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Islam in Kenya: the Khoja Ismilis
INSTITUTE OF CURRENT VJORLD AFFAIRS DER- 31 & 32 November 26, 1954 Islam in Kenya c/o Barclays Bank Introduction Queeusway Nairobi, Kenya Mr. Walter S. Rogers (Delayed fr revl sl Institute of Current World Affairs 522 Fifth Avenue New York 36, New York Dear Mr. Roers: All over the continent of Africa, from Morocco and Egypt to Zanzibar, Cape Town and Nigeria, millions of eople respond each day to a ringing cry heard across half the world for 1300 years. La i.l.aha illa-'llah: Muhmmadun rasulm,'llh, There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet By these words, Muslims declare their faith in the teachings of the Arabian Prophet. The religion was born in Arabia and the words of its declaration of faith are in Arabic, but Islam has been accepted by many peoples of various races, natioual- i tie s and religious back- grounds, includiu a diverse number iu Kenya. Iu this colony there are African, Indian, Arab, Somali, Comoriau and other Muslims---even a few Euglishmeu---aud they meet each Frlday for formal worship in mosques iu Nairobi, Mombasa, Lamu and Kisumu, in the African Resewves and across the arid wastes of the northern frontier desert. Considerable attention has been given to the role of Christianity in Kenya and elsewhere iu East Africa, Jamia (Sunni) Mosque, and rightly so. But it Nairobl is sometimes overlooked that another great mouo- theistic religiou is at work as well. Islam arose later iu history than Christianity, but it was firmly planted lu Kenya centuries before the first Christian missionaries stepped ashore at Mombasa. -
The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: a Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2019 The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966 Azizeddin Tejpar University of Central Florida Part of the African History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Tejpar, Azizeddin, "The Migration of Indians to Eastern Africa: A Case Study of the Ismaili Community, 1866-1966" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 6324. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6324 THE MIGRATION OF INDIANS TO EASTERN AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF THE ISMAILI COMMUNITY, 1866-1966 by AZIZEDDIN TEJPAR B.A. Binghamton University 1971 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2019 Major Professor: Yovanna Pineda © 2019 Azizeddin Tejpar ii ABSTRACT Much of the Ismaili settlement in Eastern Africa, together with several other immigrant communities of Indian origin, took place in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries. This thesis argues that the primary mover of the migration were the edicts, or Farmans, of the Ismaili spiritual leader. They were instrumental in motivating Ismailis to go to East Africa. -
The Fatimid Caliphate General Editor: Farhad Daftary Diversity of Traditions
'lltc Jnslitutc of lsmaili Studies Ismaili Heritage Series, 14 The Fatimid Caliphate General Editor: Farhad Daftary Diversity of Traditions Previously published titles: I. Paul E. Walker, Abu Ya'qub al-SijistiinI: Intellectual Missionary (1996) 2. Heinz Halm, The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning ( 1997) 3. Paul E. Walker, Jjamfd al-Din al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age ofal-l:iiikim (1999) 4. Alice C. Hunsberger, Nasir Khusraw, The Ruby of Badakhshan: A Portrait of the Persian Poet, Traveller and Philosopher (2000) 5. Farouk Mitha, Al-Ghazalf and the Ismailis: A Debate in Medieval Islam (2001) Edited by 6. Ali S. Asani, Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia (2002) Farhad Daftary and Shainool Jiwa 7. Paul E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources (2002) 8. Nadia Eboo Jamal, Surviving the Mongols: Nizari Quhistani and the Continuity ofIsmaili Tradition in Persia (2002) 9. Verena Klemm, Memoirs of a Mission: The Ismaili Scholar; States man and Poet al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shfriizi (2003) 10. Peter Willey, Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (2005) 11. Sumaiya A. Hamdani, Between Revolution and State: The Path to Fatimid Statehood (2006) 12. Farhad Daftary, Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies (2005) 13. Farhad Daftary, ed., A Modern History of the Ismailis (2011) I.B.Tauris Publishers LONDON • NEW YORK in association with The Institute oflsmaili Studies LONDON 1111 '1111' 1'itti111icl <: 11lifih111t· soun;cs and fanciful accounts of medieval times. 'lhus legends and misconceptions have continued to surround the Ismailis through the 20th century. -
The Muslim 500 2011
The Muslim 500 � 2011 The Muslim The 500 The Muslim 500 � 2011 The Muslim The 500 The Muslim 500The The Muslim � 2011 500———————�——————— THE 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS ———————�——————— � 2 011 � � THE 500 MOST � INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- The Muslim 500: The 500 Most Influential Muslims duced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic 2011 (First Edition) or mechanic, inclding photocopying or recording or by any ISBN: 978-9975-428-37-2 information storage and retrieval system, without the prior · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily re- Chief Editor: Prof. S. Abdallah Schleifer flect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Researchers: Aftab Ahmed, Samir Ahmed, Zeinab Asfour, Photo of Abdul Hakim Murad provided courtesy of Aiysha Besim Bruncaj, Sulmaan Hanif, Lamya Al-Khraisha, and Malik. Mai Al-Khraisha Image Copyrights: #29 Bazuki Muhammad / Reuters (Page Designed & typeset by: Besim Bruncaj 75); #47 Wang zhou bj / AP (Page 84) Technical consultant: Simon Hart Calligraphy and ornaments throughout the book used courtesy of Irada (http://www.IradaArts.com). Special thanks to: Dr Joseph Lumbard, Amer Hamid, Sun- dus Kelani, Mohammad Husni Naghawai, and Basim Salim. English set in Garamond Premiere -
The Memoirs of AGA KHAN WORLD ENOUGH and TIME
The Memoirs of AGA KHAN WORLD ENOUGH AND TIME BY HIS HIGHNESS THE AGA KHAN, P.C., G.C.S.I., G.C.V.O., G.C.I.E. 1954 Simon and Schuster, New York Publication Information: Book Title: The Memoirs of Aga Khan: World Enough and Time. Contributors: Aga Khan - author. Publisher: Simon and Schuster. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1954. First Printing Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 54-8644 Dewey Decimal Classification Number: 92 MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY H. WOLFF BOOK MFG. CO., NEW YORK, N. Y. Publication Information: Book Title: The Memoirs of Aga Khan: World Enough and Time. Contributors: Aga Khan - author. Publisher: Simon and Schuster. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1954. Publication Information: Book Title: The Memoirs of Aga Khan: World Enough and Time. Contributors: Aga Khan - author. Publisher: Simon and Schuster. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1954. CONTENTS PREFACE BY W. SOMERSET MAUGHAM Part One: CHILDHOOD AND YOUTH I A Bridge Across the Years 3 II Islam, the Religion of My Ancestors 8 III Boyhood in India 32 IV I Visit the Western World 55 Part Two: YOUNG MANHOOD V Monarchs, Diplomats and Politicians 85 VI The Edwardian Era Begins 98 VIII Czarist Russia 148 VIII The First World War161 Part Three: THE MIDDLE YEARS IX The End of the Ottoman Empire 179 X A Respite from Public Life 204 XI Foreshadowings of Self-Government in India 218 XII Policies and Personalities at the League of Nations 248 Part Four: A NEW ERA XIII The Second World War 289 XIV Post-war Years with Friends and Family 327 XV People I Have Known 336 XVI Toward the Future 347 INDEX 357 Publication Information: Book Title: The Memoirs of Aga Khan: World Enough and Time. -
Rabi Ul Aakhar 1443H
٧٨٦ ١٤٤٣ Calendar Watch Majalis al Hikma www.fatemidawat.com Namaaz & Doa App Calendar ١٤٤٣ Muharram Safar ul Rabi ul Rabi ul Jumad al Jumad al Rajab ul Shaban ul Ramadan ul Shawwal ul Zilqadat il Zilhijjat il ul Haraam Muzaffar Awwal Aakhar Ula Ukhra Asabb Kareem Mu’azzam Mukarram Haraam Haraam ١ Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Washeq Raat Fri Sat Mon Eid ul Fitr Tue Thu ١ Tue Ashara Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri ٢ ٢ Wed Ashara Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Milad Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat ٣ ٣ Thu Ashara Sat Sun Tue Milad Wed Fri Sat Urus Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun ٤ ٤ Fri Ashara Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon ٥ ٥ Sat Ashara Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue ٦ ٦ Sun Ashara Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed ٧ ٧ Mon Ashara Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu ٨ Yawm e ٨ Tue Ashara Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri ٩ Arafa ٩ Wed Ashura Fri Sat Urus Mon Tue Shahadat Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Eid ul Adha ١٠ ١٠ Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun ١١ ١١ Fri Sun Mon Milad Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Urus Mon ١٢ ١٢ Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Milad - Rozu Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue ١٣ ١٣ Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Rozu Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed ١٤ ١٤ Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Rozu Fri Lailatul Nisf Sat Mon Tue Urus Thu ١٥ ١٥ Tue Urus Thu Fri Urus Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri ١٦ ١٦ Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Layali Fazila Wed Thu Sat ١٧ ١٧ Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Eid e Ghadeer ١٨ Layali Fazila ١٨ Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Urus Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon ١٩ Shahadat/ -
Mohammad N. Miraly Faculty of Religious Studies Mcgill University, Montreal April 2012
FAITH AND WORLD CONTEMPORARY ISMAILI SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT Mohammad N. Miraly Faculty of Religious Studies McGill University, Montreal April 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Religious Studies © 2012 Mohammad N. Miraly TO MY F ATHER AND M OTHER TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i Résumé iii Acknowledgements v An Historical Note on Ismailism vii 1 Opening 1 2 The Study 15 Part I: 3 Speaking About Ismailism 24 4 The Contemporary Ismaili Historical Narrative 59 5 Ismaili Approaches to the Qur’an 103 6 The AKDN in Afghanistan: Ethos and Praxis 114 Part II: 7 Democracy, Secularism, and Social Ethics 138 8 Pluralism and Civic Culture 159 9 Knowledge and Learning 185 10 Closing: The Transnational Ismaili in Canada 202 Postscript: Wither Neutrality? 213 Appendix A: Preamble to the Constitution of the Shi`a Imami Ismaili Muslims 216 Appendix B: AKDN Organisation Chart 218 Selected Bibliography 219 ABSTRACT Contemporary Ismaili thought views the Ismaili tradition as connected to a historical past deriving from Qur’anic principles and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and his heirs, the Shi`a Imams. Thus, contemporary Ismailism’s focus on liberal values like democracy, pluralism, and education are articulated as contemporary forms of eternal Qur’anic ethical principles. The current and 49th Ismaili Imam, Aga Khan IV – who claims descent from the Prophet through his daughter, Fatima, and son-in-law, `Ali – articulates the principles of liberal democratic pluralism as the best means to realize ethical Islamic living in the present day. -
Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community
A Modern History of the Ismailis The Institute of Ismaili Studies The Institute of Ismaili Studies Ismaili Heritage Series, 13 General Editor: Farhad Daftary _______________________________________________________________________ Previously published titles: 1. Paul E. Walker, Abū Yaʽqūb al-Sijistānī: Intellectual Missionary (1996) 2. Heinz Halm, The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning (1997) 3. Paul E. Walker, Ḥamīd al-Dīn al-Kirmānī: Ismaili Thought in the Age of al-Ḥākim (1999) 4. Alice C. Hunsberger, Nasir Khusraw, The Ruby of Badakhshan: A Portrait of the Persian Poet, Traveller and Philosopher (2000) 5. Farouk Mitha, Al-Ghazālī and the Ismailis: A Debate on Reason and Authority in Medieval Islam (2001) 6. Ali S. Asani, Ecstasy and Enlightenment: The Ismaili Devotional Literature of South Asia (2002) 7. Paul E. Walker, Exploring an Islamic Empire: Fatimid History and its Sources (2002) 8. Nadia Eboo Jamal, Surviving the Mongols: Nizārī Quhistānī and the Continuity of Ismaili Tradition in Persia (2002) 9. Verena Klemm, Memoirs of a Mission: The Ismaili Scholar, Statesman and Poet al-Muʼayyad fi’l-Dīn al-Shīrāzī (2003) 10. Peter Willey, Eagle’s Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria (2005) 11. Sumaiya A. Hamdani, Between Revolution and State: The Path to Fatimid Statehood, Qadi al-Nuʽman and the Construction of Fatimid Legitimacy (2006) 12. Farhad Daftary, Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies (2005) The Institute of Ismaili Studies A Modern History of the Ismailis Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community Edited by Farhad Daftary The Institute of Ismaili Studies I.B.Tauris Publishers london • new york in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London, 2011 Published in 2011 by I.B.Tauris & Co. -
Calendar 2015 Mumbai
Calendar www.fatemidawat.com fatemimadrasa.com zahrahasanaat.org qjsp.org ٨٦ ٧ Calendar Moharram ul Sufar ul Rabi ul Rabi ul Jumad al Jumad al Rajab ul Shaban ul Ramadan ul Shawwal ul Zildaqat il Zilhajjat il Harram Muzaffar Awwal Aakhur Ula Ukhra Asabb Kareem Moazzam Mukarram Haraam Haraam ١ Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Washeq Raat Sat Sun Tue Eid-ul-Fitr Wed Fri ١ ٢ Wed Ashara Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat ٢ ٣ Thu Ashara Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun ٣ ٤ Fri Ashara Sun Mon Wed Milad Thu Sat Sun Urus Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon ٤ ٥ Sat Ashara Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue ٥ ٦ Sun Ashara Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed ٦ ٧ Mon Ashara Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu ٧ ٨ Tue Ashara Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri ٨ Yawm-e- ٩ Wed Ashara Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Arafah ٩ ١٠ Thu Ashura Sat Sun Urus Tue Wed Shahadat Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Eid-ul-Adha ١٠ ١١ Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon ١١ ١٢ Sat Mon Tue Milad Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Urus Tue ١٢ ١٣ Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Milad - Rozu Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed ١٣ ١٤ Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Rozu Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu ١٤ ١٥ Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Rozu Sat Washeq Raat Sun Tue Wed Urus Fri ١٥ ١٦ Wed Urus Fri Sat Urus Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat ١٦ ١٧ Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Washeq Raat Thu Fri Sun ١٧ ١٨ Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Eid- Ghadeer ١٨ Washeq/ ١٩ Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Urus Wed Thu Shahadat Sat Sun Tue ١٩ ٢٠ Sun Tue Chehlum -
01 Fifty Years in the East Prelims 1..16
Bibliography The following abbreviations are used in the footnotes to the text and the bibliography: EI The Encyclopaedia of Islam, first edition EI2 The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new (second) edition EIR Encyclopaedia Iranica EIS Encyclopaedia Islamica ZVORAO Zapiski vostochnogo otdeleniia Imperatorskogo Russkogo arkheologicheskogo obshchestva, St Petersburg (Petrograd) Abaev, Vasilii I. (ed.). Iranskii Sbornik: k semidesiatiletiu professora I. I. Zarubina [Iranian Collection: On the 70th Birthday of Professor I. I. Zarubin]. Moscow, 1963. Abdulhussein, Mustafa. ‘Bohras’,inThe Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Islamic World, ed. John L. Esposito. Oxford, 2009, vol. 1, pp. 354–356. Abu Ishaq Quhistani. Haft bāb, ed. and tr. W. Ivanow. Bombay, 1959. Abu-Izzeddin, Nejla M. The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith and Society. Leiden, 1984. Actes du XXIe Congrès International des Orientalistes, Paris, 23–31 juillet 1948. Paris, 1949. Aga Khan I, Hasan Ali Shah. Ibrat-afza. Bombay, 1862. Aga Khan III, Sultan Muhammad (Mahomed) Shah. The Memoirs of Aga Khan: World Enough and Time. London, 1954. —— Aga Khan III: Selected Speeches and Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, ed. K. K. Aziz. London, 1997–1998. Akimushkin, Oleg F. ‘K istorii formirovaniia fonda musul’manskikh rukopisei Instituta Vostokovedeniia AN SSSR’ [On the History of the Formation of the Collection of Islamic Manuscripts of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR], Pis’mennye pamiatniki Vostoka. Istoriki filologicheskie issledovania 1978–1979. Moscow, 1987. —— et al. Persidskie i tadzhikskie rukopisi Instituta narodov Azii AN SSSR: Kratkil alfavitnyi katalog [Persian and Tajik Manuscripts in the Institute 215 Bourchier – Fifty Years in the East Data Standards Ltd, Frome, Somerset – 27/10/2014 10 Fifty Years In the East Bibliography.3d Page 215 of 234 216 Fifty Years in the East of the Peoples of Asia, the USSR Academy of Sciences], ed. -
١٤٤٠ Calendar Fatemimadrasa.Com Taqreeb.Org
٧٨٦ ١٤٤٠ Calendar www.fatemidawat.com fatemimadrasa.com taqreeb.org qjsp.org Calendar ١٤٤٠ Moharram Safar ul Rabi ul Rabi ul Jumad al Jumad al Rajab ul Shaban ul Ramadan ul Shawwal ul Zilqadat il Zilhajjat il ul Haraam Muzaffar Awwal Aakhar Ula Ukhra Asabb Kareem Mo’azzam Mukarram Haraam Haraam ١ Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Washeq Raat Sat Sun Tue Eid-ul-Fitr Wed Fri ١ Wed Ashara Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat ٢ ٢ Thu Ashara Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun ٣ ٣ Fri Ashara Sun Mon Wed Milad Thu Sat Sun Urus Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon ٤ ٤ Sat Ashara Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue ٥ ٥ Sun Ashara Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed ٦ ٦ Mon Ashara Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu ٧ ٧ Tue Ashara Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri ٨ -Yawm-e ٨ Wed Ashara Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat ٩ Arafah ٩ Thu Ashura Sat Sun Urus Tue Wed Shahadat Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Eid-ul-Adha ١٠ ١٠ Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon ١١ ١١ Sat Mon Tue Milad Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Urus Tue ١٢ ١٢ Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Milad - Rozu Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed ١٣ ١٣ Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Rozu Fri Sat Mon Tue Thu ١٤ ١٤ Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Rozu Sat Shabbaraat Sun Tue Wed Urus Fri ١٥ ١٥ Wed Urus Fri Sat Urus Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat ١٦ ١٦ Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Tue Layali Fazila Thu Fri Sun ١٧ -Eid- ul ١٧ Fri Sun Mon Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue Wed Fri Sat Mon Ghadeer ١٨ Layali Fazila ١٨ Sat Mon Tue Thu Fri Sun Mon Urus Wed Thu Sat Sun Tue ١٩ Shahadat/ ١٩ -
Shahadat and the Evidence of the Sindhi Marthiya
285 PART III Relations between Shiʿism and Sufism in other Literary Sufi Traditions 285 286 7 Sufism and Shiʿism in South Asia: Shahādat and the Evidence of the Sindhi marṡiya Michel Boivin In one of the first Sindhi-English dictionaries published in 1879, the word marṡiyo615is translated as follows: ‘An elegy or dirge, particularly one sung during the Muhorrum’.616 In Arabic, the marṡiya is an elegy composed to lament the passing of a beloved person and to celebrate his merits. When did the word enter the Sindhi language? Unfortunately, it is not possible to answer but the spread of the marṡiya in Sindhi literature didn’t start before the 18th century. This paper addresses a double issue. On the one hand, it wishes to introduce the marṡiyas from the countryside. What does that mean? In South Asia, the marṡiya is associated with the court culture of the main states that have flourished in the ruins of the Mughal empire. The leading school of marṡiyas growth in Lucknow, the then capital of the state of Awadh in North India. As a matter of fact, the marṡiyas composed by poets such as Mīr Babar ʿAlī Ānīs (1216–1290/1802–1874) were considered as the ultimate reference for the writing of these elegies in the whole Indian subcontinent. Another centre for the production of marṡiya literature was the State of Hyderabad, in Dekkan. The marṡiyas schools of Hyderabad and Awadh both used Urdu, which was then 615 Although the right word in Sindhi is the masculine marṡiyo, I shall use the Persian and Urdu form marṡiya (Arabic, marthiyya) which is increasingly predominant even in Sindhi literature.