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PHIMAI HISTORICAL PARK by Sunanta Chutinan a Thesis CULTURAL HERITAGE, INTERPRETATION, MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION : PHIMAI HISTORICAL PARK By Sunanta Chutinan A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2008 CULTURAL HERITAGE, INTERPRETATION, MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION : PHIMAI HISTORICAL PARK By Sunanta Chutinan A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2008 The Graduate school, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Cultural Heritage, Interpretation, Management and Promotion: Phimai Historical Park” submitted by Ms Sunanta Chutinan as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism. ………………………………………………….. (Associate Professor Sirichai Chinatangkul Ph. D) Dean of Graduate School ………………../…………………/…………….. The Thesis Advisor Professor William Chapman, Ph. D The Thesis Examination Committee …………………………………………. Chairman (Professor Emeritus Trungjai Buranasompop Ph. D) …………..…/..….……....../….…….…. …………………………………………. Member (Professor William Chapman Ph. D) …………..…/..….……....../….…….…. …………………………………………. Member (Associate Professor Chalongsri Pimonsompong Ph. D) …………..…/..….……....../….…….…. 51056967: MAJOR: ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEYWORDS: CULTURAL HERITAGE, INTERPRETATION, MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION SUNANTA CHUTINAN: CULTURAL HERITAGE, INTERPRETATION, MANAGEMENT, AND PROMOTION: PHIMAI HISTORICAL PARK. THESIS ADVISOR PROF. WILLIAM CHAPMAN Ph. D. 188 pp. The aim of this study is to establish a sustainable cultural heritage management model that will enable the administrators of the heritage park to meet with the objectives of creating enjoyment, conserving a heritage property, bringing prosperity and creating local pride in the community. The author used the qualitative research method in this study to gain in-depth information of the subject being examined. Content analysis was used to ascertain historical information of the Khmer Empire and its architectural influence in Asia. The author examined the report on the condition of Phimai Historical Park prior to the restoration, the process of restoration and the problems that occurred during the restoration. The study further established the positive and negative effects of the technique used for restoration at the site. The author visited, observed and explored the interpretation techniques being used at heritage sites internationally. The study further examined the interpretation techniques used at Phimai Historical Park and suggested techniques that would be suitable for Phimai Historical Park. The author examined the budget allocated to heritage sites in Thailand, as well as the income from entrance fees and souvenirs. The study further examined the budget and the fund-raising activities of an organisation in the United Kingdom to use as comparison. The author found that some fund- raising activities could be adopted so that the heritage site would have budget for their conservation plan. To enable the Fine Arts Department to be more business-oriented, the author studied an organisation in the United Kingdom to compare the organisation structure as well as the effective use of its human resources. The study found the adaptation of the organisation’s structure may be beneficial to the Fine Arts Department, as it may lessen the impact on the shortage of specialists to work on the projects. The author examined the government’s tourism promotion policy to ascertain the goals and objectives of the Ministry of Tourism and Sports and the Tourism Authority of Thailand, its marketing and promotion arms. The author established that the strategic plan to promote northeast Thailand would benefit Phimai Historical Park. The government’s plan is to promote Phimai, Phanom Rung and Mueang Tam historical parks further through supporting the agenda to inscribe the heritage sites on the World Heritage List (WHL). To prepare the management plan for the inscription on WHL, the author studied Stonehenge Management Plan and suggested short-term and long-term plans to be adopted by Phimai Historical Park. The conclusion of the study included the recommendation of a Cultural Heritage Management Model to be used at the heritage sites in Thailand to benefit all stakeholders. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2008 Student’s signature…………………………………………………………………… Thesis Advisor’s signature…………........................................................................... c ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation has been a challenge for a shift of paradigm to find a cultural heritage management model for the heritage site, to find a suitable method of raising funds for its conservation, for visitors by enhancing their experience through better interpretation and for the local community by offering services for financial gain. I would like to use this opportunity to show my appreciation and heartfelt thanks to all those who contributed and supported me in the completion of this dissertation. First and foremost, my supervisor, Professor William Chapman, who supported me immensely throughout the period of my dissertation. His valuable advice and discussions guided me to the end-result of this study. I highly appreciated his understanding during the period of my illness, his patience when I was unable to do much work due to work pressure and for generally being a good friend as well as a supervisor. My advisor, Professor Trungjai Buranasomphob for starting this programme so that academics and those in the field of tourism have a chance to gain further knowledge into heritage management as well as guidance and support. My appreciation goes to my advisor, Associate Professor Chalongsri Pimonsompong, also for her guidance and support. I would like to thank the director, archaeologists, academic officers and administration staff at Phimai Historical Park and at the Fine Arts Department who gave me such valuable information and discussion. I would like to thank all the websites that I have used for the photographs, graphics and information which enhanced the understanding of the points being made in my dissertation. Last but not least, I would like to thank my university for giving me the opportunity and the scholarship for my study. Also special thanks to my colleagues and friends for being understanding and giving me support. Lastly, my family in UK and Thailand who have been the strength behind everything I do, I truly and deeply appreciate their love and support. d Table of Contents Page Abstract ................................................................................................................... c Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... d List of Figures ......................................................................................................... g List of Tables .......................................................................................................... j Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 Statement and significance of the problem .......................................... 1 Objectives ............................................................................................ 2 Statement of problems ......................................................................... 2 Scope of study ...................................................................................... 3 Methodology ........................................................................................ 4 Chapter outline ..................................................................................... 4 2 The History of the Research Site and the Khmer Empire ........................ 7 History of Phimai Historical Park ........................................................ 7 Angkor and the Khmer Empire ............................................................ 16 Funan, Chenla and Khmer architecture ............................................... 22 The Khmer temple ............................................................................... 23 Khmer ruins ......................................................................................... 28 The legacy of the Funan, Chenla and Khmer Kingdom ...................... 35 3 The Development of Historical Parks and their Restorations .................. 39 Thailand and the development of national historical parks ................. 39 History of restoration in Southeast Asia .............................................. 46 Restoration at Phimai Historical Park .................................................. 46 4 Interpretation ............................................................................................ 58 Philosophy of interpretation ……… .................................................... 58 Concept for interpretation .................................................................... 59 Interpretation; an integrated heritage management .............................. 60 Target audience .................................................................................... 61 Interpretation
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