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Astronomical Symbols on Ancient Greek and Roman Coins Related to the Myth of Perseus

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Astronomical Symbols on Ancient Greek and Roman Coins Related to the Myth of Perseus ASTRONOMICAL SYMBOLS ON ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN COINS RELATED TO THE MYTH OF PERSEUS FLORA ROVITHIS1, ELENI ROVITHIS-LIVANIOU2 1IEK HOMER, Athens, Greece Email: fl[email protected] 2Dept. of Astrophysics, Astronomy & Mechanics, Faculty of Physics, Athens University, Panepistimiopolis, Zographos 15784, Athens, Greece E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The fascinating myth of Perseus, who decapitated Medusa and saved An- dromeda from Cetus, had affected all kinds of Arts from antiquity till today, among which the ancient coinage. So, themes from this myth were found in many ancient Greek and Roman coins, where not only Perseus himself but also Medusa, Pegasus, Andromeda, Cetus and even his weapon, harpy, were presented. From the really large number of these coins, those on which an astronomical symbol was also shown were chosen and presented here. Key words: History of Astronomy – Astronomy Culture – Greek Mythology – Ancient coins. 1. PROLOGUE In general, ancient Greek and/or Roman moneyers used very much Greek mythology in their work, nomismatocopy. So, it was natural the fascinating myth of Perseus and his great achievements to inspire some of them. As a result, one can find many coins related to Perseus’ myth. Because according to mythology, Perseus’ life, from the way of his birth till his two big achievements, ie the beheading of gorgon Medusa, and the killing of a Cetus, (Apollodoros The Library 2.4.1), were extremely interesting. All these, made Perseus well known not only in the narrow space of his na- tionhood, but all over the known at his times world, as he and all others related to his myth became constellations. Indeed, the constellations: Perseus; the flying horse Pegasus that came out from Medusa’s cutting head together with the huge Chrysaor, (Apollodoros 2.4.2); Andromeda, the princess of Ethiopia who Perseus saved from a Cetus; Cepheus and Cassiopeia i.e. Andromeda’s parents; and finally the Cetus all are related to the myth of Perseus. On the other hand, except the foregoing mentioned persons and/or animals and/or monsters, even Perseus’ special sword used to behead Medusa, ie his harpy, was used in coinage. So, the field from which maneyers could choose their themes from Perseus’ myth was really very wide and rich. Romanian Astron. J. , Vol. 30, No. 3, p. 239–258, Bucharest, 2020 240 Flora ROVITHIS, Eleni ROVITHIS-LIVANIOU 2 A book with all coins relative to the myth of Perseus were collected and pub- lished some years ago, (Livaniou-Rovithis[1] & Rovithis, 2012). This collection in- cludes coins from the 6th-5th century BC till the 4rth AD coming from almost all places of the known ancient world. Coins with Perseus; Perseus killing Medusa; Perseus saving Andromeda from Cetus; Pegasus; Cetus and finally harpy were in- cluded there. In all of his representations Perseus is always appeared wearing his characteris- tic Phrygian hat, while harpy is shown always on his shoulders. From this collection of coins it was realized that Medusa’s cutting head and Pegasus were much more than the others; regarding the latter very possible because is also related to Belerophontes, (Apollodoros 2.3.1; Hesiod Women’s Catalogue Fr. 5(7b); Pausanias Tour of Greece 2.4.1). Besides, it was found out that among these coins there were some on which an astronomical symbol was present, too; a few of these have been shown in Rovithis- Livaniou & Rovithis, (2016), hereafter referred as Paper I. Moreover, on a recent paper hereafter referred as Paper II, Perseus’ myth was briefly described, (Rovithis-Livaniou & Rovithis, 2020). In this, some very nice coins showing our hero’s big achievements were presented, but there was not any astronomical symbol on them. On the contrary, the aim of the present work is the presentation of the coins related to the myth of Perseus and on which an astronomical symbol is also appeared avoid to include the coins already shown in Paper I, and try to keep a chronological order. 2. GODDESS ATHENA - GORGONEION AND AEGIS According to Mythology, Perseus after beheading Medusa offered her cutting head to the goddess Athena, recognizing that she had offered him too much help without which he would not be able to carry out his great achievement. On the other hand, it is also referred that Medusa was killed by Athena herself, (Hyginus Poetica Astronomica II.12). Independently of who killed Medusa, Athena put her cutting head in the middle of her shield, (Apollodorus 2.4.3), to frighten enemies, (Fig. 1, left). Later a reproduction of Medusa’s cutting head was used, known as gorgoneion, (Fig. 1, right). Except Medusa’s head in the centre of Athena’s shield, the goddess is always appeared to have on her chest a piece of she-goat skin with a gorgoneion. The she- goat skin is called aegis, from the Greek word α´ιγα=she-goat, while when aegis is not well shown its presence is denoted with one or more snakes, as in the down coin in Fig. 3. Thus, in all goddess’ presentations she is always wears aegis on her chest, while in almost all cases her shield is shown with the ugly and horrible Medusa’s head in 3 Ancient coins with Astro-Symbols and Perseus 241 the centre. In the foregoing, it was mentioned that Athena’s shield in almost all cases is decorated with Medusa’s cutting head, because there exist some cases, mainly on coins, where Athena’s shield is differently decorated. Later gorgoneion and/or aegis were widely spread and used by almost every- body as talisman. For this reason, it was thought worthwhile to give some informa- tion of how all this started; and how from goddess Athena was spread among the Greeks and later to Romans. Fig. 1 – Left: Athena’s shield decorated with Medusa’s cutting head in the centre[2]; Right: Gorgoneion, (British Museum). Regarding coins, which are generally small, Athena’s shield appears even smaller on them. So, it is difficult to be ascribed well and usually Medusa’s head is not clearly shown on most of them. Besides, if Medusa’s head is some how clearly shown, as for example on the coins from Bithynia issued by kings Prusias I & II, there is not any astronomical symbol on them; so, these coins were not included here. On the other hand, there are a few on which Medusa’s head in the middle of the goddess’ shield is clearly shown and on them there is an astronomical symbol, too. Such are some coins of Julius Caesar, as for example the right coin of Fig. 22 in Rovithis-Livaniou & Rovithis, (2015). Even so, it is worthwhile one to notice ancient moneyers’ efforts to describe as better as possible and as they could Medusa’s head in the centre of Athena’s shield, as well as aegis on her chest. A small sample is given in Figs. 2 & 3, where on two of the 3 coins of Fig. 2 a star is also shown. 242 Flora ROVITHIS, Eleni ROVITHIS-LIVANIOU 4 Fig. 2 – Up left & right: Reverse sides of coins of the kings Pyrrus of Epirus (319/8–272) BC & Antigonos Gonatas of Macedonia, respectively. Athena Alkis standing wearing aegis of Zeus holding spear & shield decorated with Medusa’s head, legend with the corresponding king’s name in Greek; Down: Coin of king Λυσ´ιµαχoς, Lysimachos, Obverse: Head of Alexander the Great as Ammon Zeus. Reverse: Athena seated, holding Nike, star beneath the throne, shield decorated with Medusa’s head. Fig. 3 – Up: Coin of king Prusias I of Bithynia, Obverse: Laureate head of Apollo, Reverse: Athena-Nike standing, her shield decorated with Medusa’s head, legend sidewise with king’s name in Greek; Down: Coin from Iconium, Hadrian epoch, Obverse: Head of Hadrian, legend around, Reverse: Athena’s bust wearing her aegis from which snakes are coming out, legend around. 5 Ancient coins with Astro-Symbols and Perseus 243 3. COINS FROM PERSEUS MYTH WITH GORGONEION AND/OR AEGIS 3.1. WHO WEAR GORGONEION AND/OR AEGIS It seems that the oldest coins from the myth of Perseus are these with gor- goneion, and/or aegis, because both these symbols were widely spread and used as an amulet: Firstly by kings and soldiers, then by ordinary people and later by the Ro- mans. So, except goddess Athena many others appeared to wear aegis or gorgoneion as a talisman for their protection. For example, all kings of the Ptolemy dynasty in Egypt appeared on coins to wear aegis, which is obvious from the snakes close to their throat. Among them there are a few on which there is an astronomical symbol and thus they can be included here. From them one was chosen and given, (Up left coin of Fig. 4). This custom was continued and many others were represented on coins wearing gorgoneion and/or aegis, as is shown from the coins in Fig.4. Fig. 4 – Up left: Coin of Ptolemy H’, 182–116 BC, Obverse: Head of Ptolemy H’ with aegis denoted by the snake, Reverse: Eagle, stars in the left and right fields, monographs, legend; Up right: Tetra-drachmae of king Amyntas[3], Bactria, 80–65 BC, Obverse: King or soldier with aegis on his shoulder, legend denoting king’s name in Greek; Reverse: Zeus seated on his throne holding Nike with his right hand and sceptre with the other, star inside square below his right hand, legend in Bactrian; Down: Coin of Trajan from Egypt, 115–116 AD, Obverse: Bust of Emperor with star in front, legend, Reverse: Head of Zeus. Similarly, many of the Roman Emperors wearing aegis, as are for example all members of the Severan dynasty, (193–235) AD, and many others before -as Nero, Tiberius, Trajan - or after it, as Gordian III, Galienus etc.
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