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Fundação Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Pós-Graduação Em Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Pós -graduação em Oceanografia Biológica CEFALÓPODES NAS RELAÇÕES TRÓFICAS DO SUL DO BRASIL ROBERTA AGUIAR DOS SANTOS Tese apresentada à Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, como parte das ex igências para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Oceanografia Biológica Orientador: Dr. Manuel Haimovici RIO GRANDE - RS - BRASIL 1999 Dedico esta tese a toda minha grande família pelo carinho, incentivo e apoio inesgotáveis. ii AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço primeiramente a meus pais, João Alberto e Zeide, irmãos Rodrigo e Alexandre e ao meu esposo Gonzalo por todo incentivo, apoio e atenção que me foi dada durante a realização desta tese. Ao Dr. Manuel Haimovici pela oportunidade de trabalhar em seu laboratório e por sua orientação, com idéias, discussões e sugestões aos trabalhos realizados. Aos componentes da banca examinadora, Dra. Maria Cristina Pinedo, Dr. Jorge Pablo Castello, Dr. Carolus Maria Vooren (Depto. Oceanografia -FURG) e ao Dr. José Angel Alvarez Perez (FACIMAR -UNIVALI) pelas valiosas críticas e sugestões feitas ao trabalho de tese. Aos colegas e pesquisadores que me forneceram os cefalópodes provenientes dos estudos de alimentação de peixes, mamíferos e aves marinhas: Dr. Luís Alberto Zavala - Camin, (Instituto de Pesca de Santos - SP), Dra. Tânia Azevedo (UFSC), Dr. Milton Strieder (UNISINOS), MSc. Paulo Ott, Biol. Ignácio Moreno, Biol. Larissa Oliveira (GEMARS), Dr. Carolus Maria Vooren, Oc. Simone Zarzur, Dra. Maria C ristina Pinedo, MSc. André Barreto MSc. Teodoro Vaske Jr., MSc. Rogério Mello, MSc. Agnaldo S. Martins, MSc. Marcus H. Carneiro, MSc. Mônica B. Peres, MSc. Eduardo Secchi, Oc. Manuela Bassoi e Oc. Luciano Dalla Rosa (FURG) A todos os colegas que um dia pa ssaram pelo laboratório de Recursos Pesqueiros Demersais e Cefalópodes, pelo auxílio na coleta e amostragem do material e discussões realizadas durante o desenvolvimento desta tese. Às amizades feitas ao longo destes anos em Rio Grande, na FURG e fora del a, que tanto contribuíram para meu aprimoramento como pessoa. Aos colegas, professores e funcionários da FURG, que de alguma forma estiveram presentes em cada etapa deste trabalho. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pel o auxílio financeiro oferecido. iii NDICE Lista de Tabelas ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... v Lista de Figuras ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... vi Lista de Anexos ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... vii Resumo ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 1 Summary ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .3 1. Introdução ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 5 2. Material e métodos ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 11 2.1. Alimentação e predação de Loligo sanpaulensis ................................ .................... 11 2.2. Alimentação, predação e biologia reprod utiva de Illex argentinus ........................ 13 2.3. Predação sobre cefalópodes ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 15 3. Resultados ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 19 3.1. Alimentação e predação de Loligo sanpaulensis ................................ .................... 19 3.2. Alimentação, predação e biologia reprodutiva de Illex argentinus ........................ 20 3.3. Predação sobre cefalópodes ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 23 4. Discussão ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 26 5. Conclusões ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 32 6. Referências bibliográficas ................................ ................................ ................................ 33 Tabelas ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 48 Figuras ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 51 Anexos ................................ ................................ ................... Erro! Indicador não definido. iv LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1. Lista dos potenciais predadores consi derados no estudo de relações tróficas de cefalópodes no sul do Brasil. São indicadas também as principais regiões onde as espécies são encontradas (plat: plataforma; tal: talude; oc: águas oceânicas adjacentes) e seus habitats (dem: demersal; pel: pelágic o), as médias anuais dos desembarques comerciais (toneladas) de algumas espécies entre 1990 e 1994 (a partir de Haimovici et al. , 1998a e Peres & Haimovici, 1998), o número de estômagos com alimento examinado e a fonte de dados de cefalópodes nos conteúdos ................................................................................................................................48 Tabela 2. Lista taxonômica das espécies de cefalópodes encontradas na dieta de diversos predadores no sul do Brasil......... ..........................................................................................50 v LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Mapa indicando o local de coleta das amostras de Loligo sanpaulensis utilizadas no estudo de sua alimentação no sul do Brasil.......... ............................................................51 Figura 2. Mapa indicando o local de coleta dos potenciais predadores utilizados no estudo de relações tróficas de cefalópodes no sul do Brasil .................................................. ..........52 Figura 3. Mapa indicando o local de coleta das amostras de Illex argentinus utilizadas no estudo de sua alimentação no sul do Brasil. ..........................................................................53 Figura 4. Mapa indicando o local de coleta das amostras de Illex argentinus utilizadas no estudo de sua biologia reprodutiva no sul do Brasil.............................................................54 Figura 5. Desenhos dos bicos de cefalópodes mostrando as medidas obtidas em lulas e sepiolídeos (a) e em polvos (b). URL= comprimento do rostro superior; LRL= comprimento do rostro inferior; UHL= comprimento do escudo superior; LHL= comprimento do escudo inferior. .......................................................................... ..............55 Figura 6. Lista dos cefalópodes predados por Loligo sanpaulensis e os peixes pelágicos e demersais capturados na plataforma no sul do Brasil (círculos indicam a presença na dieta; círculos pretos indicam freqüência de ocorrência ( FO ) acima de 10%). ..............................56 Figura 7. Lista dos cefalópodes predados por Illex argentinus e os peixes demersais e pelágicos capturados no talude superior e águas oceânicas adjacentes no sul do Brasil (círculos indicam a presença na dieta; cír culos pretos indicam freqüência de ocorrência (FO ) acima de 10%).............. ................................................................................................57 Figura 8. Lista dos cefalópodes predados por aves e mamíferos marinhos coletado s em praias ou capturados acidentalmente pela pesca costeira de emalhe no sul do Brasil (círculos indicam a presença na dieta; círculos pretos indicam as principais espécies predadas).............. ........................................................... ......................................................58 Figura 9. Diagrama da predação sobre algumas das principais espécies de cefalópodes encontradas no sul do Brasil (distribuição dos cefalópodes baseada em Packard, 1972; Nesis, 1987). ................ .........................................................................................................59 vi LISTA DE ANEXOS Anexo I . Santos, R.A. & Haimovici, M. (no prelo). Trophic relations of the long -finned squid Loligo sanpaulensis on the southern Bra zilian shelf. South African Journal of Marine Science , 20 Anexo II . Santos, R.A. & Haimovici, M. 1997. Food and feeding of the short -finned squid Illex argentinus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) off southern Brazil. Fisheries Research 33: 139- 147. Anexo III . Santos, R.A. & Haimovici, M. The argentine short -finned squid Illex argentinus in the food -webs of southern Brazil. Sarsia (aceito) Anexo IV. Santos, R.A. & Haimovici, M. 1997. Reproductive biology of winter spring spawners of Illex argentinus (Cephalop oda: Ommastrephidae) off southern Brazil. Scientia Marina 61 (1): 53 -64. Anexo V . Santos, R.A., & Haimovici, M. Cefalópodes na dieta de médios e grandes peixes pelágicos da plataforma externa e águas oceânicas adjacentes da região sul do Brasil. (manuscrit o) Anexo VI . Santos, R.A. & Haimovici, M. Cephalopods in the diet of marine mammals stranded or incidentally caught along southeastern and southern Brazil (21 ºS to 34 ºS). Fisheries Research
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