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Geological-Geomorphological and Paleontological Heritage in the Algarve (Portugal) Applied to Geotourism and Geoeducation

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Geological-Geomorphological and Paleontological Heritage in the Algarve (Portugal) Applied to Geotourism and Geoeducation land Article Geological-Geomorphological and Paleontological Heritage in the Algarve (Portugal) Applied to Geotourism and Geoeducation Antonio Martínez-Graña 1,* , Paulo Legoinha 2 , José Luis Goy 1, José Angel González-Delgado 1, Ildefonso Armenteros 1, Cristino Dabrio 3 and Caridad Zazo 4 1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] (J.L.G.); [email protected] (J.A.G.-D.); [email protected] (I.A.) 2 GeoBioTec, Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal; [email protected] 3 Department of Stratigraphy, Faculty of Geology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 4 Department of Geology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-923294496 Abstract: A 3D virtual geological route on Digital Earth of the geological-geomorphological and paleontological heritage in the Algarve (Portugal) is presented, assessing the geological heritage of nine representative geosites. Eighteen quantitative parameters are used, weighing the scientific, didactic and cultural tourist interest of each site. A virtual route has been created in Google Earth, with overlaid georeferenced cartographies, as a field guide for students to participate and improve their learning. This free application allows loading thematic georeferenced information that has Citation: Martínez-Graña, A.; previously been evaluated by means of a series of parameters for identifying the importance and Legoinha, P.; Goy, J.L.; interest of a geosite (scientific, educational and/or tourist). The virtual route allows travelling from González-Delgado, J.A.; Armenteros, one geosite to another, interacting in real time from portable devices (e.g., smartphone and tablets), I.; Dabrio, C.; Zazo, C. and thus making possible the ability to observe the relief and spatial geological distribution with Geological-Geomorphological and representative images, as well as to access files with the description and analysis of each geosite. By Paleontological Heritage in the using a field guide, each geosite is complemented with activities for carrying out and evaluating Algarve (Portugal) Applied to Geotourism and Geoeducation. Land what has been learned; these resources allow a teaching–learning process where the student is 2021, 10, 918. https://doi.org/ an active part of the development and creation of content using new technologies that provide 10.3390/land10090918 more entertaining and educational learning, teamwork and interaction with social networks. This itinerary allows the creation of attitudes and skills that involve geoconservation as an element for Academic Editor: Wojciech Zgłobicki sustainable development. Received: 30 July 2021 Keywords: geoheritage; virtual itinerary; augmented reality; Algarve; Portugal Accepted: 27 August 2021 Published: 31 August 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 1. Introduction with regard to jurisdictional claims in The coast of the Algarve, at the South of Portugal (Figure1) with a very mild climate, published maps and institutional affil- is a magnificent landscape with beautiful rocky and sandy beaches known worldwide and iations. great touristic development. The rocks of the Neogene (dated from 19 to 3 million years) un- derwent processes of alteration, with development of very peculiar morphologies (among them those locally known as “algares”) and a relief of exceptional beauty. In addition, the cliffs present a multitude of fossils, mainly of marine invertebrates such as mollusks, Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. echinoderms, crustaceans, corals, bryozoans and rhodolits. Moreover, different types of Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. carbonate and siliciclastic with their sedimentary structures are present, as well as repre- This article is an open access article sentative geomorphological aspects such as karstifications such as karren, sinkholes (with distributed under the terms and or without deposit), tubes (pipes), caves and undercuts (notches). Furthermore, erosive conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// marine terraces with deposit, alluvial and colluvial constitutute a remarkable example of creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ geodiversity with high interest in scientific research, geoeducation and geoturistic activities. 4.0/). Land 2021, 10, 918. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10090918 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/land Land 2021, 10, 918 2 of 20 Land 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 22 FigureFigure 1. SatelliteSatellite view view and and road road map map of the study area (selected geosites are indicated with yellow mark). 2. GeologicalAmong the and geodiversity Geomorphological observable Setting in a region, geological heritage consists of places- 2.1.areas Geological that stand Setting out for their high scientific, educational and touristic-cultural interest. The high number of tourists per year and highly specialized tourism (geologists, geo- The Algarve Basin belongs to the southernmost geological province of mainland Por- morphologists and undergraduated/graduated students, etc.) achieved in the Algarve, tugal, and it is disposed in a latitudinal direction. It extends onshore from Cabo de São due to its beauty and climate, led us to also consider geological aspects, such as the Vicente, at the extreme west, to the Guadiana River on the eastern Portuguese–Spanish landscape, geomorphology and its rich macrofauna of fossil invertebrates, as very useful border. Eastwards of Cabo de São Vicente, beautiful coastal cliffs successively constitute tools that enhance the value of the geological heritage in nine selected sites of the coastal Jurassic, Cretaceous, Miocene and Plio-Quaternary rocks. strip of Neogene and Quaternary deposits of the Algarve region, including geological, In the inland of Algarve, an angular unconformity, with a hiatus of approximately 70 geomorphological and paleontological data [1,2]. Ma resulting from the Variscan orogeny (closing of a Paleozoic ocean and formation of The teaching–learning processes in earth sciences involve, on the one hand, the Pangea),theoretical separates contents the in whichCarboniferous the student metamo understandsrphized andand placesfolded in flysch context rocks the from different the Triassicconcepts continental and areas rocks of knowledge that constitute of geology the base (geomorphology, of the sedimentary paleontology, infilling of tectonics, the Al- garvestratigraphy basin, related and so to on) the and, erosion on the of otherthe Variscan hand, an Orogen analysis and and the observationbeginning of in the the conti- field nentalof the differentextension geological which culminates structures in and the materials, separation of of the African, different Eurasian geodynamic and American processes platesand their [6]. relationship with the palaeoenvironments of past eras based on fossils and their traces.Through Currently, the Mesozoic, specialized marine tourism sedimentation uses this prior occured knowledge on a continental that the societypassive hasmar- it ginso thatformed social during groups the that extensional show interest phases in of earth the scienceNorth Atlantic participate Ocean in active opening, tourism after asthe a break-upsustainable of alternativethe Pangea. in whichIn the theyJurassic, can deepencarbonate and sedimentatio learn while beingn was a touristwell established in areas of acrossspectacular the basin natural and beauty. was dominated by shallow water limestones and intercalations of pelagicIn marls recent and decades, limestones. laws haveDuring been the established Lower Cretaceous, for the protection clastic and of carbonate natural spaces rocks wereas they deposited are places in near-shore of extraordinary to continental natural environments heritage, where [7]. sustainable environmental educationThe stratigraphic activities are contact established between for the their Cenozoic preservation, and the soLower that Cretaceous the carrying represents capacity anotherof visitors, hiatus tourism of more and than recreational 70 Ma related activities to the does collision not degrade of the theAfrican natural and resources.Eurasian platesThese (Alpine protection Orogeny). and conservation Along the measurescoastal clif havefs at beenthe Porto developed de Mós mainly region for between biological the Zavialand traditional-cultural and Canavial beaches, resources. a paraconformi However,ty what can be happens observed to between the geological the Lower elements, Mio- cenewhich and define the theLower geological Cretaceous heritage strata, and while its geodiversity? at the Arrifão The beach resources it corresponds presented into this an article show how to enhance and value geological heritage through an itinerary with 3D Land 2021, 10, 918 3 of 20 virtual balloons in any natural space. This geological itinerary in field practices allows tourists to participate actively in the teaching–learning process of concepts and processes analyzed in the theoretical part of earth sciences. The educational resources generated are as follows: Virtual itinerary, flight simulator, videos, augmented reality and so on have been developed with Google Earth, facilitating a familiar and effective environment for learning that is implemented in new technologies for daily use in their social groups (smartphone, tablets, ipod and so on) by taking advantage of the motivational power of computer
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