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Along the Royal Roads to Angkor
Chapter Four The Royal Roads of King Jayavarman VII and its Architectural Remains 4.1 King Jayavarman VII’s Royal Roads 4.1.1 General Information Jayavarman VII’s Royal Roads was believed (by many scholars) to be built in the era of Jayavarman VII who ruled Khmer empire between AD 1812 – 1218. The road network not only cover the area of the modern-day Cambodia but also the large areas of the present Laos, Thailand and Vietnam that were under the control of the empire as well. As demonstrated by Ooi Keat Gin in Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopeida from Angkor Wat to East Timor Volume Two; highways were built—straight, stone-paved roads running across hundreds of kilometers, raised above the flood level, with stone bridges across rivers and lined with rest houses every 15 kilometers. Parts of some roads are still visible, even serving as the bed for modern roads. From the capital city, Angkor, there were at least two roads to the east and two to the west. One of the latter ran across the Dangrek Mountains to Phimai and another went due west toward Sisophon, which means toward the only lowland pass from Cambodia into eastern Thailand in the direction of Lopburi or Ayutthaya. Toward the east, one road has been traced almost to the Mekong, and according to an inscription in which these roads are described, it may continue as far as the capital of Champa1 1 Ooi. (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopeida from Angkor Wat to East Timor Volume Two, (California: ABC-CLIO.inc.) pg. -
The Mineral Industry of Thailand in 2008
2008 Minerals Yearbook THAILAND U.S. Department of the Interior August 2010 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUS T RY OF THAILAND By Lin Shi In 2008, Thailand was one of the world’s leading producers by 46% to 17,811 t from 32,921 t in 2007. Production of iron of cement, feldspar, gypsum, and tin. The country’s mineral ore and Fe content (pig iron and semimanufactured products) production encompassed metals, industrial minerals, and each increased by about 10% to 1,709,750 t and 855,000 t, mineral fuels (table 1; Carlin, 2009; Crangle, 2009; Potter, 2009; respectively; manganese output increased by more than 10 times van Oss, 2009). to 52,700 t from 4,550 t in 2007, and tungsten output increased by 52% to 778 t from 512 t in 2007 (table 1). Minerals in the National Economy Among the industrial minerals, production of sand, silica, and glass decreased by 41%; that of marble, dimension stone, and Thailand’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2008 was fragment, by 22%; and pyrophyllite, by 74%. Production of ball valued at $274 billion, and the annual GDP growth rate was clay increased by 166% to 1,499,993 t from 563,353 t in 2007; 2.6%. The growth rate of the mining sector’s portion of the calcite and dolomite increased by 22% each; crude petroleum GDP increased by 0.6% compared with that of 2007, and that oil increased by 9% to 53,151 barrels (bbl) from 48,745 bbl in of the manufacturing sector increased by 3.9%. -
Analysis of the Wrapping Culture of Ethnic Groups in Lopburi Province
Fine Arts International Journal Srinakharinwirot University Vol. 15 No. 1 January - June 2011 Analysis of the Wrapping Culture of Ethnic Groups in Lopburi Province : A Case Study of Art Identity and Underlying Meaning Chartchai Anukool1*, Wiroon Tangjarern2 and Prit Supasetsiri3 1 Faculty of Humanities & Social Science, Thepsatri Rajabhat University, Lopburi, Thailand 2 Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand 3 Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The province of Lopburi has prehistorically been inhabited with civilization through the eras of Dhavaravadee, Lopburi, Ayutthaya, Rattanakosin up to present. Because of various migrations from wars, economy and politics, Lopburi have had many various cultures and traditions from different traits. The influential ethic groups were Thai Phuan and Chinese. This research aims to study wrapping culture of each influential ethnic group. Analyze art identity, and beauty of each ethnic group in Lopburi province. The research is conducted by monitoring the way of life, traditions, ceremonies, beliefs, wisdom and contextual changes of the social life of these ethnic groups. Two ethnic groups in Lopburi Province were observed : Thai Phuan group and the Chinese groupwere samples in this study. The study has found that (1) every ethnic group in this study has its own art identity of wrapping culture and the Chinese group has most identity of art, (2) some wrapping culture has been lost from their way of life due to social, economic and politic changes, (3) some groups have preserved their wrapping cultures basically intact, i.e. the styles and materials used have not changed, (4) some wrapping cultures have deeper implied meanings such as those of the Kao Tom Mud’s, Manuscripts’ etc. -
A Study of English Communication Skills for Historical Tourism in Lopburi Province
A STUDY OF ENGLISH COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR HISTORICAL TOURISM IN LOPBURI PROVINCE PHRA BOONTHIANG SUCITTO (THONGBANG) A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts English (International Program) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidayalaya University Bangkok, Thailand C.E. 2016 A Study of English Communication Skills for Historical Tourism in Lopburi Province Phra Boonthiang Sucitto (Thongbang) A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts English (International Program) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidayalaya University Bangkok, Thailand C.E. 2016 (Coppyright by Mahachulalongkornrajavidayalaya University) I Thesis Title : A Study of English Communication Skills for Historical Tourism in Lopburi Province Researcher : Phra Boonthiang Sucitto (Thongbang) Degree : Master of Arts in English (International Program) Thesis supervisory committee : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Preecha Kanetnog B.A. (Educational Administration), M.A. (Linguistics), Ph.D. (Linguistics) : Asst. Prof. Dr. Veerakarn Kanokkamalade B.A. (English), M.A. (Linguistics), Ph.D. (Linguistics) Date of Graduation : March 17, 2017 Abstract This research study is entitled “A Study of English Communication Skills for Historical Tourism in Lopburi Province” which is of the objectives; 1) to study the English expressions used in Tourism, and 2) to study the English communication skills used in Tourism of the tourists group and the Lopburi officers of the Tourism Authority of Thailand in Lopburi province in order to analyze the ways of how they use English for tourism with both native and nonnative speakers. This thesis is concerned with documentary research and qualitative research. The study is divided into 2 parts as to the order of the research objectives. -
Collective Consciousness of Ethnic Groups in the Upper Central Region of Thailand
Collective Consciousness of Ethnic Groups in the Upper Central Region of Thailand Chawitra Tantimala, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Thailand The Asian Conference on Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences 2019 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract This research aimed to study the memories of the past and the process of constructing collective consciousness of ethnicity in the upper central region of Thailand. The scope of the study has been included ethnic groups in 3 provinces: Lopburi, Chai-nat, and Singburi and 7 groups: Yuan, Mon, Phuan, Lao Vieng, Lao Khrang, Lao Ngaew, and Thai Beung. Qualitative methodology and ethnography approach were deployed on this study. Participant and non-participant observation and semi-structured interview for 7 leaders of each ethnic group were used to collect the data. According to the study, it has been found that these ethnic groups emigrated to Siam or Thailand currently in the late Ayutthaya period to the early Rattanakosin period. They aggregated and started to settle down along the major rivers in the upper central region of Thailand. They brought the traditional beliefs, values, and living style from the motherland; shared a sense of unified ethnicity in common, whereas they did not express to the other society, because once there was Thai-valued movement by the government. However, they continued to convey the wisdom of their ancestors to the younger generations through the stories from memory, way of life, rituals, plays and also the identity of each ethnic group’s fabric. While some groups blend well with the local Thai culture and became a contemporary cultural identity that has been remodeled from the profoundly varied nations. -
Read This Article
INTEGRAL STUDY OF THE SILK ROADS ROADS OF DIALOGUE 21-22 JANUARY 1991. BANGKOK, THAILAND Document No. 15 Merchants, Merchandise, Markets: Archaeological Evidence in Thailand Concerning Maritime Trade Interaction Between Thailand and Other Countries Before the 16th A.D. Mrs. Amara Srisuchat 1 Merchants, Merchandise, Markets: Archaeological Evidence in Thailand Concerning Maritime Trade Interaction Between Thailand and Other Countries before the 16th A.D. Amara Srisuchat Abstract This article uses archeological evidence to indicate that humans on Thai soil had been engaged in maritime trade with other countries since prehistoric times. The inhabitants of settlements in this area already possessed a sophisticated culture and knowledge which made it possible for them to navigate sea-faring vessels, which took them on voyages and enabled them to establish outside contact before the arrival of navigators from abroad. Why then, were Thai sailors not well known to the outside world? This can partially be explained by the fact that they rarely travelled far from home as was the practice of Chinese and Arab soldiers. Furthermore, the availability of so wide a variety of resources in this region meant that there was little necessity to go so far afield in search of other, foreign commodities. Coastal settlements and ports were successfully developed to provide services, and markets were established with the local merchants who consequently become middlemen. Foreign technology was adapted to create industries which produced merchandises for export in accordance with the demand of the world market. At the same time, trading contacts with various countries had the effect of changing, to no small extent, the culture and society. -
Long-Term Strategies for Thai Heritage Preservation: Civil Roles in Lopburi Province
Long-term Strategies for Thai Heritage Preservation: Civil Roles in Lopburi Province Phuthorn Bhumadhon I strongly believe that, at present, the preservation of Thai heritage (by which I particularly mean physical sites such as religious monuments, communal buildings, historical sites and ancient artifacts, which should be taken care of by everyone including the responsible governmental agencies) is in a critical and problematic state. Thai people fail to preserve the value of cultural heritage to hand down to future generations. Instead, they allow it to be encroached upon and damaged for the sake of infrastructure development such as roads, irrigation canals and dams. The problems are many: expansion of settlements; lack of appreciation of the value of heritage; failure to implement laws; officials in charge of heritage who neglect their ethical and creative duty; renovation by improper methods; and vote-seeking politicians who allow historical sites to be encroached. Everywhere, public good is sacrificed for personal benefit, and ignorance and corruption prevail. With more than three decades of experience in active participation in Thai cultural heritage preservation in Lopburi Province, I am able to state that this is an era when the attempts at preservation of Thai cultural heritage are hopelessly ineffective. The efforts of those who are intent on preserving Thai heritage will probably do no more than delay the destruction a little, because the process of destruction proceeds at a rate one hundred times faster than the efforts of preservation. Thai society today is focused on a limited number of concerns. Capitalism flourishes much more than spiritual values. Political factions fight for power to run the country. -
Figs. 7, 46 Pls. 15,16 Fig. 52 Fig. Figs. Fig. 24 Figs. 8, 12, Fig. 33
INDEX Ak Yorn, Prasat XIX, XXIl,46, 55 Borobudur, Java XXI, 27, 45, 46, 49, Anavatapa, lake 94 50, 51 Fig. 44 Andet, Prasat 44 Boulbet,Jean. 46 Andon, Prasat see Neak Ta Brahma 7 Angkor XIX, XXIII, XXVIII, 4, 5, 14, 20, 23, 24,44,48,50,54,55,62, Cakravartin 111 63, 64, 68, 72, 76, 78, 79, 81, 90, Ceylon 16, 17 96, 97, 98, 109, 110 Chaiya, Thailand 45 Angkor Thom 59, 81, 90, 94, 98, 99, Cham XXV, XXVII, 28, 45, 90, 99 105, 106, 107, 111 Chau Say Tevoda 30, 81, 90, 97 Angkor Wat XXIV, XXV, XXVI, Chola, dynasty 28 XXVII, XXVIII, XXIX, 4, 8, 12, Chou Ta-kuan (Zhou Daguan) 29, 79, 24, 26, 30, 31, 74, 78, 80, 83-89, 87, 101, 112 91, 98, 99, 100, 109, 111, 112 Chrei, Prasat 82, 90 Fig. 25 Figs. 28, 78,79 Pls. 31-33 Coedes, George 6, 18, 19, 22, 83 Argensola, d' XXVIII Aymonier, Etienne XXVIII Dagens, Bruno XXIII, 18, 46, 93 Damrei Krap, Prasat 28, 45, 4 7 Figs. Bakong XXI, 4, 11, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54, 43, 45 Pl. 14 55, 59, 65. Figs. 7, 46 Pls. 15,16 Dhrannindravarman I, King 7 Bakasei Chamkrong 29, 34, 54, 60, 63, Dieng, Java XVII, XX 66, 106. Fig. 52 Do Couto, Diego XXXVIII Baluchistan XVIII. Bantay Chmar XXVI, XXVII, 5, 12, 96, Elephant Terrace 78 Fig. 21 99. Bantay Kdei 28, 96, 98, 100. Bantay Samre 24. Filliozat, Jean 21 Bantay Srei 11, 15, 66-67, 69, 72 Fig. -
ZOOMORPHIC SPOUTS from CENTRAL THAILAND Thanik
ZOOMORPHIC SPOUTS FROM CENTRAL THAILAND Thanik Lertcharnrit Department of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok; [email protected] ABSTRACT There is still much to discuss and further investigate The archaeological site of Promtin Tai in Lopburi Province, about the site, as a large number of artifacts have been un- central Thailand, is a multi-activity site occupied over the earthed during the past five years of archaeological research course of several hundred years. The site has been excavated there. However, this paper focuses on an uncommon class of successively by the author since 2004, yielding evidence for artifacts, the zoomorphic spouts found during the 2007 exca- vation. These spouts were found in a habitation layer dating various activities ranging from habitation and mortuary rites th th to copper smelting and probably trading. The chronology of roughly to the Dvaravati period (ca. 6 - 8 centuries AD) the site has been dated using stratigraphic information and based on assemblage content. The Dvaravati context lies cultural materials; absolute dating samples have been col- above the Iron Age context, and it is composed of artifact lected and sent for dating, but results have yet been reported classes that are characteristic of the Dvaravati period, includ- from the laboratory. Archaeologically, the site represents a ing carinated pots, silver coins, spouted pot, clay coins, and community with strong evidence of early long distance trade small, round glass beads. It should be noted that Dvaravati and cultural contact with India and developed from an Iron culture is generally characterized as a culture strongly influ- Age village to early historic town. -
Thoughts from Bangkok on the Anti-Thai Riot in Phnom Penh
MZW-3 SOUTHEAST ASIA Matthew Wheeler, most recently a RAND Corporation security and terrorism researcher, is studying relations ICWA among and between nations along the Mekong River. Thoughts from Bangkok on the LETTERS Anti-Thai Riot in Phnom Penh Since 1925 the Institute of FEBRUARY 26, 2003 Current World Affairs (the Crane- By Matthew Z. Wheeler Rogers Foundation) has provided long-term fellowships to enable BANGKOK, Thailand – On January 29, 2003, a mob in Cambodia’s capital looted outstanding young professionals and burned the Royal Thai Embassy. The Phnom Penh riot began with a protest in to live outside the United States front of the Embassy, prompted by reports that Suvanan Kongying, a Thai soap- and write about international opera star with a large following in Cambodia, had said that she would not visit areas and issues. An exempt Cambodia until Angkor Wat was returned to Thailand. Considered one of the operating foundation endowed by architectural wonders of the world, the Angkor Wat temple complex is Cambodia’s the late Charles R. Crane, the national symbol. Every Cambodian national flag since independence from France Institute is also supported by in 1954 has featured an image of Angkor Wat, including the flag of Democratic contributions from like-minded Kampuchea, the Khmer Rouge regime that presided over the death of two mil- individuals and foundations. lion Cambodians from 1975 to 1979. Days before the riot, Cambodian TRUSTEES Prime Minister Hun Sen had castigated Bryn Barnard Suvanan for her alleged comments, say- Joseph Battat ing, “She’s not worth a few blades of Mary Lynne Bird grass that grow around Angkor.” Pro- Steven Butler testers burned Thai flags before storm- William F. -
THE LAND SYSTEM in CENTRAL THAILAND* a Methodological Inquiry Aimed at a Dynamic Grasp of Social Change in a Thai Village
THE LAND SYSTEM IN CENTRAL THAILAND* A Methodological Inquiry Aimed at a Dynamic Grasp of Social Change in a Thai Village TAKASHI TOMOSUGI Although the view that Thai peasants are almost all owner-cultivators is com!nonly accepted, I demonstrate the fact that in the Chaophraya Delta at least nearly half the peasants are tenants or part-owners. I also suggest that the tendency for owner-cultivators to become tenant-cultivators is increasing remarkably. In the course of discussion the emphasis is placed upon the socio-economic function of landownership in the development of Thai society on the grounds that the clarification of the land system is indispensable for a dynamic analysis of social change in Thailand. I. THE PROBLEM : THAI STUDIES AND THE LAND SYSTEM During the post World War 11 period, research on Thai village society has progressed as just one part of area studies in Thailand. A few village survey monographs have been published beginn'mg with that on Bang Chang conducted by Cornell University.1 These reports have clarified hitherto obscure conditions of village society, indicating concretely that J. Embree's widely-known characterization of Thai society in general as a " Ioosely structured social system,"2 is valid even for its village society. It has become comon to deflne Thai village society as " Ioosely structured " ; and working with this definition as a premise has meant that research on Thai villages has moved forward along with continuing confirmation of this theory. However, if one considers precisely to what "loosely structured " refers, * This paper is an abridged English version of "Chiibu Tai beisaku sonraku no henyd katei-Tochi shoyli o chnshin to shite " (Social Change in Rice-Growing Villages in Central Thailand-with Special Reference to Land System) in T. -
Development of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Technique
Mahittikorn et al. Parasites & Vectors (2017) 10:394 DOI 10.1186/s13071-017-2330-2 RESEARCH Open Access Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique and comparison with quantitative real-time PCR for the rapid visual detection of canine neosporosis Aongart Mahittikorn1, Nipa Thammasonthijarern2, Amonrattana Roobthaisong3, Ruenruetai Udonsom1, Supaluk Popruk1, Sukhontha Siri4, Hirotake Mori1 and Yaowalark Sukthana1* Abstract Background: Dogs are the definitive hosts of Neospora caninum and play an important role in the transmission of the parasite. Despite the high sensitivity of existing molecular tools such as quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), these techniques are not suitable for use in many countries because of equipment costs and difficulties in implementing them for field diagnostics. Therefore, we developed a simplified technique, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), for the rapid visual detection of N. caninum. Methods: LAMP specificity was evaluated using a panel containing DNA from a range of different organisms. Sensitivity was evaluated by preparing 10-fold serial dilutions of N. caninum tachyzoites and comparing the results with those obtained using qPCR. Assessment of the LAMP results was determined by recognition of a colour change after amplification. The usefulness of the LAMP assay in the field was tested on 396 blood and 115 faecal samples from dogs, and one placenta from a heifer collected in Lopburi, Nakhon Pathom, Sa Kaeo, and Ratchaburi provinces, Thailand. Results: Specificity of the LAMP technique was shown by its inability to amplify DNA from non-target pathogens or healthy dogs. The detection limit was the equivalent of one genome for both LAMP and qPCR.