, 2006. A Study on child labor in three major towns of southern Ethiopia, Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2006 volume 20(3). 40. UEWCA, 2013. End of Program Evaluation, Sida/UEWCA CSO Support Program, Addis Ababa, October 29, 2013. 41. UNICEF and Innocenti Research Centre, 2007. Workshop on Independent Child Migrants: Policy Debates and Dilemmas, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, University of Sussex and UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, http://www.migrationdrc.org/news/reports/icm/Workshop_report_ICM_September200 7.pdf, 12th September 2007. 42. World Bank, 2006. World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation, World Bank, Washington, D.C. 43. Yaqub, Shahin, 2009. Independent Child Migrants in Developing Countries: Unexplored links in Migration and Development, Innocenti Working Paper No. 2009-01. Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.

iii

Annexes

Annex One: Background and Statistics of Survey Respondents

From the sample of 403 respondents (186, 108 and 109 from Woldia, Meket and Wadla respectively); there were 78 Girls Engaged in Decent Work and 108 Youth Engaged in Decent Work in Woldia.

Annex Table 1: Number of Respondents * Type * Sex, N=403 Intervention Woreda Type of Respondent Sex Woldia Meket Wadla Total Girls in decent work Total (F) 78 0 0 78 Youth in decent work Total (M + F) 108 108 109 325 Male 62 61 60 183 Female 46 47 49 142 Total 186 108 109 403

Overall, from a sample of 403 respondents, females were the majority (55%) when compared to males (45%), however this is because girls in decent work fully consisted of females.

Annex Figure 1: Type and Sex of Respondents, N=403

Type of Respondents (N=403) Sex of Respondents (N=403)

Girls in decent work, 78, 19% Male, Female, 183, 220, 45% 55% Youth in decent work, 325, 81%

From the 325 Youth Engaged in Decent Work, on the average, males consisted of 56.4% and females 43.5% in each Woreda. All of those in Woldia were from urban areas while 61.1% and 85.3% in Meket and Wadla respectively resided in rural areas.

Annex Figure 2: Residence of Respondents, N=403 100% Urban, 14.7 80% Urban, 38.9

60% Urban, 100 40% Rural, 85.3 Rural, 61.1 20%

0% Woldia Meket Wadla

The Ethiopian Education System comprises of several classifications of the education level of students starting from Pre-School or KG; Primary Education including 1st Cycle Primary (grades 1 - 4) and 2nd Cycle Primary (4-8); General Secondary Education (9-10); Preparatory Secondary (11-12); Certificate; Diploma; and Degree. (MOE, 2011)

Annex Figure 3: Education Level of Respondents, N=403

Degree 0.7%, 3 Diploma 2.0%, 8 Certificate 2.7%, 11 Preparatory Secondary 6.5%, 26 General Secondary 49.6%, 200 2nd Cycle Primary 30.0%, 121 1st Cycle Primary 4.2%, 17 Read and Write 0.7%, 3 Never Attended School 3.5%, 14 0 50 100 150 200 250

The largest group (49.6%) of respondents completed general secondary education (grades 9 - 10) followed by those (30%) who completed 2nd cycle primary education (grades 4 - 8) on average in the three woredas. This highlights higher dropout rates after failing the national exams at 8th and 10th grade.

Annex Figure 4: Age Groups of Respondents * total * Woreda, N=403 40

22 - 25 26 - 29 30 22.3% 7.9% Woldia Meket 30 & 20

above Wadla Percentage 18 - 21 14 - 17 3.2% 10 52.6% 13.6% 13 & below 0 0.2% 13 18 22 26 30 Age

Respondents (of 403) were mostly (52.6%) comprised of the age group 18 to 21; followed by 22.3% of those 22 to 25 years old; 13.6% from 14 to 17 years; 7.9% from 26 – 29 years; 3.2% 30 and above year old and 0.2% 13 years old.

Of the 372 respondents that stated their previous engagement, 94 were unemployed and the remaining 278 were largely (40.7%) engaged in daily labor, 17.3% in farm work, 15.1% in house work, 9.7% in bar tending, 9.4% in waiting tables and 7.9% in other engagements such as brokering, retailing, petty trading, teaching and shop keeping.

Annex Table 2: Pervious Engagement * Woreda, N=372 1. Intervention Woreda Previous engagement Woldia Meket Wadla Total Daily laborer 43.8 25.3 53.7 40.7 Farm worker 0.8 44.6 14.9 17.3 House Maid 20.3 6.0 16.4 15.1 Bar tender 17.2 4.8 1.5 9.7 Waitress/Waiter 14.8 7.2 1.5 9.4 Others 3.1 12.0 11.9 7.9 Total 100 100 100 100

Types of training received was dominated by hairdressing (45.7%) and food preparation (21%) in Woldia; while wood (25.5%), sheep (24.5%) and fruit and vegetables (24.5%) productions were the highest given trainings in Meket; and training in Wadla largely consisted of sheep (60.6%) and livestock (29.4%) production for the 401 that responded to the question what type of training they received.

Annex Table 3: Type of Training Received by Respondents * Woreda, N=401 Intervention Woreda Type of Training Woldia Meket Wadla Total Hairdressing 45.7 - - 21.2 Wood Production - 25.5 - 6.7 Sheep Production - 24.5 60.6 22.9 Livestock production - 0.9 29.4 7.2 Food Preparation 21.0 - - 9.7 Fruits and Vegetables - 24.5 3.7 7.5 Hollow Brick Production 5.9 - - 2.7 Photocopy and Print 5.4 - - 2.5 Sewing 5.4 - - 2.5 Bee Keeping - 9.4 - 2.5 Grain Production - 6.6 0.9 2.0 Retailing 4.8 0.9 1.8 3.0 Metal Work 2.7 - - 1.3 Business 2.2 3.8 2.8 2.7 Others 7.0 3.8 0.9 5.5 Total (%) 100 100 100 100 Freq. 186 108 109 401

iii

The main products and services offered or the major engagement of the respondents in Woldia, Meket and Wadla. The major engagement of those in Woldia was hairdressing (47%), followed by food preparation (21%). In Meket, the major engagements of the respondents were sheep production (28%), fruits and vegetables (26%), and wood production (19%). In Wadla, sheep production (79%) was the major engagement of the respondents.

Annex Figure 5: Main Engagement in Woldia, Annex Figure 6: Main Engagement in Meket, Annex Figure 7: Main Engagement in Wadla, N=186 N=108 N=109

Business Poultry and Goat (Pool) Livestock Livestock Dairy Production Retailing Bakery 2% and dairy production 2% 3% 2% 2% 1% Tea and 6% Coffee Goat Metal Work 5% Production 3% Grain Sewing 5% Production 4% Sheep Fruits and 6% Vegetables Photocopy and Print Production 28% Sheep 4% 6% Bee Retailing Hairdressing Production Hollow Brick Keeping 3% 47% 11% 79% 6% Wood Grain Fruits and Retailing Production Production Food Vegetables 6% 19% Sewing 1% Preparation 26% 1% 21% Coffee, Tea 1%

The incomes distribution of the respondents was concentrated in the lower levels of income with 22.8% earning from 1 to 150 birr per month, 15.5% earning from 251 to 351 birr, 15% earning no income at all, 12.7% earning from 351 to 450, 10.4% earning from 151 to 250 and 7.4% earning 451 to 550 birr per month. Those earning better income were much smaller with 4.8% earning 551 to 650 birr per month, 4.6% earning over 951 birr, 2.8% earning 651 to 750 birr, 2.5% earning 751 to 850 and 1.5% earning 851 to 950 birr per month.

Annex Figure 8: Monthly Income Distribution * Woreda * Total

Overall, the income of the respondents was not sufficient with 67.9% of 383 beneficiaries stating it is not sufficient. The majority of the respondents started reporting income was sufficient from the income level 551 and upwards. However as seen in the above figure, the majority of the respondents’’ income lay below 551 birr per month.

Annex Figure 9: Whether Income is Sufficient * Income Levels, N=383

The major reason for why unaccompanied migration is unsafe for children has been identified as the deprivation of basic needs (35%) by the respondents. The major problem caused by unsafe migration was identified by respondents to be life threatening danger (55%).

Annex Figure 10: Reasons Why Unaccompanied Annex Figure 11: Problems caused by Unsafe Migration, Migration is Unsafe, N=376 N=393

Emotional Lack of care and vulnerablity Deprivation of basic support 2% needs 3% Emotional Lack of Lack of 8% care and problems awareness 16% support and social 24% skills Deprivation Lack of 7% of basic communication needs Life 1% 35% Life Vulnerable to threatening threatening abuse danger Further danger 2% 55% migration 21% 1% Vulnerable to Abuse exploitation 6% 9% Exploitation 10%

Categories for Reasons Why Unaccompanied Migration is Unsafe

The respondents had listed several reasons categorized under the seven reasons displayed in the figure above. These are described as follows:

 Vulnerable to abuse: Being vulnerable to physical abuse; to rape; to abuse; to sexual abuse/harassment; to early marriage  Vulnerable to exploitation: Being vulnerable to child labor; to deceit; trafficked; kidnapped; enslaved; conflict with employers; not having enough physical strength  Exposure to life threatening danger: being vulnerable to illness; to rape; to death; to accidents (car); being in a harsh environment; being robbed; being exposed to problems or danger; being vulnerable to having an unwanted pregnancy; unsafe modes of migration (overcrowded/sinking); being arrested; being vulnerable to addiction; being involved in illegal activities; being unable to find work  Deprivation of basic needs: Not having access to shelter; food; basic necessities; education; money  Lack of care and support: Not having support/care of parents or guardians; being new to the area; being far from home; being unable to reunite with family; lack of government accountability; being illegal migrants; being undocumented migrants  Emotional vulnerability: Being psychologically vulnerable; being emotionally vulnerable; not having enough confidence; being afraid; erodes hope; uncertain future  Lack of awareness and social skills: Not having enough awareness/being too young; unharmonious relationship with community, not knowing the language; how to read; being unable to communicate with the community; taking risks out of curiosity / overconfidence

Categories for Problems caused by Unsafe Migration

The respondents had listed several problems categorized under the eight problems displayed in the figure above. These are described as follows:

 Abuse: Emotional abuse; Rape; Sexual harassment; Sexual abuse; Physical abuse by employers; Being beaten; Not having their rights respected  Exploitation: Physical exploitation; Sexual exploitation; Conflict with employers; Being trafficked  Life threatening danger: Physical illness; death; disability; harsh environments; unwanted pregnancy; developing addictions; being in accidents (car); getting involved in bad activities/relationships; becoming a street child; being exposed to problems or danger; getting robbed; overcrowded migration modes; malnutrition/ stunted growth; being unemployed; arrested; abducted; having abortions; physical injury; being unable to find a job  Deprivation of basic needs: No access to education; hunger; lack of basic necessities; being unable to lead a good life; not having money  Lack of care and support: Neglect; conflict with friends; being discriminated; being unable to reunite with family; suffering from fistula  Emotional problems: Losing their sense of belongingness; mental illness; losing confidence; losing freedom; conflict with the community; psychological problems; losing hope  Lack of communication: Being unable to communicate; losing their culture; dependency on others  Further migration: further migration

vii

Annex Two: List of Key Informants

Government Partners in Woldia 1. Mr. Wudu Abera, Chairperson of the Advisory Committee, WCYAO 2. Mr. Temesgen Abijew, Member of the Advisory Committee, WCYAO 3. Mr. Demelle Amare, Member of the Advisory Committee, WCYAO 4. Mr. Jemal Ayalew, Member of the Advisory Committee, WCYAO 5. Mr. Ayalew Assefa, Member of the Advisory Committee, Finance and Economic Development Office

Government Partners in Meket 6. Mr. Kefyalew Arage, Chairperson of the Advisory Committee, WCYAO 7. Asnake Gedfa, Member of the Advisory Committee, WCYAO 8. Mr. Geta Tesema, Member of the Advisory Committee, Technical and Vocational Enterprise Office 9. Mr. Abebe Bedru Ahmed, Member of the Advisory Committee, Meket Woreda Administration Office 10. Zelalem Mulatu, Member of the Advisory Committee, Finance and Economic Development Office

Government Partners in Wadla 11. Mr. Zewde Woday, Chairperson of the Advisory Committee, LSAO 12. Ms. Mebre Ashagre, Member of the Advisory Committee, WCYAO 13. Mr. Yohannes Gebre, Member of the Advisory Committee, Woreda Education Office 14. Mr. Gashaw Marye, Member of the Advisory Committee, Woreda Education Office 15. Mr. Hunyalew Gete, Member of the Advisory Committee, Technical and Vocational Training Enterprise Office

Partner Staff 16. Mr. Beruk Yakob, Program Coordinator 17. Mr. Tadesse Desalegn, previous Zone Coordinator 18. Mr. Hailu Ambaye, Acting Zone Coordinator 19. Mr. Mengesha Worku, previous Psycho Social Service Provider (Safe Home) 20. Mr. Mareg Belay, previous Psycho Social Service Provider for Migrant Youth

Save the Children Staff 21. Mr. Belete Tadesse, Child Protection Programme Manager, SC Bahir Dar

viii