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La Gestion Environnementale De La CNPC Au Tchad : Enjeux Et Mise En Perspective En Début De Cycle Pétrolier

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La Gestion Environnementale De La CNPC Au Tchad : Enjeux Et Mise En Perspective En Début De Cycle Pétrolier GRAMP-TC La gestion environnementale de la CNPC au Tchad : enjeux et mise en perspective en début de cycle pétrolier Rapport Final (17 décembre 2010) Editeurs : Geert van Vliet, Géraud Magrin Un projet en partenariat CIRAD- UIBE - GRAMP/TC- CERDI/IDREC Financé par l’AFD 1 La gestion environnementale de la CNPC au Tchad : enjeux et mise en perspective en début de cycle pétrolier Éditeurs : Geert VAN VLIET, Géraud MAGRIN Auteurs : Geert VAN VLIET (Chercheur, CIRAD, Département Environnement et Sociétés, UMR ART-DEV), Géraud MAGRIN (Chercheur, CIRAD, Département Environnement et Sociétés, UMR TETIS/UMR PRODIG), Weiyong YANG (Professeur, UIBE, School of International Trade and Economics SITE, Department of Economics), Gilbert MAOUNDONODJI (Directeur, GRAMP-TC), Antoine DOUDJIDINGAO (Chercheur, GRAMP-TC), Yiran LIN (étudiante UIBE-Master Relations Internationales, Sciences Po, Paris), Guohuang LIANG (Etudiante UIBE, School of International Trade and Economics SITE, Department of Economics), Fan WANG (Etudiante, UIBE, School of International Trade and Economics SITE, Department of Economics), Marie-Adeline TAVARES (Doctorante, université de Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne UMR PRODIG), Romain DITTGEN (Doctorant Paris I, UMR PRODIG, attaché temporaire d’enseignement et de recherche à l’université de Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne, UMR PRODIG). Un partenariat entre : CIRAD Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, France UIBE University of International Business and Economics, Chine GRAMP/TC Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du projet Pétrole Tchad- Cameroun, Tchad Avec le concours du CERDI / IDREC Centre d’études et de recherche sur le développement international / Institut de recherche sur l'économie de la Chine (Université d’Auvergne), France Avec le soutien financier de l’AFD Agence Française de Développement 2 Table des matières Note aux lecteurs.......................................................................................................... 14 Liste des sigles ............................................................................................................. 16 Avant propos ................................................................................................................ 18 Remerciements ............................................................................................................. 19 Résumé ......................................................................................................................... 21 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 30 Bibliographie............................................................................................................ 41 Chapter 1. The emergence of environmental laws and regulations in China .............. 50 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 50 1.2 An overview of main environmental problems faced by today´s China ........... 51 1.3 Environmental legislation in China ................................................................... 55 1.3.1 China’s environmental legislative structure .................................... 58 1.3.2 Key environmental laws, regulations, standards, administrative decrees and plans in China .................................................................... 60 1.4 The history of the emergence of environmental regulation in China may explain its main drawbacks ................................................................................................... 66 1.4.1 Incompleteness of environmental legislative structure ................... 66 3 1.4.2 Ambiguity of Legal Measures ......................................................... 67 1.4.3 Lack of transparency of lawmaking process .................................. 67 1.4.4 Agency disharmony and overlapping ............................................. 68 1.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 69 1.6 Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 69 Chapter 2. Implementation and enforcement of China’s environmental laws and regulations .................................................................................................................... 90 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 90 2.2 The State’s role in China’s environmental law enforcement system ................. 91 2.2.1 Environmental law enforcement structure at national level ............ 92 2.2.2 Environmental law enforcement structure at local level ................. 93 2.2.3 Enforcement procedures and main tools and mechanisms ........... 96 2.3 The role of firms in voluntarily adopted environmental measures .................. 102 2.4 Role of the civil society, NGOs and media ...................................................... 104 2.5 An assessment of environmental law enforcement ......................................... 107 2.5.1 Effectiveness of environmental law enforcement ......................... 107 2.5.2 Explaining the difficulties and ineffectiveness of enforcement ..... 109 2.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 112 2.6 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 120 4 Chapter 3. Environmental regulations of petroleum sector and their implementation in China .......................................................................................................................... 123 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 123 3.2 The Chinese petroleum sector .......................................................................... 124 3.2.1 Energy consumption and production in China ............................. 124 3.2.2 Major actors of the petroleum sector ........................................... 125 3.2.3 Oil import and overseas investment ............................................. 126 3.3 Potential environmental impacts of the petroleum industry ............................ 128 3.4 Environmental laws and regulations concerning petroleum sector ................. 130 3.4.1 General environmental laws and regulations applicable to petroleum sector ................................................................................... 130 3.4.2 Sector-specific environmental regulations ................................... 131 3.5 Enforcement of environmental laws and regulations in China’s petroleum sector ................................................................................................................................ 133 3.5.1 Enforcement structure.................................................................. 133 3.5.2 Enforcement challenges in the petroleum sector ......................... 135 3.6 A focus on CNPC and its environmental management ................................... 137 3.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 141 3.8 Bibliography .................................................................................................... 143 Appendix 3.1 .......................................................................................................... 145 5 Chapitre 4 Enjeux et régulation environnementale au Tchad avant l’ère pétrolière .................................................................................................................................... 164 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 164 4.2 Principaux enjeux de la régulation environnementale au Tchad avant l’ère pétrolière ...................................................................................................... 168 4.2.1 Les enjeux socioéconomiques et culturels ................................... 169 4.2.2 Les enjeux écologiques ............................................................... 172 4.2.3 Les enjeux politiques locaux et internationaux ............................. 173 4.3 L’évolution des principales formes de régulation environnementale au Tchad depuis l’Indépendance ........................................................................... 176 4.3.1 Les régulations traditionnelles ..................................................... 178 4.3.2. La régulation étatique ................................................................. 181 4.4 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 193 4.5 Bibliographie .................................................................................................. 195 Chapitre 5. Un héritage pour le projet Rônier : le modèle de Doba à l’épreuve du temps .......................................................................................................................... 197 5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 198 5.2 Les enjeux environnementaux d’un « projet modèle » (1996­2004) ............. 202 5.2.1 La mise en place du projet : attentes et jeux d’acteurs ................ 202 5.2.2 Les
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