Judgment at Nuremberg
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Die Fritsch-Krise Im Frühjahr 1938. Neun Dokumente Aus Dem Nachlaß Des Generalobersten
Dokumentation Horst Mühleisen Die Fritsch-Krise im Frühjahr 1938. Neun Dokumente aus dem Nachlaß des Generalobersten I. Die Bedeutung der Dokumente Es gibt Skandale, die lange fortwirken und auch die Forschung immer noch be- schäftigen. Zu diesen gehört jener, der mit dem Namen des Generalfeldmarschalls Werner von Blomberg, des Reichskriegsministers und Oberbefehlshabers der Wehr- macht, sowie des Generalobersten Werner Freiherrn von Fritsch, des Oberbefehls- habers des Heeres, verbunden ist. Der Anlaß für Blombergs Entlassung am 4. Februar 1938 war seine Heirat mit einer Frau, deren Vorleben als kompromittiert galt. Fritsch aber war der Homose- xualität, des Vergehens nach § 175 Strafgesetzbuch, beschuldigt worden. Auch er erhielt am selben Tage, dem 4. Februar, seinen Abschied. Um die gegen Fritsch er- hobenen Vorwürfe aufzuklären, ermittelte sowohl die Geheime Staatspolizei als auch das Reichskriegsgericht. Dies waren die Tatsachen, die im Frühjahr 1938 indessen nur wenigen Perso- nen verlaßlich bekannt waren. Der Öffentlichkeit war mitgeteilt worden, die Ver- abschiedung von Blomberg und Fritsch sei aus gesundheitlichen Gründen erfolgt. Wenige Jahre nach Kriegsende, 1949, veröffentlichte Johann Adolf Graf Kiel- mansegg, Fritschs Neffe, eine Darstellung über den Prozeß des Reichskriegsge- richts gegen den Generalobersten1. Die persönlichen Zeugnisse, die der ehemali- ge Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres hinterlassen hat, waren indessen spärlich, da Fritsch keine umfangreiche Korrespondenz führte. Ferner standen Kielmansegg die Prozeßakten nicht zur Verfügung, da sie verbrannt waren. Fotokopien der Ak- ten und Verhandlungsstenogramme, die in nicht sehr zahlreicher Ausfertigung vorlagen, ebenso wie die Handakten des Verteidigers, des Grafen Rüdiger von der Goltz, wurden durch Bombenangriffe vernichtet2. Ob die Protokolle, die Reichs- kriegsgerichtsrat Dr. Karl Sack während des Prozesses führte, tatsächlich nach Kriegsende in die Hände der amerikanischen Besatzungsmacht gefallen sind3, ist ungewiß; bis heute sind sie nicht wieder aufgetaucht. -
From the Nuremberg Trials to the Memorial Nuremberg Trials
Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit Memorium Nürnberger Prozesse Hirschelgasse 9-11 90403 Nürnberg Telefon: 0911 / 2 31-66 89 Telefon: 0911 / 2 31-54 20 Telefax: 0911 / 2 31-1 42 10 E-Mail: [email protected] www.museen.nuernberg.de – Press Release From the Nuremberg Trials to the Memorial Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg’s name is linked with the NSDAP Party Rallies held here between 1933 and 1938 and – Presseinformation with the „Racial Laws“ adopted in 1935. It is also linked with the trials where leading representatives of the Nazi regime had to answer for their crimes in an international court of justice. Between 20 November, 1945, and 1 October, 1946, the International Military Tribunal’s trial of the main war criminals (IMT) was held in Court Room 600 at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice. Between 1946 and 1949, twelve follow-up trials were also held here. Those tried included high- ranking representatives of the military, administration, medical profession, legal system, industry Press Release and politics. History Two years after Germany had unleashed World War II on 1 September, 1939, leading politicians and military staff of the anti-Hitler coalition started to consider bringing to account those Germans responsible for war crimes which had come to light at that point. The Moscow Declaration of 1943 and the Conference of Yalta of February 1945 confirmed this attitude. Nevertheless, the ideas – Presseinformation concerning the type of proceeding to use in the trial were extremely divergent. After difficult negotiations, on 8 August, 1945, the four Allied powers (USA, Britain, France and the Soviet Union) concluded the London Agreement, on a "Charter for The International Military Tribunal", providing for indictment for the following crimes in a trial based on the rule of law: 1. -
Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J
University of Baltimore Law Review Volume 46 | Issue 3 Article 4 5-2017 A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg Stephen J. Sfekas Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr Part of the Fourteenth Amendment Commons, International Law Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Sfekas, Stephen J. (2017) "A Court Pure and Unsullied: Justice in the Justice Trial at Nuremberg," University of Baltimore Law Review: Vol. 46 : Iss. 3 , Article 4. Available at: http://scholarworks.law.ubalt.edu/ublr/vol46/iss3/4 This Peer Reviewed Articles is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Baltimore Law Review by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@University of Baltimore School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A COURT PURE AND UNSULLIED: JUSTICE IN THE JUSTICE TRIAL AT NUREMBERG* Hon. Stephen J. Sfekas** Therefore, O Citizens, I bid ye bow In awe to this command, Let no man live Uncurbed by law nor curbed by tyranny . Thus I ordain it now, a [] court Pure and unsullied . .1 I. INTRODUCTION In the immediate aftermath of World War II, the common understanding was that the Nazi regime had been maintained by a combination of instruments of terror, such as the Gestapo, the SS, and concentration camps, combined with a sophisticated propaganda campaign.2 Modern historiography, however, has revealed the -
Bibliography Primary Sources Biddle, Francis. "The
Bibliography Primary Sources Biddle, Francis. "The Nürnberg Trial." In Perspectives on the Nuremberg Trial, 200-12. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Francis Biddle, the primary American judge of the IMT, wrote this short piece only months after the conclusion of the trials. His purpose was largely to clarify common misconceptions about the trial - primarily their "root in victor's justice." This article helped clarify some essential points of the trial and its justification for me. Dodd, Christopher J., and Lary Bloom. Letters from Nuremberg: My Father's Narrative of a Quest for Justice. New York: Crown Pub., 2007. Print. This is a collection of letters written by Thomas Dodd to his family members back home detailing the events of the International Military Tribunal and his involvement in it. These provide a unique first-hand look at what the prosecution team was doing in Nuremberg and helped provide a better understanding of the prosecutors' strategy and mentality throughout the trial. European Advisory Council. Charter of the International Military Tribunal - Annex to the Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the uropean Axis ("London Agreement"). August 8, 1945. The Charter of the IMT, commonly known as the "London Charter," authorized the formation of the International Military Tribunal and outlined the rules and procedures it was to follow. This is one of the central documents of the trial, and its contents were drawn upon in future trials and in the Rome Statute. It was incredibly important to this project, and it is featured in full on the website. -
JUDGEMENT at NUREMBERG 1946 Fact Sheet
JUDGEMENT AT NUREMBERG 1946 Fact Sheet On the morning of October 16, 1946, five of the Nazi war criminals who had been tried and convicted at the Nuremburg Trials were seated at the prison morning mess table. Their breakfast was interrupted by a United States Soldier who asked for their autographs. They had never seen this person before and his unfamiliar face aroused the suspicions of Herman Goering. When he inquired as to the identity of the mysterious soldier he learned that Master Sergeant John Woods was the official hangman for the prisoners and that his real purpose had not been collecting autographs but estimating bodyweight of three of the five men seated at the table. The gallows had been secretly constructed in the prison gym and the executions would begin that evening. Goering was first on the list. He had stated earlier that if he was to be executed, it should be by firing squad instead of being hung like a common criminal. Early that evening Goering asked the guard to go into the luggage room and bring him some of his personal belongings. Within an hour, he had committed suicide by biting down on a glass capsule filled with cyanide that he had secretly hidden in his belongings. Sergeant Woods, on hearing of Goering’s death, was enraged at missing the opportunity of hanging the infamous war criminal, but continued with the other hangings as scheduled. Woods was a professional who had hanged hundreds of people and these executions were no different. The routine for hanging each convicted criminal was the same. -
6 the Causes of World War Ii in Europe: Hitlerls
6 THE CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE: HITLER’S WAR As you read this chapter, consider the following essay question: • To what extent was World War II ‘Hitler’s War’? As you have read, there were problems with peacekeeping in the 1920s, and there were aggressive and expansionist states that were threatening peace (Japan in Manchuria and Italy in Abyssinia) in the 1930s. Yet according to some historians, and according to Britain’s wartime leader, Winston Churchill, World War II was primarily caused by the ambitions and policies of Adolf Hitler – the conflict was ‘Hitler’s War’. Timeline to the outbreak of war – 1933–39 1933 Jan Hitler becomes Chancellor in Germany Feb Hitler introduces programme of rearmament Oct Hitler leaves Disarmament Conference / announces intention to withdraw Germany from A Nazi election poster from the 1930s. The text translates League of Nations ‘Break free now! Vote Hitler.’ 1934 Jan Germany signs Non-Aggression Pact with Poland 1935 Jan Plebiscite in Saar; Germans there vote for return of territory to Germany Mar Conscription re-introduced in Germany. Stresa agreements between Britain, France and Italy Jun Anglo-German Naval Treaty Oct Italian invasion of Abyssinia 1936 Mar Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland Jun Hitler sends military support to Franco’s Nationalists in Spain Aug Hitler’s Four Year Plan drafted for war Nov Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan; Rome–Berlin Axis signed 1937 May Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister in Britain Jul Sino-Japanese War begins Nov Hossbach Memorandum; war plans meeting -
Teaching Social Studies Through Film
Teaching Social Studies Through Film Written, Produced, and Directed by John Burkowski Jr. Xose Manuel Alvarino Social Studies Teacher Social Studies Teacher Miami-Dade County Miami-Dade County Academy for Advanced Academics at Hialeah Gardens Middle School Florida International University 11690 NW 92 Ave 11200 SW 8 St. Hialeah Gardens, FL 33018 VH130 Telephone: 305-817-0017 Miami, FL 33199 E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: 305-348-7043 E-mail: [email protected] For information concerning IMPACT II opportunities, Adapter and Disseminator grants, please contact: The Education Fund 305-892-5099, Ext. 18 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.educationfund.org - 1 - INTRODUCTION Students are entertained and acquire knowledge through images; Internet, television, and films are examples. Though the printed word is essential in learning, educators have been taking notice of the new visual and oratory stimuli and incorporated them into classroom teaching. The purpose of this idea packet is to further introduce teacher colleagues to this methodology and share a compilation of films which may be easily implemented in secondary social studies instruction. Though this project focuses in grades 6-12 social studies we believe that media should be infused into all K-12 subject areas, from language arts, math, and foreign languages, to science, the arts, physical education, and more. In this day and age, students have become accustomed to acquiring knowledge through mediums such as television and movies. Though books and text are essential in learning, teachers should take notice of the new visual stimuli. Films are familiar in the everyday lives of students. -
The Nuremberg Party Rallies, Wagner, and the Theatricality of Hitler And
University of Hawai‘i at Hilo HOHONU 2015 Vol. 13 Cathedral of Light: The his imagery and music by the Nazi Party.7 Hitler was obsessed with Wagnerian operas. It was the only type of Nuremberg Party Rallies, music he listened to with any enthusiasm, and he could Wagner, and The Theatricality be heard whistling it perfectly.8 He was witnessed to be visibly calmed by the music of Wagner when agitated. of Hitler and the Nazi Party According to Goebbels, Hitler had a “strong inner need Stacey Reed for art,” and was known to, in the middle of important History 395 political negotiations or tactical battles to go by himself Fall 2012 or with a few comrades, to sit in a theater and listen to “the heroically elevated measures of a Wagnerian music The National Socialist, or Nazi, Party was drama in artistic unison with his political being.”10 This keenly aware of the power of the arts, the elements of was a tendency that began long before his appointment the theatre, and the power of spectacle on the minds and as Chancellor. Already a passionate follower of Wagner's attitudes of the German people. This was especially true works, Hitler was further directed on his path towards of music, and they found fertile ground in the minds of Führer when, upon meeting Wagner's son-in-law at the people through the imagination of Richard Wagner his Villa Wahnfried in Bayreuth in September, 1923, and his great, nationalistic Operas. The Nazi Party the master of the house told him that he saw in Hitler, engaged with the political philosophy of the composer Germany's savior.11 Hitler would go on to make Wagner and elevated the enjoyment of his art to a key ritual of a central part of his Nazi Mythos, incorporating his works the cult of Nazism. -
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society
Filming the End of the Holocaust War, Culture and Society Series Editor: Stephen McVeigh, Associate Professor, Swansea University, UK Editorial Board: Paul Preston LSE, UK Joanna Bourke Birkbeck, University of London, UK Debra Kelly University of Westminster, UK Patricia Rae Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada James J. Weingartner Southern Illimois University, USA (Emeritus) Kurt Piehler Florida State University, USA Ian Scott University of Manchester, UK War, Culture and Society is a multi- and interdisciplinary series which encourages the parallel and complementary military, historical and sociocultural investigation of 20th- and 21st-century war and conflict. Published: The British Imperial Army in the Middle East, James Kitchen (2014) The Testimonies of Indian Soldiers and the Two World Wars, Gajendra Singh (2014) South Africa’s “Border War,” Gary Baines (2014) Forthcoming: Cultural Responses to Occupation in Japan, Adam Broinowski (2015) 9/11 and the American Western, Stephen McVeigh (2015) Jewish Volunteers, the International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War, Gerben Zaagsma (2015) Military Law, the State, and Citizenship in the Modern Age, Gerard Oram (2015) The Japanese Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery During the China and Pacific Wars, Caroline Norma (2015) The Lost Cause of the Confederacy and American Civil War Memory, David J. Anderson (2015) Filming the End of the Holocaust Allied Documentaries, Nuremberg and the Liberation of the Concentration Camps John J. Michalczyk Bloomsbury Academic An Imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LONDON • OXFORD • NEW YORK • NEW DELHI • SYDNEY Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2014 Paperback edition fi rst published 2016 © John J. -
Volunteer Translator Pack
TRANSLATION EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES 1. Principles for text, images and audio (a) General principles • Retain the intention, style and distinctive features of the source. • Retain source language names of people, places and organisations; add translations of the latter. • Maintain the characteristics of the source even if these seem difficult or unusual. • Where in doubt make footnotes indicating changes, decisions and queries. • Avoid modern or slang phrases that might be seem anachronistic, with preference for less time-bound figures of speech. • Try to identify and inform The Wiener Library about anything contentious that might be libellous or defamatory. • The Wiener Library is the final arbiter in any disputes of style, translation, usage or presentation. • If the item is a handwritten document, please provide a transcription of the source language as well as a translation into the target language. (a) Text • Use English according to the agreed house style: which is appropriate to its subject matter and as free as possible of redundant or superfluous words, misleading analogies or metaphor and repetitious vocabulary. • Wherever possible use preferred terminology from the Library’s Keyword thesaurus. The Subject and Geographical Keyword thesaurus can be found in this pack. The Institutional thesaurus and Personal Name thesaurus can be provided on request. • Restrict small changes or substitutions to those that help to render the source faithfully in the target language. • Attempt to translate idiomatic expressions so as to retain the colour and intention of the source culture. If this is impossible retain the expression and add translations in a footnote. • Wherever possible do not alter the text structure or sequence. -
Emotion and Memory of the Holocaust
Mark Goldstein 4.14.04 Professor Kansteiner Emotion and Memory of the Holocaust Surviving what was arguably the greatest act of genocide in human history, the Holocaust, entitles one the opportunity to recount one’s feeling and memories of the horror. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, an outpouring of eyewitness accounts by both survivors and perpetrators has surfaced as historical evidence. For many, this has determined what modern popular culture remembers about this atrocious event. Emotion obviously plays a vital role in the accounts of the survivors, yet can it be considered when discussing the historical significance of and the truth behind the murder of six million European Jews by the Third Reich? Emotion is the expression of thoughts and beliefs affected by feeling and sensibility of an individual regarding a certain event or individual. In terms of the Holocaust, emotion is overwhelmingly prevalent in the survivors’ tales of their experiences almost sixty years ago, conveyed in terms of life, death, and survival. As scholars often point out, the Holocaust evokes strong sentiments, and transmits and reinforces basic societal values. Through in- depth observation of various forms of media sources, this paper will argue that emotion and the lack thereof, as a repercussion of the Holocaust, through the testimonies of those who survived its trials and tribulations, has played an enormous role in determining historical knowledge of the genocide. In analyzing the stories which survivors of the concentration camps and their perpetrators have put forth as historical evidence supporting the findings of scholars, one must pose the question: where does fact end and emotional distortion of the subject begin? It is critical to approach this question with great care, so as to note that not all historical accounts of the Holocaust by survivors and perpetrators are laden with emotional input and a multilayered interpretation of the event. -
Göring. a Biography
A BIOGRAPHY DAVID IRVING F FOCAL POINT Copyright © by David Irving Electronic version copyright © by Parforce UK Ltd. All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. Copies may be downloaded from our website for research purposes only. No part of this publication may be commercially reproduced, copied, or transmitted save with written permission in accordance with the provisions of the Co pyright Act (as amended). Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publi- cation may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. To Thomas B. Congdon, who has helped me so much is the son of a Royal Navy commander. Imperfectly educated at Lon- don’s Imperial College of Science & Technol- ogy and at University College, he subsequently spent a year in Germany working in a steel mill and perfecting his fluency in the lan- guage. In he published The Destruction of Dresden. This became a best-seller in many countries. Among his thirty books (including several in German), the best-known include Hitler’s War; The Trail of the Fox: The Life of Field Marshal Rommel; Accident, the Death of General Sikorski; The Rise and Fall of the Luftwaffe; and Nuremberg, the Last Battle. The second volume of his Churchill's War appeared in and he is now completing the third vol- ume. Many of his works are available as free downloads at www.fpp.co.uk/books. Contents Prologue: Arrest The Reichsmarschall! Part : The Outsider A Triangular Affair Storm Troop