Appendicular Skeleton

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Humerus Appendicular Skeleton Head Greater Tubercle Intertubercular Groove Lesser Tubercle Humerus Patella Deltoid Tuberosity Radius Tibia Lateral Epicondyle D L M V Ulna Fibula Medial Epicondyle Capitulum Hands Talus Trochlea Femur Calcaneus Olecrenon Fossa Intertubercular Groove Greater Tubercle Lesser Tubercle Capitulum Trochlea Head Lateral Epicondyle Medial Shoulder Epicondyle Girdle Olecrenon Fossa Muscle Attachments Proximal End Distal End Biceps & Triceps Deltoid 1 Radius Ulna Head Neck Radial Tuberosity Interosseous Crest Styloid Process Olecrenon Process Ulnar Notch Radial Notch Tuberosity L M D V Styloid Process D L M V Interosseous Crest Trochlea Radial Tuberosity Olecrenon Process Capitulum Head Medial Epicondyle Phalanges 1st 3rd Proximal Phalange 3rd Metacarpals 1st Proximal Phalange 2 Femur Head, medial Larger epicondyle, lateral Femur head Olecrenon fossa, distal Fovea capitus Olecrenon process, proximal Greater trochanter Radial notch, lateral Lesser trochanter Styloid process, towards ‘pinky’ Linea aspera Head, proximal Medial condyle Tuberosity, medial Lateral condyle Styloid towards thumb Intercondylar fossa V D L M Patellar articular surface Proximal Femur Fovea capitus Trochanteric Fossa Greater Trochanter Lesser femur humerus Trochanter Proximal Femur Medial condyle Lateral condyle Patella Patellar articular surface Intercondylar notch V D Apex Base Facet for lateral femoral condyle Distal Femur Facet for medial femoral condyle 3 Tibia Tibia Lateral condyle Lateral condyle Medial condyle Medial condyle Fibular articular facet Intercondylar eminence Tibial tuberosity Intercondylar eminence Soleal line Anterior crest Nutrient foramen Medial malleolus V D L M Fibular notch Fibula Styloid process Malleolus Malleolar fossa Muscle Attachments of the Knee D L M V of the Knee Knee t t in in o o J J e e e e n n K K Anterior View Medial View 4 Medial S View D M Bipedal Talus Foot Head Trochlear surface Superior View Calcanean articular surface L Bipedal Ankle Joint I S Calcaneus Talar articular surface Sustentaculum tali Attachment for Achilles tendon D Tubercle Metatarsals & Phalanges Distal Phalange Phalanx Phalange 1. Fibula 2. Tibia 3. Distal Tibia 4. Calcaneus 1st Metarasal 5 Appendicular Foot Tendons/Ligaments Joint Movements 6.

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By the Authors. These Guidelines Will Be Usefulas an Aid in Diagnosing
Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, Nos. 71-72, 1990 Humeral Morphology of Achondroplasia Rina Malonzo and Jeannine Ross Unique humeral morphologicalfeatures oftwo prehistoric achondroplastic adult individuals are des- cribed. Thesefeatures are compared to the humerus ofa prehistoric non-achondroplastic dwarfand to the humeri ofa normal humanpopulation sample. A set ofunique, derived achondroplastic characteris- tics ispresented. The non-achondroplastic individual is diagnosed as such based on guidelines created by the authors. These guidelines will be useful as an aid in diagnosing achondroplastic individualsfrom the archaeological record. INTRODUCTION and 1915-2-463) (Merbs 1980). The following paper describes a set of humeral morphological For several decades dwarfism has been a characteristics which can be used as a guide to prominent topic within the study of paleopathol- identifying achondroplastic individuals from the ogy. It has been represented directly by skeletal archaeological record. evidence and indirectly by artistic representation in the archaeological record (Hoffman and Brunker 1976). Several prehistoric Egyptian and MATERIALS AND METHODS Native American dwarfed skeletons have been recorded, indicating that this pathology is not A comparative population sample, housed by linked solely with modem society (Brothwell and the Lowie Museum of Anthropology (LMA) at Sandison 1967; Hoffman and Brunker 1976; the University of California at Berkeley, was Niswander et al. 1975; Snow 1943). Artifacts derived from a random sample forming a total of such as paintings, tomb illustrations and statues sixty adult individuals (thirty males and thirty of dwarfed individuals have been discovered in females) from six different prehistoric ar- various parts of the world. However, interpreta- chaeological sites within California. Two tions of such artifacts are speculative, for it is achondroplastic adult individuals from similar necessary to allow artistic license for individualis- contexts, specimen number 6670 (spc.
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Anatomy: Lower Leg, Knee, & Patella Positioning
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The Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON The primary function is movement It includes bones of the upper and lower limbs Girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB Each upper limb has 32 bones Two separate regions 1. The pectoral (shoulder) girdle (2 bones) 2. The free part (30 bones) THE PECTORAL (OR SHOULDER) GIRDLE UPPER LIMB The pectoral girdle consists of two bones, the scapula and the clavicle The free part has 30 bones 1 humerus (arm) 1 ulna (forearm) 1 radius (forearm) 8 carpals (wrist) 19 metacarpal and phalanges (hand) PECTORAL GIRDLE - CLAVICLE The clavicle is “S” shaped The medial end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint The lateral end articulates with the acromion forming the acromioclavicular joint THE CLAVICLE PECTORAL GIRDLE - CLAVICLE The clavicle is convex in shape anteriorly near the sternal junction The clavicle is concave anteriorly on its lateral edge near the acromion CLINICAL CONNECTION - FRACTURED CLAVICLE A fall on an outstretched arm (F.O.O.S.H.) injury can lead to a fractured clavicle The clavicle is weakest at the junction of the two curves Forces are generated through the upper limb to the trunk during a fall Therefore, most breaks occur approximately in the middle of the clavicle PECTORAL GIRDLE - SCAPULA Also called the shoulder blade Triangular in shape Most notable features include the spine, acromion, coracoid process and the glenoid cavity FEATURES ON THE SCAPULA Spine -
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Bone Limb Upper
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Trapezius Origin: Occipital Bone, Ligamentum Nuchae & Spinous Processes of Thoracic Vertebrae Insertion: Clavicle and Scapul
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Morphological Studies of the Appendicular Skeleton of the African Giant Pouched Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) Part (Ii) Pelvic Limb
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 3(7), pp. 88-93, November 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JVMAH DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH11.013 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Morphological studies of the appendicular skeleton of the African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) part (ii) pelvic limb Sulaiman Olawoye Salami1*, Kenechukwu Tobechukwu Onwuama1, Obadiah Byanet2, Samuel Chikera Ibe1 and Samuel Adeniyi Ojo1 1Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 2Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. Accepted 19 October, 2011 The pelvic limb of the African giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) was studied using 12 adult rats of both sexes. Characteristics of the bones were studied by gross observation after preparation. Measurement of different segments of the Pelvic limb (articulated) was also taken. The bones of the pelvic limb were found to be generally similar in both structure and number to other rodent species that has been studied. Variation came only in the size of the bones and in the number of coccygeal bones. The ossa coxarum came (check) together through the pubic symphysis. The pelvis also presented a relatively wide obturator foramen. The femur presented three trochanters (major, minor and tertious) and fabellae on the medial and lateral condyles. The fibula runs down the length of the tibia, with an attachment proximally and fusion at the distal third thereby presenting an extensive interosseous space. The pes presented 8 tarsal and 5 metatarsal bones. Each of the metatarsal presented 3 phalanges except the first metatarsal which presented 2 phalanges. The number of bones on each pelvic limb was found to be 34 plus 19 sessamoid bones making a total number of 106 bones in the two hind limbs of this rat.
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The Axial Skeleton – Hyoid Bone
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Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Leg Bones
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Bones of the Upper and Lower Limb Musculoskeletal Block - Lecture 1
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Four Unusual Cases of Congenital Forelimb Malformations in Dogs
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Options of Bipolar Muscle Transfers to Restore Deltoid Function: an Anatomical Study
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BODY MOVEMENTS and LOCOMOTION in HUMAN BEINGS Locomotion Is the Main Characteristic Feature That Distinguishes Animals from Plants
CHAPTER 8 MODULE 2 RECAP Movement is when a living organism moves a body part or parts without changing the position of the organism Animals carry out many activities which involve the displacement of an organism from its original position. This activity carried out by the organism is called locomotion. MOVABLE JOINT- Joints where bones can move IMMOVABLE JOINT-Joints where bones cannot move. Types of movable joints: Pivot joint, Ball and Socket joint , Hinge joint, Gliding joints BODY MOVEMENTS AND LOCOMOTION IN HUMAN BEINGS Locomotion is the main characteristic feature that distinguishes animals from plants. In human beings, various body movements and locomotion are controlled by skeletal system and muscular system.. The skeletal system is made of bones and muscular system is made of muscles. SKELETAL SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM CONTINUED…. The system that supports the overall body by providing a definite shape and helps in the movement is known as skeletal system. Skeleton is the framework of bones in the body. The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones. They are very hard on the outer side and soft on the inner side. FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON Protection to vital organs. Support to body. Shape to body. Movement of body organs HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM CONTINUED…. AXIAL SKELETON The axial skeleton is made of following parts. Skull Vertebral column(backbone) Sternum(breast bone) AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON The appendicular skeleton consists of upper and lower limbs and girdles. The bones that provide support and space for the movement of limb bones are known as girdles. Pectoral girdle is located on upper part of body.
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