“Cephalopod Fauna in the Southern Ocean Using the Diet of Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea Exulans : a Stable Isotopes Approach”

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“Cephalopod Fauna in the Southern Ocean Using the Diet of Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea Exulans : a Stable Isotopes Approach” Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal “Cephalopod Fauna in the Southern Ocean using the diet of wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans : a stable isotopes approach” Miguel Fernandes Guerreiro Dissertação Mestrado em Ecologia Marinha 2012 Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Animal “Cephalopod Fauna in the Southern Ocean using the diet of wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans : a stable isotopes approach” Miguel Fernandes Guerreiro Dissertação Orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Rui Rosa da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa e Doutor José Xavier do Instituto do Mar em Coimbra e do British Antarctic Survey Mestrado em Ecologia Marinha 2012 1 Á memória de Josefa Esteves Afonso (17/03/1933 - 23/09/2011), carinhosamente chamada por avó. 2 AGRADECIMENTOS Quero agradecer ao meu orientador externo Dr. José Xavier pela oportunidade em fazer uma tese desta escala, e focada na Antártida. Foi um excelente orientador, já que me guio em todo o processo do desenvolvimento de uma dissertação cientifica e todo o processo por detrás desta, e levou-me aos melhores locais da Europa (e senão do Mundo) para se fazer ciência Polar e apresentou-me os maiores especialistas na matéria. Para rematar, e citando o mesmo, foi um orientador “Brutal” (Xavier, 2007). Ao meu orientador interno Dr. Rui Rosa, que puxou por mim, e me “puxou pelas orelhas” quando foi preciso. Ao Dr. Yves Cherel, pelos seus comentários, perspectivas e conhecimentos que me passou fundamentais para a minha dissertação. Ao Dr. Filipe Ceia, pela sua paciência e compreensão no laboratório de Coimbra (IMAR). Se não fosse ele, provávelmente os meus resultados estariam todos contaminados devido á minha inexperiência. Á Dr. Alexandra e á Dr. Gabriela (IMAR), por correr as análises de isótopos estáveis e “tomar contar” da minha equipa de trabalho respectivamente. Á minha equipa de trabalho (Pedro Alvito e José Seco), pela a ajuda no processamento de mandíbulas de cefalópodes em Coimbra. Á minha irmã pela ajuda na formatação do texto da tese. Á minha Familia, e ao meu grupo de amigos, ambos por me ouvirem um bilião de vezes a falar de isótopos, e responderem-me de volta, e claro, pela afeição que nutrem por mim. 3 ABSTRACT The Southern Ocean is a key component in the climatic and ecological global system. Cephalopods play an important task in this ecosystem. However, they are difficult to collect and therefore the basic knowledge regarding their ecology is scarce. The wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans , is a cephalopod predator. Here I characterize the cephalopod component of D. exulans diet by collecting boluses and regurgitates of chicks from around the ocean, in South Georgia, Crozet and Kerguelen Islands. By using stable isotopes analyses of Nitrogen and Carbon on the squids found on the diet, I can determine the distribution and trophic level of them, an approach that may provide important information about the threats of D. exulans . D. exulans fed predominantly in Onychoteuthid and Histioteuthid squids and secondarily on cranchiids and giant squids. Kerguelen diet differs from the others due to the influence of these large bodied squids, further proving the idea that much of the diet of these seabirds comes from scavenging. Cephalopods of the Southern Ocean were distributed within three water masses (Subtropical, Subantarctic and Antarctic), except for South Georgia (Antarctic and Subantarctic). Much of the previous biogeographic distributions of these squids in the Indian sector were confirmed or expanded north, for the subantarctic region. Cephalopods on the Southern Ocean occupy a great trophic span, from Martialia hyadesi (3.52±0.25 TL) to Taningia danae (6.01±0.15 TL).Thus, squids play a key role in the trophic ecology of D. exulans , that feeds mainly of Antarctic and Subantarctic and secondarily of Subtropical squids. Based on these findings, we may argue that D. exulans have different threats within the Southern Ocean: in the Atlantic, Longliners operating in the nearby shelves are the main threat; In the Indian sector, there is different contributions from Subtropical Tuna fishing and longliners in the shelves, at the two studied islands. Key-Words: Cephalopods, Southern Ocean, Stable Isotopes, Diomedea exulans . 4 RESUMO O Oceano Antártico, também conhecido como Oceano Austral e Oceano Glacial Antártico, é constituído por uma série de bacias abissais oceânicas, interrompidas pelas cristas oceânicas de Scotia e Macquarie e pela plataforma continental de Kerguelen. Este oceano representa um importante componente tanto do Clima e Oceano global, como também da Bioesfera. É aqui que se inicia a corrente termohalina profunda, fundamental para a vida submarina planetária devido ao abastecimento de oxigénio às camadas mais profundas do oceano, e para a vida à superfície, visto que transporta nutrientes das profundezas para os produtores primários pelágicos. Também é nesta região que se encontra a corrente circumpolar antártica, acompanhada pelas vagas e ventos de oeste que aumentam a profundidade da camada homogénea superficial (conceito fundamental em produção primária). Para a existência destes fenómenos fundamentais e para a manutenção da calote glacial é essencial que as temperaturas registadas na Antártida permaneçam abaixo de zero. Deste Oceano dependem vários animais para se reproduzirem e alimentarem, nomeadamente a ave com maior envergadura de asas do nosso planeta, o Albatroz-Errante ( Diomedea exulans ). Esta espécie está, segundo a União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (I.U.C.N), vulnerável à extinção, em muito devido à mortalidade que advém da interação desta ave com barcos de pesca que operam nas suas áreas de alimentação. Os aparelhos atualmente utilizados para seguir estes animais quando partem para o mar em busca de alimento apenas nos fornecem dados de localização e massa do alimento, mas nada acerca de intensidade ou frequência de itens ingeridos, nem a categoria taxonómica a que esses itens pertencem. Uma dessas categorias taxonómicas, a teutofauna, é composta pelos cefalópodes (lulas e polvos), que, no oceano Austral apresentam um alto grau de endemismo, e muitas divisões taxonómicas não se encontram aqui presentes, como é o caso dos chocos e lulas Myopsidas. Teoriza-se que a teutofauna seja responsável por uma cadeia trófica alternativa ao Krill ( Euphausia superba ) e que substitua o nicho alimentar dos grandes peixes epipelágicos. Estes moluscos são muito esquivos, conseguindo evadir-se muito eficazmente à captura por métodos tradicionais tanto pelos cruzeiros científicos, como por barcos de pesca, daí a informação atualmente disponível relativamente a estes animais nesta região ser reduzida. 5 Nos últimos anos têm sido desenvolvidas técnicas e metodologias com isótopos estáveis de Carbono e Azoto que pemitem averiguar a partir das assinaturas destes elementos (razão entre a concentração do isótopo mais pesado sobre a do mais leve) nas mandibulas inferiores das lulas, a distribuição latitudinal e posição trófica (respetivamente) destes animais. A assinatura de Carbono é caracteristico de cada latitude neste Oceano, logo informa onde as lulas se alimentaram, e como a assinatura de Azoto enriquece de uma forma mais ou menos linear de nível trófico em nível trófico, é possivel calcular níveis tróficos com esta assinatura. Assim, este estudo pretende averiguar a intensidade de captura de cefalópodes pelo D. exulans ao longo do oceano em estudo, através da caracterização da dieta em cefalópodes deste e averiguar a distribuição geográfica (e trófica) destes cefalópodes, e finalmente, inferir a partir desta informação consequências conservacionistas para o D. exulans . Para tal, obtiveram-se regurgitações induzidas e boluses de crias de D. exulans nas ilhas da Geórgia do sul, Crozet e Kerguelen, donde se recolheram as mandíbulas dos cefalópodes usadas neste estudo. Através da identificação de cada mandíbula e uso de equações alométricas para estrapolar o peso da lula a partir do tamanho da mandíbula, foi possível obter valores da abundância numérica e em massa das várias espécies, e assim caracterizar a dieta. Para averiguar a distribuição latitudinal das lulas, foram consideradas as assinaturas de Carbono superiores a -19,5‰ e inferiores a -22,3‰ como subtropicais e antárticas, respetivamente, e as que se encontravam entre estes limites, como subantárticas. Enquanto que para o cálculo do nível trófico, foi usada uma função linear que transforma a assinatura de Azoto da mandíbula em nível trófico. Com os dados obtidos nas alíneas anteriores, foi possível obter a latitude média em que os cefalópodes da dieta vivem, através do cálculo da média da assinatura de Carbono das lulas encontradas na dieta, ponderando-a com o peso (neste caso a percentagem de indivíduos) que as espécies têm na dieta. A dieta na Geórgia do sul e Crozet foi dominada em número pelas lulas Kondakovia longimana (24,2% e 33,7%), Taonius sp B (Voss) (23,7% na Geórgia do sul), Galiteuthis glacialis (8,8% em Crozet) e Histioteuthis eltaninae (10,6% e 25,3%). 6 Em Kerguelen, a ordem de importância do contributo em número é o inverso da observada nas outras ilhas, com Histioteuthis atlantica (29,9%) a dominar, seguida por G. glacialis (12,2%) e finalmente K. longimana (10,0%). Em todas as ilhas, K. longimana destacou-se como a principal espécie a contribuir para a massa encontrada na dieta (75.5%, 76.0% e 31.0% na Geórgia da sul, Crozet e Kerguelen respetivamente), mas em Kerguelen verificou-se que lulas gigantes ( Architeuthis dux e Taningia danae ) também contribuem com alguma importância para a massa total da dieta (15,0% e 13,2%). A espécie Histioteuthis atlantica , devido ao grande número de individuos encontrado em Kerguelen , acabou por ter um grande contributo por massa (12,9%). As diferenças verificadas nas dietas sustentam que no setor atlântico deste Oceano, os albatrozes dependem mais de Taonius sp. B (Voss), Gonatus antarcticus e Mastigoteuthis sp. A (Clarke) que no setor Indico, pois neste último setor os albatrozes têm disponível uma maior variedade de lulas devido à proximidade aos subtrópicos.
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