DOCSLIB.ORG

Textbook Topic Lab Manual

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Textbook Topic Lab Manual Textbook Topic Lab Manual The Axial Chapter 7 Exercise 9 Skeleton The Chapter 8 Appendicular Exercise 10 Skeleton For these chapters we will not use the textbook, except as a backup resource. TODAY (Monday, October 27): start the Axial Skeleton. Lab Manual, Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton Figure 8.1a What’s NOT considered axial? Clavicle, scapula, hip bones (pelvic girdle) Pelvis = pelvic girdle + sacrum + coccyx 3 components of axial skeleton: Axial = skull, thoracic cage, vertebrae The Skull parietal frontal Skull = Cranium + Facial Bones temporal Cranium: protects brain Facial bones: support for occipital structures like eyes; facial expressions, ingesting food Cranium = Cranial Vault (Calvaria) + Cranial Base These same bones make up the base! (occipital, temporal, frontal) (not shown: sphenoid bone) Figures 9.1a and 9.3b of lab manual The Skull: Bones to Know Cranial Bones Facial Bones • Frontal bone • Palatine bones (2) • Parietal bones (2) • Zygomatic bones (2) • Occipital bone • Lacrimal bones (2) • Temporal bones (2) • Nasal bones (2) • Auditory ossicles (6): • Vomer bone malleus, incus, stapes • Maxillae (2) • Sphenoid bone • Inferior nasal conchae (2) • Ethmoid bone • Mandible Auditory ossicles 10th Martini, Figure 17-30 cochlea lateral Tympanic Membrane---- Malleus, incus, stapes help transmit vibrations from tympanic membrane to cochlea (for hearing sound) Sphenoid and Ethmoid Bones Figures 9.4 & 9.5 of Lab Manual These are cranial bones too! Sphenoid on left, ethmoid on right (behind nasal bone). Both help define orbits (eye cavities) and nose. The Hyoid Bone Tongue and throat muscles attach here Axial, but not part of skull, vertebrae, or thoracic cage Figure 9.10 of Lab Manual The Vertebral Column Figure 9.11 of Lab Manual Cervix = neck = narrowing • Cervical Vertebrae (C1 to C7) • C1: atlas • C2: axis • C7: vertebra prominens • Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12) • Lumbar Vertebrae (L1 to L5) • Sacrum (5 fused into 1) • Coccyx (“KOCK-six”; 4 fused into 1) Note how many vertebrae we have for C, T, L Breakfast at 7, lunch at 12, dinner at 5! Abnormal spine curvatures Brian! (Lab Manual Figure 9.12) Inadequate support leads to Left to right: compensation, strain, Scoliosis, back pain, etc. Kyphosis, (suspension bridge) Lordosis Functions of vertebrae: • Support body trunk (head, neck, etc.) • Protecting spinal cord • Point of attachment for muscles and ribs Vertebrae vary Most posterior: spinous process with position Next: transverse processes Figure 9.15 Most anterior: body Thoracic vertebrae: Connect to ribs (articulate with ribs) Lumbar vertebrae: Large, oval body (size increases from top to bottom) The Thoracic Cage Ribs (12 pairs = 24) • Pairs 1-7: true ribs, or vertebrosternal • Pairs 8-12: false ribs • Pairs 8-10: or vertebrochondral (connect to costal cartilage of rib 7) • Pairs 11-12: vertebral, or floating ribs Sternum: 3 fused bones Fetal/Newborn Skulls What is a suture? What is a fontanelle? Suture = fibrous joint connecting skull bones Fontanelle = softer, more flexible suture that babies have * Good for fitting through birth canal, allowing for brain growth; absorbing impact of falls? Figure 9.19 of Lab Manual How to learn these bones?! • Make full use of in-class lab time • Quiz yourself frequently • Flashcards? • Open lab time (Tues/Thurs 2:30-5:30, Wed 1-3) • Online tutorials with optional labels • GetBodySmart.com • Other favorites? Let me know! • MasteringAandP.com => PAL © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Watch out for those bone marking terms! (Figure: 9.2a in Lab Manual) Bones in Orbit (the bones around the eye) Melody playback: http://www.noteflight.com/scores/view/c2de7fd03ea521f9b77d8f1d43d43b1f3925f8a0 Exam #2 review questions (in handouts folder of Files page) 1. Which risks/complications are similar for liposuction and burns, and which are different? Briefly explain any differences. 2. How and why does melanin wind up in keratinocytes? 3. In general, do cuts or scrapes that do not penetrate the dermis trigger an inflammatory response? Explain your reasoning. 4. Compare and contrast the body’s response to a bone fracture with its response to an injury to the integumentary system. What are the similarities and differences? 5. Why are the elderly more vulnerable to heat stroke than young people? Exam #2 review questions 6. List 3 differences between compact bone and spongy bone. 7. What is epiphyseal cartilage and how is it important in bone growth? 8. List 5 distinct reasons why a person’s bones could be thinner and weaker than normal. 9. Do people with low dietary calcium intake tend to have increased or decreased osteoclast activity? Explain. 10. What are the 3 bones of the middle ear, and what do they do? Exam #2 review questions 11. Do all of the ribs connect to thoracic vertebrae? Do all of the ribs connect to the sternum? Explain. 12. What are 2 distinct benefits that fetuses gain from having fontanelles, rather than sutures? 13. Which of the 4 tissue types (epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular) are present in an intact long bone? Briefly explain. 14. Which is better for maintaining bone density: regular bouts of lifting heavy boxes, or equal amounts of time spent swimming? Explain your reasoning. 15. Compare and contrast sweat and sebaceous glands. What are the similarities and differences?.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton
    THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON The primary function is movement It includes bones of the upper and lower limbs Girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB Each upper limb has 32 bones Two separate regions 1. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle (2 bones) 2. The free part (30 bones) THE PECTORAL (OR SHOULDER) GIRDLE UPPER LIMB The pectoral girdle consists of two bones, the scapula and the clavicle The free part has 30 bones 1 humerus (arm) 1 ulna (forearm) 1 radius (forearm) 8 carpals (wrist) 19 metacarpal and phalanges (hand) PECTORAL GIRDLE - CLAVICLE The clavicle is “S” shaped The medial end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint The lateral end articulates with the acromion forming the acromioclavicular joint THE CLAVICLE PECTORAL GIRDLE - CLAVICLE The clavicle is convex in shape anteriorly near the sternal junction The clavicle is concave anteriorly on its lateral edge near the acromion CLINICAL CONNECTION - FRACTURED CLAVICLE A fall on an outstretched arm (F.O.O.S.H.) injury can lead to a fractured clavicle The clavicle is weakest at the junction of the two curves Forces are generated through the upper limb to the trunk during a fall Therefore, most breaks occur approximately in the middle of the clavicle PECTORAL GIRDLE - SCAPULA Also called the shoulder blade Triangular in shape Most notable features include the spine, acromion, coracoid process and the glenoid cavity FEATURES ON THE SCAPULA Spine -
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Studies of the Appendicular Skeleton of the African Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) Part (Ii) Pelvic Limb
    Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 3(7), pp. 88-93, November 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JVMAH DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH11.013 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Morphological studies of the appendicular skeleton of the African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) part (ii) pelvic limb Sulaiman Olawoye Salami1*, Kenechukwu Tobechukwu Onwuama1, Obadiah Byanet2, Samuel Chikera Ibe1 and Samuel Adeniyi Ojo1 1Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 2Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. Accepted 19 October, 2011 The pelvic limb of the African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) was studied using 12 adult rats of both sexes. Characteristics of the bones were studied by gross observation after preparation. Measurement of different segments of the Pelvic limb (articulated) was also taken. The bones of the pelvic limb were found to be generally similar in both structure and number to other rodent species that has been studied. Variation came only in the size of the bones and in the number of coccygeal bones. The ossa coxarum came (check) together through the pubic symphysis. The pelvis also presented a relatively wide obturator foramen. The femur presented three trochanters (major, minor and tertious) and fabellae on the medial and lateral condyles. The fibula runs down the length of the tibia, with an attachment proximally and fusion at the distal third thereby presenting an extensive interosseous space. The pes presented 8 tarsal and 5 metatarsal bones. Each of the metatarsal presented 3 phalanges except the first metatarsal which presented 2 phalanges. The number of bones on each pelvic limb was found to be 34 plus 19 sessamoid bones making a total number of 106 bones in the two hind limbs of this rat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Axial Skeleton – Hyoid Bone
    Marieb’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Ninth Edition Marieb Hoehn Chapter 7 The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton Lecture 14 1 Lecture Overview • Axial Skeleton – Hyoid bone – Bones of the orbit – Paranasal sinuses – Infantile skull – Vertebral column • Curves • Intervertebral disks –Ribs 2 The Axial Skeleton – Hyoid Bone Figure from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007 Suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones by ligaments and muscles The hyoid bone supports the larynx and is the site of attachment for the muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue 3 1 Axial Skeleton – the Orbit See Fig. 7.6.1 in Martini and Fig. 7.20 in Figure: Martini, Right Hole’s Textbook Anatomy & Physiology, Optic canal – Optic nerve; Prentice Hall, 2001 opthalmic artery Superior orbital fissure – Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve; opthalmic vein F Inferior orbital fissure – Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve E Z S L Infraorbital groove – M N Infraorbital nerve, maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve, M infraorbital artery Lacrimal sulcus – Lacrimal sac and tearduct *Be able to label a diagram of the orbit for lecture exam 4 Nasal Cavities and Sinuses Paranasal sinuses are air-filled, Figure: Martini, mucous membrane-lined Anatomy & Physiology, chambers connected to the nasal Prentice Hall, 2001 cavity. Superior wall of nasal cavities is formed by frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones Lateral wall of nasal cavities formed by maxillary and lacrimal bones and the conchae Functions of conchae are to create swirls, turbulence, and eddies that: - direct particles against mucus - slow air movement so it can be warmed and humidified - direct air to superior nasal cavity to olfactory receptors 5 Axial Skeleton - Sinuses Sinuses are lined with mucus membranes.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs
    animals Article Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs Simona Di Pietro 1 , Giuseppe Santi Rapisarda 2, Luca Cicero 3,* , Vito Angileri 4, Simona Morabito 5, Giovanni Cassata 3 and Francesco Macrì 1 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy; [email protected] (S.D.P.); [email protected] (F.M.) 2 Department of Veterinary Prevention, Provincial Health Authority of Catania, 95030 Gravina di Catania, Italy; [email protected] 3 Institute Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sicily, Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 4 Veterinary Practitioner, 91025 Marsala, Italy; [email protected] 5 Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Via Roma, 57/a, 40069 Zola Predosa (BO), Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Congenital limb defects are sporadically encountered in dogs during normal clinical practice. Literature concerning their diagnosis and management in canine species is poor. Sometimes, the diagnosis and description of congenital limb abnormalities are complicated by the concurrent presence of different malformations in the same limb and the lack of widely accepted classification schemes. In order to improve the knowledge about congenital limb anomalies in dogs, this report describes the clinical and radiographic findings in four dogs affected by unusual congenital forelimb defects, underlying also the importance of reviewing current terminology. Citation: Di Pietro, S.; Rapisarda, G.S.; Cicero, L.; Angileri, V.; Morabito, Abstract: Four dogs were presented with thoracic limb deformity. After clinical and radiographic S.; Cassata, G.; Macrì, F. Four Unusual examinations, a diagnosis of congenital malformations was performed for each of them.
    [Show full text]
  • BODY MOVEMENTS and LOCOMOTION in HUMAN BEINGS Locomotion Is the Main Characteristic Feature That Distinguishes Animals from Plants
    CHAPTER 8 MODULE 2 RECAP Movement is when a living organism moves a body part or parts without changing the position of the organism Animals carry out many activities which involve the displacement of an organism from its original position. This activity carried out by the organism is called locomotion. MOVABLE JOINT- Joints where bones can move IMMOVABLE JOINT-Joints where bones cannot move. Types of movable joints: Pivot joint, Ball and Socket joint , Hinge joint, Gliding joints BODY MOVEMENTS AND LOCOMOTION IN HUMAN BEINGS Locomotion is the main characteristic feature that distinguishes animals from plants. In human beings, various body movements and locomotion are controlled by skeletal system and muscular system.. The skeletal system is made of bones and muscular system is made of muscles. SKELETAL SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM CONTINUED…. The system that supports the overall body by providing a definite shape and helps in the movement is known as skeletal system. Skeleton is the framework of bones in the body. The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones. They are very hard on the outer side and soft on the inner side. FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON Protection to vital organs. Support to body. Shape to body. Movement of body organs HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM CONTINUED…. AXIAL SKELETON The axial skeleton is made of following parts. Skull Vertebral column(backbone) Sternum(breast bone) AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON The appendicular skeleton consists of upper and lower limbs and girdles. The bones that provide support and space for the movement of limb bones are known as girdles. Pectoral girdle is located on upper part of body.
    [Show full text]
  • Axial Skeleton •The Basic Features of the Human Skeleton Have Been Shaped by Evolution, but the Detailed Characteristics of Each Bone Reflect the Stresses Put on It
    The Axial Skeleton •The basic features of the human skeleton have been shaped by evolution, but the detailed characteristics of each bone reflect the stresses put on it . As a result, the skeleton changes during its lifetime. The skeletal system is divided into: 1. Axial Division: bones of the body’s axis (skulll, ribs, vertebrae) 2. Appendicular Division: bones appended to the axial bones of the body (arms, legs, shoulders, hands, feet, etc.) There are roughly 80 bones in the Axial skeleton, and they form the bones of the longitudinal axis of the body (roughly 40% of the bones in the human body) Skull Bones: 8 cranial, 18 facial Associated Skull Bones: 6 auditory ossicles, 1 hyoid bone Thoracic Bones: 1 sternum, 24 ribs Vertebral Bones: 24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx 1 The functions of the axial skeleton are: 1. Create a framework to support and protect organs in the dorsal and ventral cavities 2. Provide extensive surface area for the attachment of muscles that: a. adjjpust the position of the head, neck and trunk b. perform respiratory movement c. stabilize or position the appendicular skeleton • The joints of the axial skeleton are limiting in terms of movement, but are VERY strong and heavily reinforced with ligaments. The Skull •The bones of the skull protect the brain and guard the entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems. The skull contains 22 bones. Eight bones form the majority of the cranium or braincase: a. occipital b. parietal (L-R) c. frontal d. temporal (L- R) e. sphenoid (L-R) •These bones along with the ethmoid (a facial bone) completely enclose the brain case.
    [Show full text]
  • (Frontal Sinus, Coronal Suture) Parietal Bone
    Axial Skeleton Skull (cranium) Frontal Bone (frontal sinus, coronal suture) Parietal Bone (sagittal suture) Sphenoid Bone (sella turcica, sphenoid sinus) Temporal Bone (mastoid process, styloid process, external auditory meatus) malleus incus stapes Occipital Bone (occipital condyles, foramen magnum) Ethmoid Bone (nasal conchae, cribriform plate, crista galli, ethmoid sinus, perpendicular plate) Lacrimal Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Bone (hard palate, palatine process, maxillary sinus) Palatine Bone Nasal Bone Vomer Bone Mandible Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column (general markings: body, vertebral foramen, transverse process, spinous process, superior and inferior articular processes) Cervical Vertebrae (transverse foramina) Atlas (absence of body, "yes" movement) Axis (dens, "no" movement) Thoracic Vertebrae (facets on body and transverse processes) Lumbar Vertebrae (largest) Sacral Vertebrae 5 fused vertebrae) Coccyx (3 to 5 vestigial vertebrae, body only on most) Bony Thorax Ribs (costal cartilage, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs, facets) Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid Process Appendicular Skeleton Upper Limb Pectoral Girdle Scapula (acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, spine) Clavicle Upper Arm Humerus (head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, olecranon fossa) Forearm Radius Ulna (olecranon process) Hand Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Lower Limb Pelvic Girdle Os Coxae (sacroiliac joint, acetabulum, obturator foramen, false pelvis, difference between male and female pelvis) Ilium (iliac crest) Ischium (ischial tuberosity) Pubis (pubic symphysis) Thigh Femur (head, neck) Patella Lower Leg Tibia Fibula Foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges.
    [Show full text]
  • I. Axial Vs Appendicular Axial Skeleton Forms Long Axis of Body: Skull
    Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 I. axial vs appendicular axial skeleton forms long axis of body: skull, vertebral column, rib cage appendicular - bones of upper and lower limbs including girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton II. bone markings A. functions attachment joint surfaces tunnels for blood vessels and nerves B. general meanings 1. projection = something that sticks out from the surface of the bone 2. depression = something that dips in from the surface of the bone 3. opening = tunnel that goes into or through a bone C. confusing terms: 1. tuberosity trochanter tubercle 2. condyle epicondyle 3. crest line spine 4. meatus foramen fissure 5. fossa groove Strong/Fall 2008 page 1 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 III. axial skeleton A. skull = cranium + facial bones 1. cranium = bones that enclose brain frontal parietal temporal occipital sphenoid ethmoid 2. suture = interlocking, fused joint between flat bones coronal - frontal and parietal sagittal - left and right parietal squamous - parietal and temporal lambdoidal - parietal and occipital sutural bones = small bones within sutures, no always present 3. paranasal sinuses = cavities inside bones located in frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones filled with air lined by mucous membrane open into nasal cavity condition incoming air (increase surface area of mucosa), voice resonance, decrease skull bone mass 4. fontanel - un-ossified fibrous membranes of skull allow compression of skull during delivery allow continued cranial growth after birth eventually close: anterior posterior mastoid sphenoidal Strong/Fall 2008 page 2 Anatomy Lecture Notes Chapters 7 and 8 B. spinal column 1. vertebra/vertebrae body (anterior) arch (posterior) lamina pedicle vertebral foramen processes spinous transverse superior articular inferior articular 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Human Axial Skeleton
    BIOL 2401 Lab The Human Axial Skeleton Objectives 1. List the two division of the human skeleton 2. Distinguish between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. 3. Name and list the number of bones in the axial and appendicular skeleton 4. Define the terms used to describe bone markings. INTRODUCTION The adult skeletal system consists of 206 bones and it is divided into axial and appendicular skeleton. Besides supporting and protecting organs of the body, the skeletal system provides sites for skeletal muscle attachments, stores lipids, calcium, and phosphorus, and blood cell formation goes on within the red marrow cavities. The axial skeleton consists of bones that protect the head, neck, and trunk. Specifically, the bones that make up the axial skeleton are: 1. Skull: made of the cranium (encases the brain) and facial bones. 2. Auditory ossicles: located in the middle ear region. 3. Hyoid bone: located in the neck region; it supports the tongue and muscles that move the tongue. 4. Vertebral Column: consists of several vertebrae protecting the spinal cord. 5. Thoracic Cage: protects the organs of the thoracic cavity; made of ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of bones of the arms, legs, and the bones that anchor the arms and legs to the axial skeleton. Specifically, the appendicular skeleton is composed of the following bones: 1. Upper limbs: bones in the arms and hands. 2. Pectoral girdle: formed by the scapula and the clavicle. 3. Lower limbs: bones in the legs and feet. 4. Pelvic girdle: formed by 2 coxae. NOTE: the sacrum, coccyx, and coxae together make up what is called the pelvis.
    [Show full text]
  • Axial Skeleton 214 7.7 Development of the Axial Skeleton 214
    SKELETAL SYSTEM OUTLINE 7.1 Skull 175 7.1a Views of the Skull and Landmark Features 176 7.1b Sutures 183 7.1c Bones of the Cranium 185 7 7.1d Bones of the Face 194 7.1e Nasal Complex 198 7.1f Paranasal Sinuses 199 7.1g Orbital Complex 200 Axial 7.1h Bones Associated with the Skull 201 7.2 Sex Differences in the Skull 201 7.3 Aging of the Skull 201 Skeleton 7.4 Vertebral Column 204 7.4a Divisions of the Vertebral Column 204 7.4b Spinal Curvatures 205 7.4c Vertebral Anatomy 206 7.5 Thoracic Cage 212 7.5a Sternum 213 7.5b Ribs 213 7.6 Aging of the Axial Skeleton 214 7.7 Development of the Axial Skeleton 214 MODULE 5: SKELETAL SYSTEM mck78097_ch07_173-219.indd 173 2/14/11 4:58 PM 174 Chapter Seven Axial Skeleton he bones of the skeleton form an internal framework to support The skeletal system is divided into two parts: the axial skele- T soft tissues, protect vital organs, bear the body’s weight, and ton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is composed help us move. Without a bony skeleton, we would collapse into a of the bones along the central axis of the body, which we com- formless mass. Typically, there are 206 bones in an adult skeleton, monly divide into three regions—the skull, the vertebral column, although this number varies in some individuals. A larger number of and the thoracic cage (figure 7.1). The appendicular skeleton bones appear to be present at birth, but the total number decreases consists of the bones of the appendages (upper and lower limbs), with growth and maturity as some separate bones fuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Francisco Paumgartten Berlin WS Mai 2011
    7th Workshop on the Terminology in Developmental Toxicology Federal Institute of Risk Assessment – Berlin, Germany May 4 – 6, 2011 An introduction into problems of postnatal anomalies regarding their integration into new terminology and classification. Francisco Paumgartten National School of Public Health Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Rio de Janeiro - Brazil Kundan S. Khera , 1981 Postnatal fate of some rat axial skeleton anomalies observed at the C-section RAT SKELETON Axial skeleton (it comprises bones located close to or along the central axis of the body, 80 bones in humans ) Appendicular skeleton (it refers to bones joined to axial skeleton, ie, bones of limbs and pelvic and pectoral girdles, 126 bones in humans) I - Postnatal fate of “wavy ” ribs and “bent ” ribs Wavy ribs → “undulation(s) along the length of a rib” Bent ribs → “shaped like an angle” (angulated, bowed) Wavy ribs / bent ribs Are they distinct anomalies or different grades of severity of a same defect ? ⇒ Distinction between “wavy ribs” and “bent ribs” is based on appearance rather than on etiology and causation ⇒ Kast (1994) suggested that bulbous, knobby, bent, nodulated, undulated, and misshapen ribs are often used as synonyms for “wavy ribs” (Kast A ., Wavy ribs. A reversible pathologic finding in rat fetuses. Exp. Toxicol.Pathol. 46:203-210, 1994 ) . ⇒ Variation or a fetal pathologic finding - not a malformation Ribs [Rat fetuses on pregnancy day 21 (Alizarin Red S staining )] minimal moderate marked DevTox 2011, bent ribs, rat, Fig.2 Chahoud & Paumgartten 2009, wavy
    [Show full text]
  • Appendicular Skeleton
    Humerus Appendicular Skeleton Head Greater Tubercle Intertubercular Groove Lesser Tubercle Humerus Patella Deltoid Tuberosity Radius Tibia Lateral Epicondyle D L M V Ulna Fibula Medial Epicondyle Capitulum Hands Talus Trochlea Femur Calcaneus Olecrenon Fossa Intertubercular Groove Greater Tubercle Lesser Tubercle Capitulum Trochlea Head Lateral Epicondyle Medial Shoulder Epicondyle Girdle Olecrenon Fossa Muscle Attachments Proximal End Distal End Biceps & Triceps Deltoid 1 Radius Ulna Head Neck Radial Tuberosity Interosseous Crest Styloid Process Olecrenon Process Ulnar Notch Radial Notch Tuberosity L M D V Styloid Process D L M V Interosseous Crest Trochlea Radial Tuberosity Olecrenon Process Capitulum Head Medial Epicondyle Phalanges 1st 3rd Proximal Phalange 3rd Metacarpals 1st Proximal Phalange 2 Femur Head, medial Larger epicondyle, lateral Femur head Olecrenon fossa, distal Fovea capitus Olecrenon process, proximal Greater trochanter Radial notch, lateral Lesser trochanter Styloid process, towards ‘pinky’ Linea aspera Head, proximal Medial condyle Tuberosity, medial Lateral condyle Styloid towards thumb Intercondylar fossa V D L M Patellar articular surface Proximal Femur Fovea capitus Trochanteric Fossa Greater Trochanter Lesser femur humerus Trochanter Proximal Femur Medial condyle Lateral condyle Patella Patellar articular surface Intercondylar notch V D Apex Base Facet for lateral femoral condyle Distal Femur Facet for medial femoral condyle 3 Tibia Tibia Lateral condyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Medial condyle Fibular
    [Show full text]