DOCSLIB.ORG

Combatting Malaria, Dengue and Zika Using Nuclear Technology by Nicole Jawerth and Elodie Broussard

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Combatting Malaria, Dengue and Zika Using Nuclear Technology by Nicole Jawerth and Elodie Broussard Infectious Diseases Combatting malaria, dengue and Zika using nuclear technology By Nicole Jawerth and Elodie Broussard A male Aedes species mosquito. iseases such as malaria, dengue and transcription–polymerase chain reaction (Photo: IAEA) Zika, spread by various mosquito (RT–PCR) (see page 8). Experts across the Dspecies, are wreaking havoc on millions of world have been trained and equipped by lives worldwide. To combat these harmful the IAEA to use this technique for detecting, and often life-threatening diseases, experts tracking and studying pathogens such as in many countries are turning to nuclear and viruses. The diagnostic results help health nuclear-derived techniques for both disease care professionals to provide treatment and detection and insect control. enable experts to track the viruses and take action to control their spread. Dengue and Zika When a new outbreak of disease struck in The dengue virus and Zika virus are mainly 2015 and 2016, physicians weren’t sure of spread by Aedes species mosquitoes, which its cause, but RT–PCR helped to determine are most common in tropical regions. In most that the outbreak was the Zika virus and not cases, the dengue virus causes debilitating another virus such as dengue. RT–PCR was flu-like symptoms, but all four strains of the used to detect the virus in infected people virus also have the potential to cause severe, throughout the epidemic, which was declared life-threatening diseases. In the case of the Zika a public health emergency of international virus, many infected people are asymptomatic concern by the World Health Organization or only have mild symptoms; however, the virus (WHO) in January 2016. During that time, can cause serious birth defects in newborns, and many countries received support from the it can lead to a debilitating neurological disorder IAEA, in cooperation with the Food and in some adults. Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in using this method. One of the most accurate and widely used laboratory methods for detecting While the ongoing Zika threat has been the dengue and Zika viruses is reverse manageable since the epidemic ended in 22 | IAEA Bulletin, June 2020 Infectious Diseases November 2016, dengue has continued birth control method called the sterile insect to be a growing problem. Some countries technique (SIT) (see The Science box). in Latin America and the Caribbean, for example, reported increases of up to three “SIT has been successfully implemented times the number of dengue cases in January against numerous insect pests of agricultural 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. importance and is now being adapted for Meanwhile, in Asia, over 80 000 cases were use against mosquitoes,” said Rafael Argilés reported in Bangladesh in 2019, making it the Herrero, entomologist at the Joint FAO/IAEA country’s largest dengue outbreak on record. Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. “The method is very specific to The situation has been further compounded the target species and has no impact on other by the global COVID-19 pandemic that living organisms or the environment.” began in early 2020. “The combination of dengue and COVID-19 has overburdened Research on the use of SIT against Aedes many health care systems,” said Diana mosquitoes has intensified worldwide, in part Paez, Head of the Nuclear Medicine and through IAEA and FAO support. Examples Diagnostic Imaging Section at the IAEA. include a four-year project launched in 2016 “This is further exacerbated by dengue and to help countries in the Latin America and the COVID-19 sharing similar symptoms and Caribbean region. In 2019, upon Bangladesh’s some laboratory features, making differential request, a four-year work plan was agreed for diagnosis difficult. When one disease is testing SIT for suppressing dengue-spreading misdiagnosed as the other, it complicates mosquitoes. Projects have also been launched disease management and control, which is in Asia and Europe, and pilot tests have been why accurate tests like RT–PCR are critical.” initiated in 13 countries worldwide, with some achieving as high as 95% suppression. Besides diagnosing and tracking these diseases in people, experts have been looking In early 2020, the IAEA, FAO, Special for ways to reduce the virus-spreading Aedes Programme for Research and Training in mosquito population. One option has been Tropical Diseases (TDR) and WHO released area-wide insect management using, among the Guidance Framework for Testing the other techniques, a nuclear-based insect Sterile Insect Technique as a Vector Control (Photo: IAEA) IAEA Bulletin, June 2020 | 23 Infectious Diseases Tool against Aedes-Borne Diseases. The of Foreign Affairs. He explained how the publication outlines how an SIT programme number of reported malaria cases has dropped can be initiated and how to decide whether to in Oman in the last two decades and the implement it in a country’s affected areas. significant role molecular diagnostic imaging methods, acquired through the IAEA’s technical cooperation programme, play in the Malaria country’s new policy to screen travellers from Malaria is an infectious parasitic disease spread malaria-endemic places. “This policy will by female Anopheles mosquitoes. This disease eventually lead to Oman becoming a malaria- threatens approximately half of the world’s free country.” “Diagnostic imaging is population by causing a range of adverse health able to detect malaria symptoms and, in some cases, death. By reducing the population of Anopheles mosquitoes using SIT, experts are also infections that have not Health professionals can diagnose malaria hoping to reduce the spread of malaria. Some been detected through by testing a patient’s blood for microscopic technical challenges they face have been routine screenings.” signs of the parasite, as well as by measuring ensuring only male sterilized mosquitoes antigens from the immune system’s response are released, as well as developing efficient — Hadj Slimane Cherif, Head, Office to the parasite. Polymerase chain reaction trapping systems. This has created obstacles of Peaceful Nuclear Technology, (PCR) testing is also able to detect malaria, to the large-scale use of SIT against this type Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oman particularly in cases with low levels of of mosquito. parasites or when other infections are present. Through medical imaging techniques One of the ongoing challenges with SIT such as X-ray and computed tomography for mosquito control is how to effectively (CT), physicians can evaluate the clinical release these fragile insects. In June 2020, complications of the disease. researchers found that using drones to release sterilized males was more cost-effective, “Diagnostic imaging is able to detect malaria faster and less damaging to the mosquitoes infections that have not been detected through than other common release methods, such as routine screenings,” said Hadj Slimane on-the-ground or by airplane. These findings Cherif, Head of the Office of Peaceful marked a major breakthrough in expanding Nuclear Technology of Oman’s Ministry the use of SIT against mosquitoes. THE SCIENCE Sterile Insect Technique The sterile insect technique (SIT) uses radiation to sterilize male insects that are mass produced in special facilities. Large quantities of the sterile male insects are systematically released from the ground or by air. They mate with wild females in nature, which results in no new offspring. Over time, this brings the insect population down, or, when insect populations are isolated, it can eradicate an entire population. SIT has been successfully used for over 50 years against agricultural insect pests. Mass-rearing of insects Male and female insects are The sterile male insects They compete These females lay eggs that are takes place in special separated. Ionizing radiation is are released. with wild males to mate infertile and bear no ospring, facilities. used to sterilize the male insects. with females. reducing the insect population. (Graphic: R. Kenn/IAEA) 24 | IAEA Bulletin, June 2020.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Dhf)
    DENGUE FEVER AND DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (DHF) What are DENGUE and DHF? Dengue and DHF are viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Cases of dengue and DHF are confirmed every year in travelers returning to the United States after visits to regions such as the South Pacific, Asia, the Caribbean, the Americas and Africa. How is dengue fever spread? Dengue virus is transmitted to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person. What are the symptoms of dengue fever? The most common symptoms of dengue are high fever for 2–7 days, severe headache, backache, joint pains, nausea and vomiting, eye pain and rash. The rash is frequently not visible in dark-skinned people. Young children typically have a milder illness than older children and adults. Most patients report a non-specific flu-like illness. Many patients infected with dengue will not show any symptoms. DHF is a more severe form of dengue. Initial symptoms are the same as dengue but are followed by bleeding problems such as easy bruising, skin hemorrhages, bleeding from the nose or gums, and possible bleeding of the internal organs. DHF is very rare. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? Symptoms of dengue can occur from 3-14 days, commonly 4-7 days, after the bite of an infected mosquito. What is the treatment for dengue fever? There is no specific treatment for dengue. Treatment usually involves treating symptoms such as managing fever, general aches and pains. Persons who have traveled to a tropical or sub-tropical region should consult their physician if they develop symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Dengue and Yellow Fever
    GBL42 11/27/03 4:02 PM Page 262 CHAPTER 42 Dengue and Yellow Fever Dengue, 262 Yellow fever, 265 Further reading, 266 While the most important viral haemorrhagic tor (Aedes aegypti) as well as reinfestation of this fevers numerically (dengue and yellow fever) are insect into Central and South America (it was transmitted exclusively by arthropods, other largely eradicated in the 1960s). Other factors arboviral haemorrhagic fevers (Crimean– include intercontinental transport of car tyres Congo and Rift Valley fevers) can also be trans- containing Aedes albopictus eggs, overcrowding mitted directly by body fluids. A third group of of refugee and urban populations and increasing haemorrhagic fever viruses (Lassa, Ebola, Mar- human travel. In hyperendemic areas of Asia, burg) are only transmitted directly, and are not disease is seen mainly in children. transmitted by arthropods at all. The directly Aedes mosquitoes are ‘peri-domestic’: they transmissible viral haemorrhagic fevers are dis- breed in collections of fresh water around the cussed in Chapter 41. house (e.g. water storage jars).They feed on hu- mans (anthrophilic), mainly by day, and feed re- peatedly on different hosts (enhancing their role Dengue as vectors). Dengue virus is numerically the most important Clinical features arbovirus infecting humans, with an estimated Dengue virus may cause a non-specific febrile 100 million cases per year and 2.5 billion people illness or asymptomatic infection, especially in at risk.There are four serotypes of dengue virus, young children. However, there are two main transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, and it is un- clinical dengue syndromes: dengue fever (DF) usual among arboviruses in that humans are the and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF).
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Arbovirus Surveillance Week 13: March 28-April 3, 2021
    Florida Arbovirus Surveillance Week 13: March 28-April 3, 2021 Arbovirus surveillance in Florida includes endemic mosquito-borne viruses such as West Nile virus (WNV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), as well as exotic viruses such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and California encephalitis group viruses (CEV). Malaria, a parasitic mosquito-borne disease is also included. During the period of March 28- April 3, 2021, the following arboviral activity was recorded in Florida. WNV activity: No human cases of WNV infection were reported this week. No horses with WNV infection were reported this week. No sentinel chickens tested positive for antibodies to WNV this week. In 2021, positive samples from two sentinel chickens has been reported from two counties. SLEV activity: No human cases of SLEV infection were reported this week. No sentinel chickens tested positive for antibodies to SLEV this week. In 2021, no positive samples have been reported. EEEV activity: No human cases of EEEV infection were reported this week. No horses with EEEV infection were reported this week. No sentinel chickens tested positive for antibodies to EEEV this week. In 2021, positive samples from one horse and 14 sentinel chickens have been reported from four counties. International Travel-Associated Dengue Fever Cases: No cases of dengue fever were reported this week in persons that had international travel. In 2021, one travel-associated dengue fever case has been reported. Dengue Fever Cases Acquired in Florida: No cases of locally acquired dengue fever were reported this week. In 2021, no cases of locally acquired dengue fever have been reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Dengue Fever (Breakbone Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever)
    Division of Disease Control What Do I Need to Know? Dengue Fever (breakbone fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever) What is Dengue Fever? Dengue fever is a serious form of mosquito-borne disease caused one of four closely related viruses called Flaviviruses. They are named DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3, or DENV 4. The disease is found in most tropical and subtropical areas (including some islands in the Caribbean, Mexico, most countries of South and Central America, the Pacific, Asia, parts of tropical Africa and Australia). Almost all cases reported in the continental United States are in travelers who have recently returned from countries where the disease circulates. Dengue is endemic to the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam and in recent years non-travel related cases have been found in Texas, Florida, and Hawaii. Who is at risk for Dengue Fever? Dengue fever may occur in people of all ages who are exposed to infected mosquitoes. The disease occurs in areas where the mosquitos that carry dengue circulate, usually during the rainy seasons when mosquito populations are at high numbers. What are the symptoms of Dengue Fever? Dengue fever is characterized by the rapid development of fever that may last from two to seven days, intense headache, joint and muscle pain and a rash. The rash develops on the feet or legs three to four days after the beginning of the fever. Some people with dengue develop dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Symptoms of DHF are characteristic of internal bleeding and include: severe abdominal pain, red patches on skin, bleeding from nose or gums, black stools, vomiting blood, drowsiness, cold and clammy skin and difficulty breathing.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevent Dengue & Chikungunya
    Prevent Dengue & Chikungunya WHO Myanmar newsletter special, 9 September 2019 What is dengue? Dengue situation in Myanmar Dengue is one of the most common mosquito- Cases and deaths 2015-2019 borne viral infections. The infection is spread from one person to another through the bite of infectious mosquitoes, either Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus. There are 4 distinct types of dengue virus, called DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4. Dengue can be mild, as in most cases, or severe, as in few cases. It can cause serious illness and death among children. In Myanmar, July to August is peak season for transmission of dengue - coinciding with monsoon. How every one of us can help prevent dengue source: VBDC, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health & Sports, 2019 z community awareness for mosquito breeding As shown above, dengue is cyclical in Myanmar, control is key alternating annually, as is the case in many countries. z cover, empty and clean domestic water storage At the same time, the number of dengue cases, and containers -- weekly is best deaths due to denge, over the period 2015 to 2018, z remove from the environment plastic bottles, both show a decreasing trend overall. plastic bags, fruit cans, discarded tyres -- for these are preferred mosquito breeding sites by Examples of how national and local authorities aedes aegypti (depicted) and aedes albopictus contribute z drain water collection points around the house z providing support for dengue management at z seek advice of a health professional if you have health facilities. multiple signs or symptoms of dengue z strengthening online reporting of dengue, How to recognize dengue? what are signs and using electronic based information system.
    [Show full text]
  • Guiding Dengue Vaccine Development Using Knowledge Gained from the Success of the Yellow Fever Vaccine
    Cellular & Molecular Immunology (2016) 13, 36–46 ß 2015 CSI and USTC. All rights reserved 1672-7681/15 $32.00 www.nature.com/cmi REVIEW Guiding dengue vaccine development using knowledge gained from the success of the yellow fever vaccine Huabin Liang, Min Lee and Xia Jin Flaviviruses comprise approximately 70 closely related RNA viruses. These include several mosquito-borne pathogens, such as yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue virus (DENV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which can cause significant human diseases and thus are of great medical importance. Vaccines against both YFV and JEV have been used successfully in humans for decades; however, the development of a DENV vaccine has encountered considerable obstacles. Here, we review the protective immune responses elicited by the vaccine against YFV to provide some insights into the development of a protective DENV vaccine. Cellular & Molecular Immunology (2016) 13, 36–46; doi:10.1038/cmi.2015.76 Keywords: dengue virus; protective immunity; vaccine; yellow fever INTRODUCTION from a viremic patient and is capable of delivering viruses to its Flaviviruses belong to the family Flaviviridae, which includes offspring, thereby amplifying the number of carriers of infec- mosquito-borne pathogens such as yellow fever virus (YFV), tion.6,7 Because international travel has become more frequent, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV), and infected vectors can be transported much more easily from an West Nile virus (WNV). Flaviviruses can cause human diseases endemic region to other areas of the world, rendering vector- and thus are considered medically important. According to borne diseases such as dengue fever a global health problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission of Dengue Virus Without a Mosquito Vector: Nosocomial
    BRIEF REPORT Transmission of Dengue Virus had recently returned from Peru; the presumed mechanism of transmission was mucocutaneous exposure that occurred dur- without a Mosquito Vector: ing medical care. We describe both cases of dengue fever and Nosocomial Mucocutaneous review the ways that dengue virus can be transmitted without mosquito vectors. Transmission and Other Routes Case reports. Patient 1, a 48-year-old female traveler, pres- of Transmission ented in November 2002 with a 5-day history of fever, myalgia, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/39/6/e56/359683 by guest on 30 September 2021 and headache. She had recently returned from Iquitos, Peru Lin H. Chen1,2,3 and Mary E. Wilson1,3 (on a trip that lasted from 1 through 10 November), where 1Harvard Medical School, and 2Travel Medicine Center and 3Division of she worked as a nurse on a medical mission and traveled Infectious Diseases, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts through the Amazon jungles. She stayed in a hotel that had unscreened, open windows. The patient had received hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and oral typhoid vaccines prior to We report a case of dengue fever in a Boston-area health travel, and she took mefloquine hydrochloride for malaria pro- care worker with no recent history of travel but with mu- phylaxis. She had received yellow fever vaccine in 1997. cocutaneous exposure to infected blood from a febrile trav- At examination, the patient’s temperature was 37.9ЊC. Ab- eler who had recently returned from Peru. Serologic tests normal findings included marked erythroderma, especially on confirmed acute dengue virus infection in both the traveler the patient’s back, and a maculopapular rash along her hairline.
    [Show full text]
  • Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Information for Health Care Practitioners Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4). Infection with one serotype of DENV provides immunity to that serotype for life, but provides no long-term immunity to other serotypes. Thus, a person can be infected as many as four times, once with each serotype. Dengue viruses are transmitted from person to person by Aedes mosquitoes (most often Aedes aegypti) in the domestic environment. Epidemics have occurred periodically in the Western Hemisphere for more than 200 years. In the past 30 years, dengue transmission and the frequency of dengue epidemics have increased greatly in most tropical countries in the American region. Clinical Diagnosis Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome Dengue Some patients with dengue fever go on to develop Classic dengue fever, or “break bone fever,” is dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), a severe and characterized by acute onset of high fever 3–14 days sometimes fatal form of the disease. Around the time after the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms the fever begins to subside (usually 3–7 days after include frontal headache, retro-orbital pain, myalgias, symptom onset), the patient may develop warning arthralgias, hemorrhagic manifestations, rash, and signs of severe disease. Warning signs include severe low white blood cell count. The patient also may complain abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, marked change of anorexia and nausea. Acute symptoms, when present, in temperature (from fever to hypothermia), usually last about 1 week, but weakness, malaise, and hemorrhagic manifestations, or change in mental anorexia may persist for several weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept
    pathogens Article Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept Ravendra P. Chauhan 1 , Zelalem G. Dessie 2,3 , Ayman Noreddin 4,5 and Mohamed E. El Zowalaty 4,6,7,* 1 School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; [email protected] 2 School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; [email protected] 3 Department of Statistics, College of Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar 6000, Ethiopia 4 Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; [email protected] 5 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA 6 Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE 75185 Uppsala, Sweden 7 Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and St. Jude Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), St Jude Children Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 17 February 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 20 April 2020 Abstract: Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • West Nile Virus Restriction in Mosquito and Human Cells: a Virus Under Confinement
    Review West Nile Virus Restriction in Mosquito and Human Cells: A Virus under Confinement Marie-France Martin and Sébastien Nisole * Viral Trafficking, Restriction and Innate Signaling Team, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, 34090 Montpellier, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 May 2020; Accepted: 27 May 2020; Published: 29 May 2020 Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic flavivirus that naturally circulates between mosquitoes and birds. However, WNV has a broad host range and can be transmitted from mosquitoes to several mammalian species, including humans, through infected saliva during a blood meal. Although WNV infections are mostly asymptomatic, 20% to 30% of cases are symptomatic and can occasionally lead to severe symptoms, including fatal meningitis or encephalitis. Over the past decades, WNV-carrying mosquitoes have become increasingly widespread across new regions, including North America and Europe, which constitutes a public health concern. Nevertheless, mosquito and human innate immune defenses can detect WNV infection and induce the expression of antiviral effectors, so-called viral restriction factors, to control viral propagation. Conversely, WNV has developed countermeasures to escape these host defenses, thus establishing a constant arms race between the virus and its hosts. Our review intends to cover most of the current knowledge on viral restriction factors as well as WNV evasion strategies in mosquito and human cells in order to bring an updated overview on WNV–host interactions. Keywords: West Nile virus; restriction factors; interferon; innate immunity; mosquito; viral countermeasures; viral evasion 1. Introduction 1.1. West Nile Virus Incidence West Nile virus (WNV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family, from the Flavivirus genus, which also comprises Zika virus (ZIKV), dengue virus (DENV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and yellow fever virus (YFV).
    [Show full text]
  • Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus: Introduction in the Americas Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2011
    O P S N N O PR O V United States of America Washington, D.C. 20037, 525 Twenty-third Street, N.W., I S M A U L U N T D E I O H P A PAHO/CDC PREparEDNESS AND RESPONSE FOR CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS INTRODUCTION IN THE AMERICAS Chikungunya Virus Chikungunya Introduction in theAmericas in Introduction Preparedness andResponse for Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the Americas S A LU O T R E P O P A P H S O N I O D V I M U N PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Pan American Health Organization Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus: Introduction in the Americas Washington, D.C.: PAHO, © 2011 ISBN: 978-92-75-11632-6 I. Title 1. VECTOR CONTROL 2. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL 3. EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE 4. DISEASE OUTBREAKS 5. VIRUS DISEASE - transmission 6. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES 7. AMERICAS NLM QX 650.DA1 The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to Editorial Services, Area of Knowledge Management and Communications (KMC), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The Area for Health Surveillance and Disease Prevention and Control, Project for Alert and Response and Epidemic Diseases, at (202) 974-3010 or via email at [email protected], will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. ©Pan American Health Organization, 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Article Evaluating the Use of Fluorescence-Based Flow Cytometry
    Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 51(2):168-173, March-April, 2018 doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0404-2017 Major Article Evaluating the use of fluorescence-based flow cytometry assay for dengue diagnosis using peripheral blood mononuclear cells Luzia Aparecida Costa Barreira[1], Priscila Santos Scheucher[2], Marilia Farignoli Romeiro[1], Leonardo La Serra[1], Soraya Jabur Badra[1], William Marciel de Souza[1] and Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo[1] [1]. Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. [2]. Laboratório de Hematologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. Abstract Introduction: Dengue virus (DENV) is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide with an estimated 50 million infections occurring each year. Methods: In this study, we present a flow cytometry assay (FACS) for diagnosing DENV, and compare its results with those of the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) immunochromatographic assay and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: All three assays identified 29.1% (39/134) of the patients as dengue- positive. The FACS approach and real-time RT-PCR detected the DENV in 39 and 44 samples, respectively. On the other hand, the immunochromatographic assay detected the NS1 protein in 40.1% (56/134) of the patients. The Cohen's kappa coefficient analysis revealed a substantial agreement among the three methods. Conclusions: The FACS approach may be a useful alternative for dengue diagnosis and can be implemented in public and private laboratories. Keywords: Dengue virus. Arbovirus. Flavivirus. Viral diagnostic.
    [Show full text]