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Mamainde Grammar Volume 2 VU Research Portal Mamainde Grammar Eberhard, D. 2009 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Eberhard, D. (2009). Mamainde Grammar: a Northern Nambikwara language and its cultural context. LOT. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 Mamaindê Grammar: A Northern Nambikwara language and its cultural context Volume II Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: “Beyond the Threshold” – portrait of a Mamaindê child by Micah Eberhard (graphite on paper). ISBN: 978-94-6093-012-6 NUR 616 Copyright © 2009: David M. Eberhard. All rights reserved. VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Mamaindê Grammar: a Northern Nambikwara language and its cultural context ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. L.M. Bouter, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Letteren op maandag 7 december 2009 om 13.45 uur in de forum zaal van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door David Mark Eberhard geboren te Siguatepeque, Honduras promotor: prof.dr. W.L.M. Wetzels copromotor: prof.dr. W.F.H. Adelaar Dedication To my son, Micah David Eberhard, 1987-2007, whose unexpected passing during the writing of this work has enabled me to finally understand that linguistics is simply one of my favorite unimportant things in life. 1 Thanks Micah, for pointing out the truly important things… 1 Adapted from the words of a friend, Keith Lango. contents abbreviations............................................................................................................... i 3 Morphology...................................................................................................321 3.1 Typology and Morphological Operations ........................................... 321 3.2 Morphological Processes.................................................................... 324 3.2.1 Reduplication .............................................................................325 3.2.1.1 Prefixed Reduplication ..........................................................326 3.2.1.1.1 Monosyllabic Forms.......................................................326 3.2.1.1.2 Disyllabic Forms ............................................................328 3.2.1.1.3 Prefixing Reduplication Template..................................329 3.2.1.2 Suffixed Reduplication..........................................................333 3.2.1.2.1 Monosyllabic Suffixes....................................................333 3.2.1.2.2 Disyllabic Suffixes .........................................................334 3.2.1.3 Exceptional Cases of Reduplication ......................................336 3.2.1.3.1 Apparent Infixed Reduplication .....................................336 3.2.1.3.2 Multiple Reduplication...................................................338 3.2.1.3.3 Diphthong / Coda Copying Reduplication .....................338 3.2.1.3.4 Prosody and Reduplication.............................................339 3.3 Head / Dependent Marking................................................................. 341 3.4 Grammatical Categories (Parts of Speech)........................................ 342 3.4.1 Nouns .........................................................................................342 3.4.1.1 Prototypical Nouns................................................................342 3.4.1.2 Noun Types ...........................................................................343 3.4.1.2.1 Proper Names .................................................................343 3.4.1.2.2 Noun Classes..................................................................344 3.4.1.3 Noun Structure / Morphology................................................344 3.4.1.3.1 Possessive Markers.........................................................346 3.4.1.3.2 Authenticity....................................................................347 3.4.1.3.3 Noun Classifiers .............................................................348 3.4.1.3.3.1 Noun Classifiers as Metaphor ................................356 3.4.1.3.4 Gender............................................................................358 3.4.1.3.5 Number...........................................................................360 3.4.1.3.6 Temporal Modifiers........................................................361 3.4.1.3.7 Demonstrative ................................................................361 3.4.1.3.8 Inclusive / Restrictive.....................................................362 3.4.1.3.9 Final Nominal Suffix......................................................365 3.4.1.4 Compound Nouns..................................................................372 3.4.1.4.1 Genitive Connector.........................................................373 3.4.1.5 Verbalized Nouns..................................................................373 3.4.1.6 Pronouns................................................................................374 3.4.1.6.1 Person.............................................................................374 3.4.1.6.2 Gender............................................................................376 3.4.1.6.3 Number...........................................................................377 3.4.1.6.4 Demonstrative ................................................................378 3.4.1.6.5 Inclusive .........................................................................379 3.4.2 Verbs..........................................................................................380 3.4.2.1 Verb Types ............................................................................380 3.4.2.1.1 Quantitative and Weather Verbs.....................................380 3.4.2.1.2 Adjectival Verbs.............................................................382 3.4.2.1.3 Impersonal Verbs ...........................................................384 3.4.2.2 Verb Valence.........................................................................388 3.4.2.2.1 Intransitives....................................................................388 3.4.2.2.2 Transitives......................................................................389 3.4.2.2.3 Ditransitives....................................................................389 3.4.2.2.4 Semantically Passive Verbs............................................390 3.4.2.2.5 Inherent Object Verbs.....................................................391 3.4.2.3 Verb Morphology..................................................................392 3.4.2.3.1 Derivational Prefixes......................................................395 3.4.2.3.1.1 Causatives ..............................................................395 3.4.2.3.1.2 Noun Incorporation................................................397 3.4.2.3.1.3 Incorporation and Metaphor...................................401 3.4.2.3.2 The Stem ........................................................................403 3.4.2.3.2.1 Compound Verb Roots...........................................403 3.4.2.3.2.2 The Copula Verb....................................................406 3.4.2.3.2.3 Statives...................................................................407 3.4.2.3.3 Inflectional Suffixes Set A .............................................408 3.4.2.3.3.1 Oblique Marker......................................................408 3.4.2.3.3.2 Object (or Non-Subject) Markers...........................411 3.4.2.3.3.3 Directional Morpheme ...........................................417 3.4.2.3.3.4 Endearment Terms.................................................418 3.4.2.3.4 Derivational Suffixes......................................................421 3.4.2.3.4.1 Manner...................................................................421 3.4.2.3.4.2 Potential .................................................................429 3.4.2.3.4.3 3rd Party Referent ...................................................431 3.4.2.3.4.4 Reported Speech ....................................................431 3.4.2.3.4.5 Plural Subject.........................................................433 3.4.2.3.4.6 Probability..............................................................436 3.4.2.3.4.7 Desiderative ...........................................................437 3.4.2.3.4.8 Embedded Verbs....................................................439 3.4.2.3.4.9 Emphatic
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