Yellow Fever: Integrating Current Knowledge with Technological Innovations to Identify Strategies for Controlling a Re-Emerging Virus
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Flavivirus: from Structure to Therapeutics Development
life Review Flavivirus: From Structure to Therapeutics Development Rong Zhao 1,2,†, Meiyue Wang 1,2,†, Jing Cao 1,2, Jing Shen 1,2, Xin Zhou 3, Deping Wang 1,2,* and Jimin Cao 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; [email protected] (R.Z.); [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China 3 Department of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (J.C.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Flaviviruses are still a hidden threat to global human safety, as we are reminded by recent reports of dengue virus infections in Singapore and African-lineage-like Zika virus infections in Brazil. Therapeutic drugs or vaccines for flavivirus infections are in urgent need but are not well developed. The Flaviviridae family comprises a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome of positive polarity. The genome of flavivirus encodes ten proteins, and each of them plays a different and important role in viral infection. In this review, we briefly summarized the major information of flavivirus and further introduced some strategies for the design and development of vaccines and anti-flavivirus compound drugs based on the structure of the viral proteins. There is no doubt that in the past few years, studies of antiviral drugs have achieved solid progress based on better understanding of the flavivirus biology. -
Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (Dhf)
DENGUE FEVER AND DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER (DHF) What are DENGUE and DHF? Dengue and DHF are viral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Cases of dengue and DHF are confirmed every year in travelers returning to the United States after visits to regions such as the South Pacific, Asia, the Caribbean, the Americas and Africa. How is dengue fever spread? Dengue virus is transmitted to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Dengue cannot be spread directly from person to person. What are the symptoms of dengue fever? The most common symptoms of dengue are high fever for 2–7 days, severe headache, backache, joint pains, nausea and vomiting, eye pain and rash. The rash is frequently not visible in dark-skinned people. Young children typically have a milder illness than older children and adults. Most patients report a non-specific flu-like illness. Many patients infected with dengue will not show any symptoms. DHF is a more severe form of dengue. Initial symptoms are the same as dengue but are followed by bleeding problems such as easy bruising, skin hemorrhages, bleeding from the nose or gums, and possible bleeding of the internal organs. DHF is very rare. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? Symptoms of dengue can occur from 3-14 days, commonly 4-7 days, after the bite of an infected mosquito. What is the treatment for dengue fever? There is no specific treatment for dengue. Treatment usually involves treating symptoms such as managing fever, general aches and pains. Persons who have traveled to a tropical or sub-tropical region should consult their physician if they develop symptoms. -
2020 Taxonomic Update for Phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), Including the Large Orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales
Archives of Virology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04731-2 VIROLOGY DIVISION NEWS 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales Jens H. Kuhn1 · Scott Adkins2 · Daniela Alioto3 · Sergey V. Alkhovsky4 · Gaya K. Amarasinghe5 · Simon J. Anthony6,7 · Tatjana Avšič‑Županc8 · María A. Ayllón9,10 · Justin Bahl11 · Anne Balkema‑Buschmann12 · Matthew J. Ballinger13 · Tomáš Bartonička14 · Christopher Basler15 · Sina Bavari16 · Martin Beer17 · Dennis A. Bente18 · Éric Bergeron19 · Brian H. Bird20 · Carol Blair21 · Kim R. Blasdell22 · Steven B. Bradfute23 · Rachel Breyta24 · Thomas Briese25 · Paul A. Brown26 · Ursula J. Buchholz27 · Michael J. Buchmeier28 · Alexander Bukreyev18,29 · Felicity Burt30 · Nihal Buzkan31 · Charles H. Calisher32 · Mengji Cao33,34 · Inmaculada Casas35 · John Chamberlain36 · Kartik Chandran37 · Rémi N. Charrel38 · Biao Chen39 · Michela Chiumenti40 · Il‑Ryong Choi41 · J. Christopher S. Clegg42 · Ian Crozier43 · John V. da Graça44 · Elena Dal Bó45 · Alberto M. R. Dávila46 · Juan Carlos de la Torre47 · Xavier de Lamballerie38 · Rik L. de Swart48 · Patrick L. Di Bello49 · Nicholas Di Paola50 · Francesco Di Serio40 · Ralf G. Dietzgen51 · Michele Digiaro52 · Valerian V. Dolja53 · Olga Dolnik54 · Michael A. Drebot55 · Jan Felix Drexler56 · Ralf Dürrwald57 · Lucie Dufkova58 · William G. Dundon59 · W. Paul Duprex60 · John M. Dye50 · Andrew J. Easton61 · Hideki Ebihara62 · Toufc Elbeaino63 · Koray Ergünay64 · Jorlan Fernandes195 · Anthony R. Fooks65 · Pierre B. H. Formenty66 · Leonie F. Forth17 · Ron A. M. Fouchier48 · Juliana Freitas‑Astúa67 · Selma Gago‑Zachert68,69 · George Fú Gāo70 · María Laura García71 · Adolfo García‑Sastre72 · Aura R. Garrison50 · Aiah Gbakima73 · Tracey Goldstein74 · Jean‑Paul J. Gonzalez75,76 · Anthony Grifths77 · Martin H. Groschup12 · Stephan Günther78 · Alexandro Guterres195 · Roy A. -
Efficacy of Vaccines in Animal Models of Ebolavirus Disease
Supplemental Table 1. Efficacy of vaccines in animal models of Ebolavirus disease. Vaccines Immunization Schedule Mouse Model Guinea Pig Model NHP Model Virus Vectors HPIV3 Immunogens Guinea Pigs: Complete protection Complete protection HPIV3 ∆HN-F/ EBOV GP IN 4 x 106 PFU of HPIV3 with HPIV3 ∆HN-F/EBOV with 2 doses of [1] ∆HN-F/EBOV GP or GP, HPIV3/EBOV GP, or HPIV3/EBOV GP [3] EBOV GP [1-3] HPIV3/EBOV GP [1] HPIV3/EBOV NP [1, 2] No advantage to EBOV NP [2] IN 105.3 PFU of HPIV/EBOV Strong humoral response bivalent vaccines EBOV GP + NP [3] GP or NP [2] EBOV GP +GM-CSF [3] HPIV3- NHPs: 6 IN plus IT 4 x 10 TCID50 of HPIV3/EBOV GP, HPIV3/EBOV GP+GM-CSF, HPIV3/EBOVGP NP or 2 x 7 10 TCID50 of HPIV3/EBOV GP for 1–2 doses [3] RABV ∆GP/EBOV GP Mice: IM 5 x 105 FFU Complete protection with (Live attenuated) [4] either vector RABV/EBOV GP fused to EBOV GP incorporation into GCD of RABV virions not dependent on (inactivated) [4] RABV GCD Human Ad5 Immunogens Mice: With induced preexisting Ad5 With systemically CMVEBOV GP [5-9] IN, PO, IM 1 x 1010 [6] to 5 immunity, complete induced preexisting Ad5 CAGoptEBOV GP [8, 9] x 1010 [5] particles of protection with only IN immunity, complete Ad5/CMVEBOV GP Ad5/CMVEBOV GP [5] protection with IN IP 1 x 108 PFU With no Ad5 immunity: Ad5/CMVEBOV GP [8] Ad5/CMVEBOV GP[7] complete protection With mucosally induced IM 1 x 104–1 x 107 IFU of regardless of route [5-7, 9] preexisting Ad5 Ad5/CMVEBOV GP or 1 x Mucosal immunization Ad5- immunity, 83% 104–1 x 106 IFU of EBOV GP increased cellular -
Dengue Fact Sheet
State of California California Department of Public Health Health and Human Services Agency Division of Communicable Disease Control Dengue Fact Sheet What is dengue? Dengue is a disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses (DENV- 1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). Where does dengue occur? Dengue occurs in many tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world, particularly sub- Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Central and South America. With the exception of Mexico, Puerto Rico, small areas in southern Texas and southern Florida, and some regions of Hawaii, dengue transmission does not occur in North America. Worldwide there are an estimated 50 to 100 million cases of dengue per year. How do people get dengue? People get dengue from the bite of an infected mosquito. The mosquito becomes infected when it bites a person who has dengue virus in their blood. It takes a week or more for the dengue organisms to mature in the mosquito; then the mosquito can transmit the virus to another person when it bites. Dengue is transmitted principally by Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito) and Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito). These mosquitoes are not native to California, but infestations have been identified in multiple counties in California. Dengue virus cannot be transmitted from person to person. What are the symptoms of dengue? There are two types of illness that can result from infection with a dengue virus: dengue and severe dengue. The main symptoms of dengue are high fever, severe headache, severe pain behind the eyes, joint pain, muscle and bone pain, rash, bruising, and may include mild bleeding from the nose or mouth. -
Dengue and Yellow Fever
GBL42 11/27/03 4:02 PM Page 262 CHAPTER 42 Dengue and Yellow Fever Dengue, 262 Yellow fever, 265 Further reading, 266 While the most important viral haemorrhagic tor (Aedes aegypti) as well as reinfestation of this fevers numerically (dengue and yellow fever) are insect into Central and South America (it was transmitted exclusively by arthropods, other largely eradicated in the 1960s). Other factors arboviral haemorrhagic fevers (Crimean– include intercontinental transport of car tyres Congo and Rift Valley fevers) can also be trans- containing Aedes albopictus eggs, overcrowding mitted directly by body fluids. A third group of of refugee and urban populations and increasing haemorrhagic fever viruses (Lassa, Ebola, Mar- human travel. In hyperendemic areas of Asia, burg) are only transmitted directly, and are not disease is seen mainly in children. transmitted by arthropods at all. The directly Aedes mosquitoes are ‘peri-domestic’: they transmissible viral haemorrhagic fevers are dis- breed in collections of fresh water around the cussed in Chapter 41. house (e.g. water storage jars).They feed on hu- mans (anthrophilic), mainly by day, and feed re- peatedly on different hosts (enhancing their role Dengue as vectors). Dengue virus is numerically the most important Clinical features arbovirus infecting humans, with an estimated Dengue virus may cause a non-specific febrile 100 million cases per year and 2.5 billion people illness or asymptomatic infection, especially in at risk.There are four serotypes of dengue virus, young children. However, there are two main transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, and it is un- clinical dengue syndromes: dengue fever (DF) usual among arboviruses in that humans are the and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). -
First Detection of the West Nile Virus Koutango Lineage in Sandflies In
pathogens Article First Detection of the West Nile Virus Koutango Lineage in Sandflies in Niger Gamou Fall 1,* , Diawo Diallo 2 , Hadiza Soumaila 3,4, El Hadji Ndiaye 2 , Adamou Lagare 5, Bacary Djilocalisse Sadio 1, Marie Henriette Dior Ndione 1, Michael Wiley 6,7 , Moussa Dia 1, Mamadou Diop 8, Arame Ba 1, Fati Sidikou 5, Bienvenu Baruani Ngoy 9, Oumar Faye 1, Jean Testa 5, Cheikh Loucoubar 8 , Amadou Alpha Sall 1, Mawlouth Diallo 2 and Ousmane Faye 1 1 Pole of Virology, WHO Collaborating Center For Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Virus, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; [email protected] (B.D.S.); [email protected] (M.H.D.N.); [email protected] (M.D.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (O.F.); [email protected] (A.A.S.); [email protected] (O.F.) 2 Citation: Fall, G.; Diallo, D.; Pole of Zoology, Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal; Soumaila, H.; Ndiaye, E.H.; Lagare, [email protected] (D.D.); [email protected] (E.H.N.); [email protected] (M.D.) 3 A.; Sadio, B.D.; Ndione, M.H.D.; Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministère de la Santé Publique du Niger, Niamey BP 623, Niger; [email protected] Wiley, M.; Dia, M.; Diop, M.; et al. 4 PMI Vector Link Project, Niamey BP 11051, Niger First Detection of the West Nile Virus 5 Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey BP 10887, Niger; [email protected] (A.L.); Koutango Lineage in Sandflies in [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (J.T.) Niger. -
Florida Arbovirus Surveillance Week 13: March 28-April 3, 2021
Florida Arbovirus Surveillance Week 13: March 28-April 3, 2021 Arbovirus surveillance in Florida includes endemic mosquito-borne viruses such as West Nile virus (WNV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), as well as exotic viruses such as dengue virus (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and California encephalitis group viruses (CEV). Malaria, a parasitic mosquito-borne disease is also included. During the period of March 28- April 3, 2021, the following arboviral activity was recorded in Florida. WNV activity: No human cases of WNV infection were reported this week. No horses with WNV infection were reported this week. No sentinel chickens tested positive for antibodies to WNV this week. In 2021, positive samples from two sentinel chickens has been reported from two counties. SLEV activity: No human cases of SLEV infection were reported this week. No sentinel chickens tested positive for antibodies to SLEV this week. In 2021, no positive samples have been reported. EEEV activity: No human cases of EEEV infection were reported this week. No horses with EEEV infection were reported this week. No sentinel chickens tested positive for antibodies to EEEV this week. In 2021, positive samples from one horse and 14 sentinel chickens have been reported from four counties. International Travel-Associated Dengue Fever Cases: No cases of dengue fever were reported this week in persons that had international travel. In 2021, one travel-associated dengue fever case has been reported. Dengue Fever Cases Acquired in Florida: No cases of locally acquired dengue fever were reported this week. In 2021, no cases of locally acquired dengue fever have been reported. -
Presentation
COMPLETE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER VIRUS INACTIVATION DURING LYSIS IN THE FILMARRAY BIOTHREAT-E ASSAY DEMONSTRATES THE BIOSAFETY OF THIS TEST. Olivier Ferraris (3), Françoise Gay-Andrieu (1), Marie Moroso (2), Fanny Jarjaval (3), Mark Miller (1), Christophe N. Peyrefitte (3) (1) bioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France, (2) Fondation Mérieux, France (3) Unité de Virologie, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France Background : Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by mainly five families of viruses namely Arenaviridae, Filoviridae , Bunyaviridae (Orthonairovirus genus ), Flaviviruses and Paramyxovirus (Henipavirus genus). The filovirus species known to cause disease in humans, Ebola virus (Zaire Ebolavirus), Sudan virus (Sudan Ebolavirus), Tai Forest virus (Tai Forest Ebolavirus), Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo Ebolavirus), and Marburg virus are restricted to Central Africa for 35 years, and spread to Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone in early 2014. Lassa fever is responsible for disease outbreaks across West Africa and in Southern Africa in 2008, with the identification of novel world arenavirus (Lujo virus). Henipavirus spread South Asia to Australia. CCHFv spread asia to south europa. They are transmitted from host reservoir by direct contacts or through vectors such as ticks bits. Working with VHF viruses, need a Biosafety Level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory, however during epidemics such observed with Ebola virus in 2014, the need to diagnose rapidly the patients raised the necessity to develop local laboratories These viruses represents a threat to healthcare workers and researches who manage infected diagnostic samples in laboratories. Aim : 1 Inactivation step An FilmArray Bio Thereat-E assay for detection of Hemorrhagic fever viruse Interfering substance HF virus + FA Lysis Buffer such as Ebola virus was developed to respond to Hemorrhagic fever virus 106 Ebola virus Whole blood + outbreak. -
Dengue Fever/Severe Dengue Fever/Chikungunya Fever! Report on Suspicion of Infection During Business Hours
Dengue Fever/Severe Dengue Fever/Chikungunya Fever! Report on suspicion of infection during business hours PROTOCOL CHECKLIST Enter available information into Merlin upon receipt of initial report Review background information on the disease (see Section 2), case definitions (see Section 3 for dengue and for chikungunya), and laboratory testing (see Section 4) Forward specimens to the Florida Department of Health (DOH) Bureau of Public Health Laboratories (BPHL) for confirmatory laboratory testing (as needed) Inform local mosquito control personnel of suspected chikungunya or dengue case as soon as possible (if applicable) Inform state Arbovirus Surveillance Coordinator on suspicion of locally acquired arbovirus infection Contact provider (see Section 5A) Interview case-patient Review disease facts (see Section 2) Mode of transmission Ask about exposure to relevant risk factors (see Section 5. Case Investigation) History of travel, outdoor activities, and mosquito bites two weeks prior to onset History of febrile illness or travel for household members or other close contacts in the month prior to onset History of previous arbovirus infection or vaccination (yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis) Provide education on transmission and prevention (see Section 6) Awareness of mosquito-borne diseases Drain standing water at least weekly to stop mosquitoes from multiplying Discard items that collect water and are not being used Cover skin with clothing or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered repellent such as DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) Use permethrin on clothing (not skin) according to manufacturer’s directions Cover doors and windows with intact screens to keep mosquitoes out of the house Enter additional data obtained from interview into Merlin (see Section 5D) Arrange for a convalescent specimen to be taken (if necessary) Dengue/Chikungunya Guide to Surveillance and Investigation Dengue Fever/Severe Dengue/Chikungunya 1. -
Combatting Malaria, Dengue and Zika Using Nuclear Technology by Nicole Jawerth and Elodie Broussard
Infectious Diseases Combatting malaria, dengue and Zika using nuclear technology By Nicole Jawerth and Elodie Broussard A male Aedes species mosquito. iseases such as malaria, dengue and transcription–polymerase chain reaction (Photo: IAEA) Zika, spread by various mosquito (RT–PCR) (see page 8). Experts across the Dspecies, are wreaking havoc on millions of world have been trained and equipped by lives worldwide. To combat these harmful the IAEA to use this technique for detecting, and often life-threatening diseases, experts tracking and studying pathogens such as in many countries are turning to nuclear and viruses. The diagnostic results help health nuclear-derived techniques for both disease care professionals to provide treatment and detection and insect control. enable experts to track the viruses and take action to control their spread. Dengue and Zika When a new outbreak of disease struck in The dengue virus and Zika virus are mainly 2015 and 2016, physicians weren’t sure of spread by Aedes species mosquitoes, which its cause, but RT–PCR helped to determine are most common in tropical regions. In most that the outbreak was the Zika virus and not cases, the dengue virus causes debilitating another virus such as dengue. RT–PCR was flu-like symptoms, but all four strains of the used to detect the virus in infected people virus also have the potential to cause severe, throughout the epidemic, which was declared life-threatening diseases. In the case of the Zika a public health emergency of international virus, many infected people are asymptomatic concern by the World Health Organization or only have mild symptoms; however, the virus (WHO) in January 2016. -
Dengue Fever (Breakbone Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever)
Division of Disease Control What Do I Need to Know? Dengue Fever (breakbone fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever) What is Dengue Fever? Dengue fever is a serious form of mosquito-borne disease caused one of four closely related viruses called Flaviviruses. They are named DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3, or DENV 4. The disease is found in most tropical and subtropical areas (including some islands in the Caribbean, Mexico, most countries of South and Central America, the Pacific, Asia, parts of tropical Africa and Australia). Almost all cases reported in the continental United States are in travelers who have recently returned from countries where the disease circulates. Dengue is endemic to the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Guam and in recent years non-travel related cases have been found in Texas, Florida, and Hawaii. Who is at risk for Dengue Fever? Dengue fever may occur in people of all ages who are exposed to infected mosquitoes. The disease occurs in areas where the mosquitos that carry dengue circulate, usually during the rainy seasons when mosquito populations are at high numbers. What are the symptoms of Dengue Fever? Dengue fever is characterized by the rapid development of fever that may last from two to seven days, intense headache, joint and muscle pain and a rash. The rash develops on the feet or legs three to four days after the beginning of the fever. Some people with dengue develop dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Symptoms of DHF are characteristic of internal bleeding and include: severe abdominal pain, red patches on skin, bleeding from nose or gums, black stools, vomiting blood, drowsiness, cold and clammy skin and difficulty breathing.