Welcome Back Bell Ringer

 Partner up and  Agenda and compare your critiques Objective: Through of student FRQs. discussion students will identify important components of a FRQ Welcome Back…Bell Ringer

 Compare your thesis  Agenda and statement with your Objective: Through neighbor. notes and discussion students will define Protestantism and identify the causes of the Protestant Reformation Welcome Back…Bell Ringer

 What root words to do  PROTESTant

you see in the phrase  REFORMation “Protestant

Reformation?”  Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students will define Protestantism and identify the causes of the Protestant Reformation

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Causes Causes of the Reformation

I. Crises of the 14th and 15th centuries hurt the prestige of the clergy a. Babylonian Captivity, 14th century b. Great Schism: 1377-1417 c. Conciliar Movement to reform the church and give a church council more power than the pope was rejected by several popes in the 15th and 16th century Causes of the Reformation

 II. Corruption in the  c. absenteeism: an official not participating in benefices but Catholic Church receiving payment and privileges  a. simony: sale of church offices  d. sale of indulgences: people  For example, in 1487 the pope paying money to the Church to sold 24 offices absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones  Reformers were outraged that unqualified people would become  e. nepotism: favoring family bishops or cardinals. members in the appointment of Church offices  b. pluralism: an official holding more than one office at a time  Two popes (Leo X and Clement VII) were sons of Florentine Medici rulers

 Pope Paul III made two of his grandsons cardinals

Crisis of the church cont’d

 f. Moral decline of the papacy  III. Critics of the Church: emphasized a personal  Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492- 1503) had numerous affairs and relationship with God as primary children out of wedlock  a. John Wyclif (1329-1384), England  20% of all priests in the diocese of Trent kept concubines during  Stated that the Bible was the sole the early 16th century authority  g. Clerical ignorance: many  Stressed personal communion priests were virtually illiterate with God.  Some abused their power such as  Diminished importance of trading sexual favors for the sacraments. absolution of sins during  His followers—Lollards— confession. continued his ideas into the 16th century.

Critics

 b. John Hus (1369-1415),  d. Erasmus: In Praise of Folly Czech (1513)  Ideas were similar to Wyclif  Criticized the corruption in the  Religious leader in Bohemia church and the hypocrisy of the clergy  He was burned at the stake for his views  A contemporary remarked that “Erasmus laid the egg  c. Brethren of the Common that Luther hatched.” Life: Thomas à Kempis

 (1380-1471), The Imitation of Christ (c. 1418)  Encouraged Christians to live simply and make religion a personal experience Causes

 IV. Renaissance Humanism  a. Christian humanists of the b. Ulrich Zwingli was trained as Northern Renaissance a humanist and as a preacher criticized the church (e.g. he used Erasmus’ edition of Erasmus) and questioned the the Greek New Testament validity of the Latin Vulgate C. John Calvin was influenced (Catholic Bible) by humanism, especially the  Textual criticism and new writings of Erasmus translations of the Bible D. After Martin Luther’s undermined Catholic authority reformation, humanists turned many monasteries into schools Reading Activity!

 Review: What are the four overreaching causes of the Protestant Reformation?

 Read documents regarding Tetzel’s selling of indulgences. Welcome Back

 Bell Ringer…  What are the four overreaching causes of the Protestant

Reformation?  Agenda and Objective:  For Wednesday: be Through readings and prepared to discuss the discussion, students will Peasant revolt in identify Luther’s issues regards to the with the Catholic Church Reformation. as well as Pope Leo’s X’s response to Luther. Welcome Back!

 Bell Ringer:  Agenda and

 1. What are the Four Objective: Through causes of the class notes, readings, Protestant and discussion, Reformation? students will identify Luther’s cause to break  2. Reading…why criticize Tetzel? with the Catholic Church. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

Why “the Germanies?” Martin Luther- (Pages 446-450, packet reading) Martin Luther….

 Augustinian monk;  Tetzel: “As soon as a taught at the University coin in the coffer rings, of Wittenberg in the soul from purgatory Saxony springs.”  Johann Tetzel was  The pope was looking authorized by Pope Leo for additional revenues X to sell indulgences. to pay for the building of St. Peter’s cathedral in Rome.  Tetzel’s selling of indulgences had become egregious 95 THESIS…Reading

 Luther criticized the  The printing press selling of indulgences facilitated the spread but went further than of Luther’s work with others before him by astonishing speed

questioning the  Oct 31, 1517 scriptural authority of the pope to grant indulgences. Caricature of Pope Alexander VI by Martin Luther, 1545 The Spread of the Printing Press theology of reform -review

 Salvation could be  The church consisted of achieved through faith a “priesthood of all alone believers”  The Bible was the sole  Encouraged German authority princes to reform the  Only two Church in their states. sacraments—baptism  Rejected Catholic and communion— monastic tenets of were valid poverty, chastity and obedience. Comparison- Catholics

 Salvation: Church law  Authority: Scripture,  Sacraments: 7 Tradition, Pope  The Eucharist:  Church and State: Transubstantiation Ultimate allegiance to (bread and wine the church. Pope has become body and ultimate authority blood)  Clergy: Celibate. Priest is middle man between God and People Welcome Back! Bell Ringer #1

 Bell Ringer: When the  Johannes Tetzel.

coin in the coffer rings,  Martin Luther. the soul from Purgatory  John Calvin. springs. This jingle was most likely spoken by?:  John Knox.  Sir Thomas More Bell Ringer #2

 List three theological differences between Catholics and reformers from your notes on Friday…

 Agenda and Objective: Through class notes, readings, and discussion, students will identify Luther’s cause to break with the Catholic Church.

 For Tomorrow: The Political Battle over Lutheranism in Germany Pages 450-457

Welcome Back! Bell Ringer

 Using your notes and Handout  Identify the causes of the answer the following question Reformation, Luther’s issues with in paragraph form. You have the Catholic Church, and the 10 minutes. church’s response to Luther.

 Agenda and Objective: 1. Through homework review, students will identify issues between Luther and the Catholic Church. 2. Through document analysis students will identify Luther’s beliefs towards the German Peasant uprising. 3. Students will begin a chart comparing and contrasting Luther and other Protestant Reformers. Diet of Worms Activity… challenges Church authority

 1518, Luther defied the  took part in a debate pope by refusing to stop with Johann Eck (one of his crusade. the great Catholic

 He was protected by theologians) at Leipzig Elector Frederick III in 1520 (“the Wise”) of Saxony.  denied both the

 At this point, Luther did infallibility of the pope not seek to create a new and the infallibility of a church but rather reform general council the Catholic Church The Diet of Worms

 excommunicated by  Edict of Worms: Luther Pope Leo X in 1520 outlawed as a heretic

 Charles demanded that by the HRE Luther recant his writings  Luther was kidnapped

 Luther refused: “Here I by agents of Frederick stand, I can do no III and taken to his castle other” where he was protected  1523 translated the Bible into German language.

Confessions of Augsburg (1530)

 Written by Luther’s  Became traditional friend, Philip statement of the Melanchthon Lutheran Church

 This was an attempted  Salvation through faith compromise statement of alone

religious faith to unite  Bible is the sole Lutheran and Catholic authority princes of the HRE  “Priesthood of all  Rejected by Catholic believers”: Church princes consists of entire Christian community Review! Confessions of Augsburg.

 Salvation through faith  Consubstantiation!

alone  Christ is present but  Authority from Bible not because of the

 “priesthood of all Priest. believers”

 Vocations have equal merit with God. Spread of Lutheranism

 Many German princes were  Denmark and Sweden became politically motivated they could Lutheran states as well now escape the authority of the  Lutheranism did not spread much Catholic Church and confiscate beyond northern Germany and church lands for the state’s Scandinavia. benefit. Bell Ringer!

 What was Luther’s  Agenda and argument against Objective: Through Charles V’s insistence completing a chart that he recant? students will identify major Protestant Reformers. Welcome Back!

 Bell Ringer…  Agenda and Objective: Through notes, and reading  1. Give 5 tenets of Luther’s Theology of discussion students Reform

 2. Compare reading answers.

 Monday- TEXTBOOK! Emperor Charles V

 sought to stop Protestantism and  Charles was preoccupied with preserve the hegemony of the Turkish threat in Hungary and Catholicism his dynastic struggle with Francis I of France.  He was now allied with the pope in trying to stamp out heresy  Between 1521 & 1530 Charles was away from the HRE, much of the time spent in Italy

 Thus, Charles could not focus his military solely Germany at a time that Protestantism was spreading vigorously Welcome Back! The Political Battle over Lutheranism in Germany Pages 450-457 and website

 Bell Ringer: List 5 tenets  Agenda and Objective: of Luther’s Theology of Students will identify the Reform Split in Christianity and Lutheranism by  1. Complete a graphic organizer, identifying differences between  For Thursday: Explain Luther, Calvin, and the the Peasant’s revolt and Catholics. Reference Luther’s reaction to the reading on Calvin revolt.  2. Complete Map on the spread of Protestantism in Europe Welcome Back…bell Ringer

 1. Explain the outcome of  3. ___The German the confessions of peasant’s revolt of 1525 Augsburg greatly strengthened the th  2. ___In the 15 century, authority of many clerics held more a. Parish priests than one benefice, a b. The laity within the church practice known as c. The regular clergy a. Pluralism d. Lay rulers b. Simony e. The papacy c. Investiture d. Indulgence e. Councilarism

Agenda and Objective:

 By completing a graphic organizer, students will be able to identify the radical reformers of the Protestant Reformation. Welcome Back!

 In partners, complete the P.O.V analyzing documents activity on the Peasants revolt. The Peasant Revolt - 1525

Why does Luther turn against his protestant followers and side with the Nobility? 1. Spread of Lutheranism: Peasants’ War (1524-1525) or German Peasants Revolt (Swabian Peasant uprising)

 Twelve Articles,1525: peasants Luther may have sympathized with demanded end of serfdom and some of the complaints of the tithes, and other practices of peasants, but he was disgusted feudalism that oppressed the with the violence of the peasant peasantry (e.g. hunting rights) movement.  Many of these peasants were  Results: He admonished German inspired by Luther princes to violently stamp out the revolt  Ironically, Luther’s views on the peasant movement were  As many as 100,000 peasants somewhat conservative died during the uprising  While Luther advocated religious  Both Catholic and Lutheran forces reform (since God’s realm was took part in squashing the revolt. not a worldly one), he believed that people should obey their political authorities.

2. Northern Germany

 League of Schmalkalden,  Habsburg-Valois Wars: five 1531 wars between 1521 and  Formed by newly Protestant 1555 between France and the (Lutheran) princes to defend Habsburgs themselves against Charles V’s  France tried to keep drive to re-Catholicize Germany divided (although Germany. France was Catholic)  Francis I of France allied with  This conflict played an the League (despite being important role in slowing the Catholic) unification of the German states  Catholic unity in Germany never again occurred

Outcome of League of Schmalkalden

 Charles was finally victorious over  Also, Protestants living in Catholic the League in 1547 states were allowed to move to Protestant states. The same was true  However, by that time Lutheranism had spread and taken hold in much of Catholics living in Protestant of Central Europe. states.  Resulted in permanent religious  Charles by the 1550s was forced to give up on restoring Catholicism in division of Germany all the German states in the empire.  Essentially reaffirmed the independence of many German  Peace of Augsburg (1555) Temporarily ended the struggle in states Germany over Lutheranism  This division stunted German nationalism; Germany was not  Provisions: Princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or unified as a state until 1871. Catholicism (Cuius regio, eius religio)

Anabaptists (1525)

 Voluntary association  Did not believe in of believers with no childhood baptism connection or  As millenarians, they allegiance to any believed the end of state. the world was near.  Rejected secular  Rejected the idea of agreements, refused to the Trinity take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in the military The Anabaptists

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites) Long term impact…

 Mennonites: founded  Quakers in England by Dutch leader Menno shared similar beliefs; Simmons became thousands came to descendants of America where they Anabaptists and founded and controlled emphasized pacifism Pennsylvania, New  Luther’s views on new Jersey and Delaware sects: did not believe in  Unitarians (who reject the legitimacy of any the trinity) also were other faith except influenced by the mainstream Anabaptists Protestantism Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

 Student of humanism who  In contrast to Luther, he preached from Erasmus’ saw the Eucharist as only edition of the New Greek symbolic, and that Luther’s Testament. view of the Real Presence

 Like Luther, he believed was too Catholic in its that the Bible should be the foundation sole authority regarding  This became the first religious practice dispute among Protestants dealing with issues of doctrine. John Calvin…article questions

 Frenchman; studied to be  Predestination: “good a priest and later trained works” is not sufficient for as a lawyer. salvation and there is no  Influenced by humanism, free will since God has especially Erasmus already made His decision.  Exiled to Switzerland due to his reform ideas  However, good works are a sign that one has been  Institutes of the Christian chosen for salvation. Religion (1536)  God reveals if one has been chosen for salvation by a conversion experience. Calvin’s World in the 16th Century Review…

 Share with your neighbor one thing you learned about Zwingli, Calvin, and the Anabaptists

Welcome Back…! Bell Ringer…

 Agenda and

 1. Who were the Objectives: Through Anabaptists? What notes and analyzing lasting impact did they primary sources, have on the students will be able to Reformation? identify causes of the English Reformation  2. How was Zwingli’s interpretation of Protestantism different  Tomorrow: Bring books! from Luther’s? Calvin Cont’d.

 The “elect” are church  Geneva became home members who have had to Protestant exiles from their conversion England, Scotland, and experience. They should France, who later become model returned to their Christians: “visible countries with Calvinist saints” ideas  established a theocracy  Consistory: A judiciary in Geneva by 1540 made up of lay elders (presbyters) had the power to impose harsh penalties for those who did not follow God’s law Last note: John Knox and the Others

 Presbyterianism  Huguenots – French established Scotland Calvinists; brutally  Presbyters governed suppressed in France the church  Especially strong  Became the dominant among the nobility religion in Scotland although Calvinism saw converts from  Dutch Reformed Church – United every social class. Provinces of the  Puritans in England Netherlands.

Reformation Europe (Late 16c) Essay for Friday…10/3

 “Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative.” Evaluate this statement with respect to Luther’s responses to the political and social questions of his day.

 Must be written in Pen.

Opening Paragraph with thesis…

Set the scene: locate the reader in time and space. (Contextualization)

 X. However, A, B, C. Therefore, Y.

 X = Counterargument

 A, B, C = Strongest points in your favor

 Y = Your stand on the prompt Example…

 "During my senior year at Spring Grove High School, I was very busy with AP classes and sports. Although I played football and lacrosse as well as taking AP English and AP Chemistry, I knew it would increase my scholarship chances, help me be a stronger writer, and I was able to sit next to a girl I liked, so I stuck with AP European History."

 Although X, A,B,C, therefore Y

Your turn…

 Make a Thesis statement for the following example…

 Assess the Validity of the following statement: The Pittsburgh Steelers are so much better than the Philadelphia Eagles. (or Vice-Versa)

The Body Paragraphs…remember the rule of three!

 The body paragraphs include all of the information that proves your thesis.  Each body paragraph relates to one of the subtopics.  By proving each subtopic, you will prove the thesis.  The first body paragraph relates to the first subtopic, the second body paragraph to the second subtopic and so on and so forth. Keep things in order.  Body paragraphs consist of a topic sentence, sentences with evidence and analysis, and a concluding sentence. General Tips

 Do not use the first person (I, me)  Do not use the words “in my opinion” or “I believe”  Instead, simply state your points and prove them

Bell Ringer!

 Which of the following northern Christian  In Geneva, the Calvinists?: humanist writers and their works are  A. were crushed by the Catholic troops of paired INCORRECTLY?: the Holy Roman Emperor. 1 - Sir Thomas More - Utopia. 2 - Miguel de Cervantes - Don Quixote.  B. reformed the city with little opposition 3 - Francois Rabaleis - The Handbook of from an enthusiastic populace. the Courtier.  C. imposed strict penalties for blasphemy 4 - Desiderius Erasmus - In Praise of Folly. and immoral behavior.

 D. withdrew the Ecclesiastical Ordinances  A. 1 and 2 in 1541

 B. Only 3  E. saw their reforms jeopardized by the

 C. 3 and 4 execution of Savonarola.

 D. 1,2,4

 E. 1,2,3,4

Agenda and Objective

 Through note and primary source review, students will identify the causes of the English Reformation and evaluate how each Monarch viewed church- state relations under their reign. The Tudors and the English Reformation

1534 - 1603

Henry VIII “Defender of the Faith”

 In 1517, Luther wrote his 95 Theses  Henry wrote the “In Defense of the Seven Sacraments” refuting Luther’s teachings  The Pope gave Henry the title “Defensor Fidei” Questions about Marriage

Henry asked his Chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey to investigate and see if there is grounds for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine “The King’s Great Matter”

 Henry petitioned the Pope for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine  Catherine insisted the marriage was valid and that she had never been a “true wife” to Arthur  Catherine’s nephew Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, put pressure on the Pope not to annul the marriage A Solution?

 A strong Lutheran faction at court included Anne Boleyn and a university professor named Thomas Cranmer  Cranmer suggested to Henry that the Pope does not need to give the annulment; that English clergy can do it The Split

1534 Parliament passes: The Act of Supremacy – the monarch is the head the English Church The Act of Succession – any children Henry has by Anne are the heirs to the throne (makes Mary, his daughter by Catherine, illegitimate) Welcome Back!

 Bell Ringer: Read  Agenda and Objective: documents 2.8 and 2.9, Through readings and answer questions notes, students will identify how the English monarchs view their  Monday’s reading: John relationship between Knox (2.10) and the King and Church during Martyrdom of Thomas the English Reformation. Cranmer (2.11.) What were their views of Mary I’s Catholic England?

The English Church gives Henry his annulment; the Princess Mary is declared illegitimate

Cranmer is named Archbishop of Canterbury Henry’s Church of England:

 Catholic in doctrine  Clergy required to be celibate  Mass remains the same  Only two sacraments  Henry allows an English translation of the Bible  Catholics are arrested as traitors; Lutherans are arrested as heretics

In 1535, Parliament ordered the execution of Sir Thomas More for refusing to sign the Act of Supremacy. More had been Henry’s close friend, Chancellor of England, and was a well known humanist and author of Utopia.

The Catholic Church canonized him. Dissolution of the Monasteries

 Henry began closing monasteries in 1536  By 1540, 563 had been closed  Most of the land was sold to nobility and gentry  This gained their support for the Reformation The Pilgrimage of Grace

 Led by Northern Catholics  Goal was to re-establish the Catholic Church  Was violently put down and its leaders executed as traitors  By 1537 the Reformation was accepted by most of the English Protestant Reforms under Henry

 “The Great Bible” – English translation. Henry mandates that every church should have a copy that anyone can read.  “The King’s Book” – defines Anglican doctrine and practice  In 1544, Henry asked Archbishop Cranmer to prepare an English worship service – this will become the Book of Common Prayer

Accomplishments of Henry VIII

 Founder of Church of England  Promoted Parliament as the lawmaking body of England  Patronized the arts and literature  Updated many governmental institutions  Promotes men of ability  “Father of the English Navy” Review!

 Name three accomplishments of Henry VIII.

Henry’s Act of Succession

 Edward inherits the throne  If Edward dies without children, then Mary inherits  If Mary dies without children, Elizabeth inherits  If Elizabeth dies without children, then the children of Henry VII’s daughter (His sister) Mary (Francis Brandon and her daughters) inherit.

King Edward VI Edward was a Protestant and influenced by the teachings of John Calvin Act of Uniformity of 1549

 Establishes a Protestant Church in England  All religious services are to be held in English Archbishop Cranmer’s accomplishments:

 The Book of Common Prayer 1552 – Protestant worship  42 Articles of Faith – no Mass, 2 sacraments, Protestant doctrine, non-celibate clergy

The result – a “moderate Protestantism” Before his death he changed his father’s Act of Succession to make his Protestant cousin Jane Grey, the grand-daughter of Henry’s sister Mary, heir to the throne

Reading Activity: Bell Ringer

 Yesterday’s reading: John Knox (2.10) and the Martyrdom of Thomas Cranmer (2.11.) What were their views of Mary I’s Catholic England?

 Agenda and Objective: Through notes and readings, students will identify reason’s behind Elizabeth I’s arrest, calls for execution, and issues facing her after she ascends the throne in England. Looking ahead… this week

 Tuesday and Wednesday: Video clip on English Reformation

 Thursday and Friday: Prepare to discuss the Catholic Counter Reformation. Reformation Roundtable assignment

 Wednesday after break: Reformation Roundtable

 Friday: Multiple choice test/ study guide due For Wednesday! In your textbook (Quiz?)

 Read and come  And religious violence prepared to discuss (French Wars of the Catholic Religion, Charles V Reformation (ex. and the Netherlands, Reformed Papacy, Witch Hunts!) Council of Trent, New Religious orders) Mary I  Immediately passed laws which reinstated the Catholic Church  Persecuted Protestants – many fled to Switzerland or the Netherlands  Executed many Protestant bishops, including Archbishop Thomas Cranmer

The execution of over 300 Protestants during her reign earned Mary the title of Bloody Mary

However, she executed many fewer religious dissenters than were regularly being killed on the Continent  Mary married her cousin Philip II of Spain

 Involved England in Spain’s wars  Last English possessions on the continent were lost as a result of Philip’s wars’ - including Calais  This was very unpopular with the English people who began to see being Protestant as being anti- Spain

 Mary died in 1558 and Elizabeth, the daughter of Anne Boleyn, became Queen  Mary had not wanted to leave the throne to her Protestant sister and attempted to persuade Elizabeth to maintain the Catholic faith – but Elizabeth refused Elizabeth I Elizabeth and Religion

 It is not known what Elizabeth’s personal religious views were

 The Catholic Church considered the marriage of Elizabeth’s parents invalid and Elizabeth to be illegitimate

 She was raised a Protestant

 She liked the ritual of the Catholic Church

Elizabeth was first and foremost a

Politique

A ruler who put good government and peace in the realm above personal religious beliefs and national religious conformity The Elizabethan Settlement

 Act of Supremacy of 1559 – re-established the Church of England and said the monarch is the Supreme Governor of the Church  Act of Uniformity – everyone had to worship in Anglican churches

 Elizabeth allowed some Catholic practices to continue – vestments, Real Presence, Elevation of the Consecrated Host, music, candles on the altar  Puritans disapproved of these “Catholic” practices, but in the shires most people approved of them

“I will make no windows into men’s souls” – people could believe what they wanted in private

“Regnans in Excelsis”

 Papal Bull in 1570 that excommunicated Elizabeth

 Encouraged her Catholic subjects to rebel against her

 Led to Catholicism being declared illegal in England and practicing Catholics considered as traitors  In general, Elizabeth was able to steer a middle course between Catholics and Protestants

 Fewer people were executed for religious reasons in England than on the Continent The English Reformation

 Established the Anglican Church – a via media (middle way) between Catholicism and Protestantism  Was relatively peaceful and well accepted by the English people  Did not lead to Civil War  England was largely uninvolved in the religious wars that took place on the European continent Welcome Back!

 Bell Ringer…  Agenda and objective:

 Review: Who served Through note and on the throne for only video review, students 9 days? will identify differences between  Video review: What was imperative that English Monarchs in Elizabeth do after regard to the English ascending the throne? Reformation. For Wednesday: Mary, Queen of Scots

 Review: Who was Mary, Queen of Scots and why was she a threat to Elizabeth’s throne?

Review!

 identify the differences within the Tudor family in regards to the Protestant Reformation.

Welcome Back! Bell Ringer..

 Reformation Packet #3: Read all three documents and summarize in your own words.

 Agenda and Objectives: Through notes and discussion, students will identify the differences within the Tudor family in regards to the Protestant Reformation. Welcome Back!

 Bell Ringer: practice  Agenda and questions Objective: through primary source review and notes, students will identify key  Reminder: Council on components of the Wednesday, Test and Catholic Reformation essay due on Friday. The Catholic Reformation (“Counter Reformation”)

 The Catholic Reformation  Pope Paul III (1534-1549): was both a response to the Most important pope in gains of Protestantism and reforming the Church and the response to critics within challenging Protestantism

the church that abuses  sought to improve church needed to be reformed. discipline through existing doctrine.

The Catholic Reformation (“Counter Reformation”)

 Council of Trent (3 sessions  Approved the Index of 1545-1563): established Forbidden Books Catholic dogma for the next  Church reforms: abuses in sale four centuries of indulgences curtailed, sale  Equal validity of Scripture, of church offices curtailed, Church traditions, and writings bishops given greater control of Church fathers over clergy, seminaries  Salvation by both “good established to train priests works” and faith  All 7 sacraments valid  Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed

New Religious Orders: The counter- Reformation

 Jesuits (Society of  Ignatius Loyola (1491- Jesus) (1540) 1556): founder

 reform the church  Jesuits were organized through education in military fashion

 spread the Gospel to  Spiritual Exercises: pagan peoples Loyola’s guidebook that

 fight Protestantism was used to train Jesuits  Beginning in 1542, the Jesuits oversaw both the Spanish and Italian Inquisitions Baroque Art

  Began in Catholic Reformation Baroque architecture reflected countries to teach in a concrete the image and power of absolute and emotional way and monarchs and the Catholic demonstrate the glory and Church power of the Catholic Church  Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1650)

 Sought to overwhelm the viewer: personified baroque architecture Emphasized grandeur, emotion, and sculpture movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci

Trevi Fountain, Rome

The Ecstasy of St. Theresa The Religious Wars. Results of Reformation?

 The unity of Western  Abuses in the RCC Christianity was shattered. remedied: simony,  Northern Europe pluralism, immoral or (Scandinavia, England, badly educated clergy much of Germany, parts were considerably of France, Switzerland, & remedied by the 17th Scotland) adopted century. Protestantism.  Religious wars broke out in  Religious enthusiasm was Europe for well over a rekindled – similar century. enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages.

More Review! Welcome Back!

 Bell Ringer: Study  Agenda and for quiz! Objective: Through notes and primary source review, students will identify key components of the Catholic Reformation. Partner Activity

 Review with your neighbor primary source questions concerning the reformers of the Catholic Reformation.

 Similarities? Differences? The Catholic Reformation (“Counter Reformation”)

 Pope Paul III (1534-1549):  The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the Most important pope in reforming the Church and gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within challenging Protestantism the church that abuses  sought to improve church needed to be reformed. discipline through existing doctrine.

The Catholic Reformation (“Counter Reformation”)  Council of Trent (3 sessions  Approved the Index 1545-1563): established Catholic dogma for the next of Forbidden Books four centuries  Church reforms:  Equal validity of Scripture, abuses in sale of Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers indulgences curtailed,  Salvation by both “good sale of church offices works” and faith curtailed, bishops  All 7 sacraments valid given greater control  Monasticism, celibacy of over clergy, clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed seminaries established to train priests

Welcome Back! Reminder!

 Reformation Roundtable Thursday!

 Test and study guide Friday!

 Bell Ringer: What were the four outcomes from the Council of Trent? The Roman Inquisition

 Pope Paul III ordered the Inquisition in 1542.  Initially designed to purge Protestants from Italy

 There were 3 Inquisitions  Medieval 1231  Spanish 1478  Roman 1542

The Roman Inquisition

 Pope Paul IV (Gian Pietro Carafa—headed the inquisition for Paul III)  Censorship & Forbidden books.  Invented the “ghetto”, ordering Jews living in the Papal States to reside in specific neighborhoods, which they could leave only at certain times..  Issued a bull in 1555 stating the Jews were to blame for the death of Jesus Christ, and therefore should be slaves.  In most of Catholic Europe Jews had to wear yellow caps, could not own land, and were excluded from most professions.

New Religious Orders: The counter- Reformation

 Jesuits (Society of  Ignatius Loyola (1491- Jesus) (1540) 1556): founder  Jesuits were organized  reform the church in military fashion through education  Spiritual Exercises:  spread the Gospel to Loyola’s guidebook that pagan peoples was used to train Jesuits  Beginning in 1542, the  fight Protestantism Jesuits oversaw both the Spanish and Italian Inquisitions  Baroque architecture Baroque Art reflected the image and power of absolute  Began in Catholic monarchs and the Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and Catholic Church emotional way and  Lorenzo Bernini demonstrate the glory (1598-1650) and power of the Catholic Church personified baroque architecture and  Sought to overwhelm the viewer: Emphasized sculpture grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme Aeneas' Flight from Troy by Federico Barocci

Trevi Fountain, Rome

The Ecstasy of St. Theresa The Religious Wars. FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION

1562-1598 The Setting: Henry II Henry II

 1559 Henry II is unexpectedly killed when a lance pierced his visor during a joust

 Francis II - His 15 yr old son takes the throne

 Under the regency of his mother Queen Catherine de Medici The Setting: Catherine de Medici The Setting: “Boy Kings”

Francis II 1559-60, (born 1544) Charles IX, 1560-74 (born 1550) Henry III, 1574-89 (born 1551) The Setting: “Boy Kings”

Francis II 1559-60, (born 1544) Guises vs. Bourbons

Lacking a strong King, French politics becomes a power struggle between 2 aristocratic factions: Guise and the Bourbon

 Objectives: Through Welcome back! discussion students will understand the outcomes of the  Bell Ringer: Share with your neighbor the religious wars of the th reforms the Catholic 15 century. Church implemented to help stop the Spread of Lutheranism and retain Catholic membership French Nobility takes advantage of this monarchial weakness.  In the second half of 1500’s between 2/5’s and ½ of nobility became Calvinist.

 For the upper class religion was an excuse to grab for power. Add to the Mix: Religion

Huguenots = French Calvinists

Guises = Catholic Bourbons = Huguenot Powerful Guise Influence

The Duke of Guise’s niece, Mary Queen of Scots, marries the young King Francis II. Wants a Catholic France but not one controlled by the Guises Dies of an Ear Infection!

Francis II 1559-60, (born 1544) The Setting: “Boy Kings”

Charles IX, 1560-74 (born 1550) Huguenot Influence Grows

King Charles IX falls under the influence of Huguenot leader Admiral Coligny, and his sister plans to marry another Huguenot leader, Henri of Navarre. Coligny: Let’s help the Netherlands!

This Huguenot leader wants to support the protestants in the Netherlands. But this support would put France on a crash course with Spain. Works with the Guises to assassinate Coligny Coligny survives

Catherine convinces Charles that a Huguenot retaliation is imminent St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 24 August 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

 Wedding of Henry of Navarre to daughter of Catherine de Medici  Admiral Coligny & 3,000 Huguenots slaughtered  3 days 20,000 Huguenots dead  Significance – reformation is now a struggle to the death for sheer survival against a cruel adversary. At the popular level the conflict was religious

 Catholic Priests and Protestant Pastors encourage violence

 Mobs attacked those of other religion

 Calvinists destroy Catholic statues in churches

 Catholics torture Huguenots

 You don’t slaughter for a King Reading activity

 Read the personal account of the massacre given to you and answer questions

 Answer questions provided

 Share your viewpoint with group. Class questions:

 1. can you tell the writers’ religion?

 2. Could have there been a compromise?

 “I would prefer to lose all my dominions and a hundred lives if I had them rather than be lord over heretics” King Philip II

 “The worst thing in the world.” Clement VIII referring to having a “liberty of conscience.” War of the Three Henrys

Henry of Guise Henry III

Henry of Navarre Catholic League rules Paris

 King Henry III tries to destroy the league with a surprise attack but fails in 1588

 Henry III assassinates Henry of Guise Assassination of Henri of Guise Henri of Navarre becomes Henri IV, the politique “Paris is worth a Mass.”

Peter Paul Rubens, Triumphal Entry of Henri IV into Paris Edict of Nantes, 1598 Edict of Nantes, 1598

• Gave well over 1 million Huguenots • Freedom of public worship • The right of assembly • Admission to public offices and universities • Permission to maintain fortified towns • Significance – created a state within a state. This problem would not be solved until Louis XIV Results of Reformation

 Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony,

 The unity of Western pluralism, immoral or Christianity was shattered. badly educated clergy  Northern Europe were considerably (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts remedied by the 17th of France, Switzerland, & century. Scotland) adopted  Religious wars broke Protestantism. out in Europe for well  Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar over a century. enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages.

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