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Home , Appendicular skeleton

Textbook Topic Lab Manual

The Axial Chapter 7 Exercise 9 The Chapter 8 Appendicular Exercise 10 Skeleton

For these chapters we will not use the textbook, except as a backup resource.

TODAY (Monday, October 27): start the . Lab Manual, Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8.1a

What’s NOT considered axial? , , hip (pelvic girdle) = pelvic girdle + +

3 components of axial skeleton:

Axial = , thoracic cage, vertebrae The Skull parietal frontal Skull = Cranium + Facial Bones

temporal Cranium: protects brain Facial bones: support for occipital structures like eyes; facial expressions, ingesting food

Cranium = Cranial Vault (Calvaria) + Cranial Base

These same bones make up the base! (occipital, temporal, frontal) (not shown: sphenoid )

Figures 9.1a and 9.3b of lab manual The Skull: Bones to Know Cranial Bones Facial Bones • • Palatine bones (2) • Parietal bones (2) • Zygomatic bones (2) • • Lacrimal bones (2) • Temporal bones (2) • Nasal bones (2) • Auditory (6): • bone , , • Maxillae (2) • • Inferior nasal conchae (2) • • Auditory ossicles 10th Martini, Figure 17-30

cochlea

lateral Tympanic Membrane----

Malleus, incus, stapes help transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to cochlea (for hearing sound) Sphenoid and Ethmoid Bones Figures 9.4 & 9.5 of Lab Manual

These are cranial bones too! Sphenoid on left, ethmoid on right (behind ). Both help define orbits (eye cavities) and nose. The

Tongue and throat muscles attach here

Axial, but not part of skull, vertebrae, or thoracic cage

Figure 9.10 of Lab Manual The Figure 9.11 of Lab Manual Cervix = neck = narrowing • (C1 to C7)

• C1: atlas

• C2: axis

• C7: prominens

• (T1 to T12)

• (L1 to L5) • Sacrum (5 fused into 1) • Coccyx (“KOCK-six”; 4 fused into 1) Note how many vertebrae we have for C, T, L Breakfast at 7, lunch at 12, dinner at 5! Abnormal spine curvatures Brian! (Lab Manual Figure 9.12) Inadequate support leads to Left to right: compensation, strain, , back pain, etc. , (suspension bridge)

Functions of vertebrae: • Support body trunk (head, neck, etc.) • Protecting spinal cord • Point of attachment for muscles and Vertebrae vary Most posterior: spinous process with position Next: transverse processes

Figure 9.15

Most anterior: body

Thoracic vertebrae: Connect to ribs (articulate with ribs)

Lumbar vertebrae: Large, oval body (size increases from top to bottom) The Thoracic Cage Ribs (12 pairs = 24) • Pairs 1-7: true ribs, or vertebrosternal

• Pairs 8-12: false ribs • Pairs 8-10: or vertebrochondral (connect to costal of 7) • Pairs 11-12: vertebral, or floating ribs

Sternum: 3 fused bones Fetal/Newborn

What is a suture? What is a fontanelle?

Suture = fibrous joint connecting skull bones

Fontanelle = softer, more flexible suture that babies have * Good for fitting through birth canal, allowing for brain growth; absorbing impact of falls?

Figure 9.19 of Lab Manual How to learn these bones?!

• Make full use of in-class lab time • Quiz yourself frequently • Flashcards? • Open lab time (Tues/Thurs 2:30-5:30, Wed 1-3) • Online tutorials with optional labels • GetBodySmart.com • Other favorites? Let me know! • MasteringAandP.com => PAL

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Watch out for those bone marking terms! (Figure: 9.2a in Lab Manual) Bones in Orbit (the bones around the eye) Melody playback: http://www.noteflight.com/scores/view/c2de7fd03ea521f9b77d8f1d43d43b1f3925f8a0 Exam #2 review questions (in handouts folder of Files page) 1. Which risks/complications are similar for liposuction and burns, and which are different? Briefly explain any differences.

2. How and why does melanin wind up in keratinocytes?

3. In general, do cuts or scrapes that do not penetrate the dermis trigger an inflammatory response? Explain your reasoning.

4. Compare and contrast the body’s response to a bone fracture with its response to an injury to the integumentary system. What are the similarities and differences?

5. Why are the elderly more vulnerable to heat stroke than young people? Exam #2 review questions 6. List 3 differences between compact bone and spongy bone.

7. What is epiphyseal cartilage and how is it important in bone growth?

8. List 5 distinct reasons why a person’s bones could be thinner and weaker than normal.

9. Do people with low dietary calcium intake tend to have increased or decreased osteoclast activity? Explain.

10. What are the 3 bones of the middle , and what do they do? Exam #2 review questions 11. Do all of the ribs connect to thoracic vertebrae? Do all of the ribs connect to the ? Explain.

12. What are 2 distinct benefits that fetuses gain from having fontanelles, rather than sutures?

13. Which of the 4 tissue types (epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular) are present in an intact long bone? Briefly explain.

14. Which is better for maintaining bone density: regular bouts of lifting heavy boxes, or equal amounts of time spent swimming? Explain your reasoning.

15. Compare and contrast sweat and sebaceous glands. What are the similarities and differences?