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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan the MOVEMENT and PERSISTENCE of SIMAZINE and ATRAZINE in SOIL

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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan the MOVEMENT and PERSISTENCE of SIMAZINE and ATRAZINE in SOIL This dissertation has been 62—817 microfilmed exactly as received STROUBE, Edward White, 1927- THE MOVEMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF SIMAZINE AND ATRAZENE IN SOIL AND SOME RELATED STUDIES. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1961 Agriculture, plant culture University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE MOVEMENT AND PERSISTENCE OF SIMAZINE AND ATRAZINE IN SOIL AND SOME RELATED STUDIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Edward White Stroube, B.S., M.S. -i « The Ohio State University 1961 Approved by Department of Agronomy ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author gratefully appreciates the guidance and direction given by Drs. D. D. Bondarenko and C. J. Willard in the course of this study. Sincere appreciation is also extended to Drs. S. R. Anderson, E. K. Alban, D. A. Ray and P. E. Smith for their helpful suggestions and constructive criticisms during the preparation of this manuscript. The author wishes to thank the faculty and staff members and fellow graduate students of the Department of Agronomy for their inter­ est and assistance during the course of this study. Gratitude is expressed to the Geigy Chemical Corporation for some of the materials used in this investigation. The author is deeply grateful to his wife for the encouragement, assistance and sacrifices made by her during this study. ii CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ...................... 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................. 3 The effectiveness of simazine as an herbicide when applied to corn.............................................................. 3 The movement and persistence of herbicides in so i l s ........... 8 The effect of herbicides on soil microorganisms................ 18 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................... 22 Properties and source of herbicides ...................... 22 ? The effect of simazine on weed population and corn yield. 23 The effect of simazine soil residues on corn, wheat, barley, oats and soybeans ............................ 25 The movement of simazine in soil in the fie l d ................... 28 The movement of simazine and atrazine in soil in the laboratory. ............... 29 The effect of soil microorganisms on the breakdown of simazine and the effect of simazine on the activity of soil micro­ organisms ........................................................ 33 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION................................. 36 The effect of simazine on weed population and corn yield. 36 The effect of simazine soil residues on com, wheat, barley, oats and soybeans ............................................... 37 The movement of simazine in soil in the fi e l d ................... 45 The movement of simazine and atrazine in soil in the laboratory...................... 57 iii CONTENTS Page The effect of soil microorganisms on the breakdown of simazine . 61 The effect of simazine on the activity of soil microorganisms. 66 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ..............................................70 LITERATURE CITED.......................................................73 APPENDIX................................................................81 AUTOBIOGRAPHY .......................................................... 88 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Number and per cent reduction of annual broadleaf and grass weeds in corn treated pre-emergence with simazine on May 25, 1959. Counts were made on June 20, 1959, on 175 sq. ft. of each of 4 replicates. Values are the average of 4 replications........................ 36 2. Yield of corn treated pre-emergence with simazine on May 25, 1959. Average of 4 replications ....................... 37 3. Yield of corn, wheat, barley, oats and soybeans following corn treated pre-emergence with simazine. Values shown are the averages of four replications. ..................38 4. Rainfall at University Farm, Columbus, O h i o ................... 38 5. Weight of first crop of oat seedlings grown in soil taken on October 15, 1959, from field plots treated with simazine on May 25, 1959. Values are grams of fresh weight and are the average of three replications .... 46 6. Weight of second crop of oat seedlings grown in soil taken on October 15, 1959, from field plots treated with simazine on May 25, 1959. Values are grams of fresh weight and are the average of three replications. 47 7. Bioassay standards for weight of oat seedlings grown in soil freshly treated with simazine and randomized with soil taken from field plots on October 15, 1959. Values are grams of fresh weight and are the average of three replications ........................................... 47 8. Weight of first crop of oat seedlings grown in soil taken on May 12, 1960, from field plots treated with simazine on May 25, 1959. Values are grams of fresh weight and are the average of three replications...................... 51 9. Weight of second crop of oat seedlings grown in soil taken on May 12, 1960, from field plots treated with simazine on May 25, 1959. Values are grams of fresh weight and are the average of three replications.......... 52 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 10. Bioassay standards for weight of oat seedlings grown in soil freshly treated with simazine and randomized with soil taken from field plots on May 12, 1960. Values are grams of fresh weight and are the average of three replications ............................................... 54 11. Weight of first crop of oat seedlings grown in soil taken on October 10, 1960, from field plots treated with simazine on May 25, 1959. Values are grams of fresh weight and are the average of three replications .... 54 12. Weight of second crop of oat seedlings grown in soil taken on October 10, 1960, from field plots treated with simazine on May 25, 1959. Values are grams of fresh weight and are the average of three replications .... 55 13. Bioassay standards for weight of oat seedlings grown in soil freshly treated with simazine and randomized with soil taken from field plots on October 10, 1960. Values are grams of fresh weight and are the average of three replications ........................................... 55 14. Weight of oat seedlings grown in two soil types treated with atrazine and simazine. Water was applied to the treated soil surfaces and the soil columns were sectioned into five one-inch levels. Values are grams fresh weight and are the average of three replications..................... 58 15. Weight of oat seedlings grown in two soil types treated with atrazine and simazine. Four rates of water were applied to the treated soil surfaces. Values are grams fresh weight and are the average of three replications .... 59 16. Weight of oat seedlings grown in soil treated with atra­ zine and simazine. Four rates of water were applied to the treated soil surfaces and the soil columns were sectioned into five one-inch levels. Values are grams fresh weight and are the average of three replications . 62 17. Amount of carbon, evolved as carbon dioxide, from 100 grams of non-treated and simazine treated soil. Values are grams of carbon and are the average of four replications ............................................ 69 18. Analysis of variance for yield of corn treated pre­ emergence with simazine on May 25, 1959................... 81 19. Analysis of variance for yields of com, wheat, barley, oats and soybeans.......................................... 82 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 20. Analysis of variance for weight of first crop of oats grown in simazine treated soil taken from field plots on October 15, 1959.......................................... 83 21. Analysis of variance for weight of second crop of oats grown in simazine treated soil taken from field plots on October 15, 1959.......................................... 83 22. Analysis of variance for weight of first crop of oats grown in simazine treated soil taken from field plots on May 12, 1960......................................... 84 23. Analysis of variance for weight of second crop of oats grown in simazine treated soil taken from field plots on May 12, 1960....................................... 84 24. Analysis of variance for weight of first crop of oats grown in simazine treated soil taken from field plots on October 10, 1960........................... 85 25. Analysis of variance for weight of second crop of oats grown in simazine treated soil taken from field plots on October 10, 1960.......................................... 85 26. Analysis of variance for weight of oat seedlings grown on soil treated with atrazine and simazine which were leached with varying amounts of water applied to the soil surface ..................................................86 27. Analysis of variance for the amount of carbon, evolved as carbon dioxide, from 100 grams of non-treated and sima­ zine treated soil............................................. 87 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Field plot design of experiment to determine the effects of simazine residue in soil on corn, wheat, barley, oats and soybeans. Simazine was applied at 0, 2, 4 and 8 pounds per acre on May 25, 1959, and the crops were planted on the indicated dates......................... 26 2. The yield of com, wheat, barley, oats and soybeans following c o m treated pre-emergence with simazine. Yield expressed as per cent of c h e c k ....................... 39 3. The growth of c o m in 1960 in plots receiving (left) no simazine and (right) 8 pounds of simazine per acre. The simazine was applied in May 1959
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