Leptichnus Tortus Isp. Nov., a New Cheilostome Etching and Comments on Other Bryozoan-Produced Trace Fossils
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Geological-Geomorphological and Paleontological Heritage in the Algarve (Portugal) Applied to Geotourism and Geoeducation
land Article Geological-Geomorphological and Paleontological Heritage in the Algarve (Portugal) Applied to Geotourism and Geoeducation Antonio Martínez-Graña 1,* , Paulo Legoinha 2 , José Luis Goy 1, José Angel González-Delgado 1, Ildefonso Armenteros 1, Cristino Dabrio 3 and Caridad Zazo 4 1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] (J.L.G.); [email protected] (J.A.G.-D.); [email protected] (I.A.) 2 GeoBioTec, Department of Earth Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, 2829-516 Almada, Portugal; [email protected] 3 Department of Stratigraphy, Faculty of Geology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 4 Department of Geology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-923294496 Abstract: A 3D virtual geological route on Digital Earth of the geological-geomorphological and paleontological heritage in the Algarve (Portugal) is presented, assessing the geological heritage of nine representative geosites. Eighteen quantitative parameters are used, weighing the scientific, didactic and cultural tourist interest of each site. A virtual route has been created in Google Earth, with overlaid georeferenced cartographies, as a field guide for students to participate and improve their learning. This free application allows loading thematic georeferenced information that has Citation: Martínez-Graña, A.; previously been evaluated by means of a series of parameters for identifying the importance and Legoinha, P.; Goy, J.L.; interest of a geosite (scientific, educational and/or tourist). The virtual route allows travelling from González-Delgado, J.A.; Armenteros, one geosite to another, interacting in real time from portable devices (e.g., smartphone and tablets), I.; Dabrio, C.; Zazo, C. -
DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS of the 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project
DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project March 2018 DEEP SEA LEBANON RESULTS OF THE 2016 EXPEDITION EXPLORING SUBMARINE CANYONS Towards Deep-Sea Conservation in Lebanon Project Citation: Aguilar, R., García, S., Perry, A.L., Alvarez, H., Blanco, J., Bitar, G. 2018. 2016 Deep-sea Lebanon Expedition: Exploring Submarine Canyons. Oceana, Madrid. 94 p. DOI: 10.31230/osf.io/34cb9 Based on an official request from Lebanon’s Ministry of Environment back in 2013, Oceana has planned and carried out an expedition to survey Lebanese deep-sea canyons and escarpments. Cover: Cerianthus membranaceus © OCEANA All photos are © OCEANA Index 06 Introduction 11 Methods 16 Results 44 Areas 12 Rov surveys 16 Habitat types 44 Tarablus/Batroun 14 Infaunal surveys 16 Coralligenous habitat 44 Jounieh 14 Oceanographic and rhodolith/maërl 45 St. George beds measurements 46 Beirut 19 Sandy bottoms 15 Data analyses 46 Sayniq 15 Collaborations 20 Sandy-muddy bottoms 20 Rocky bottoms 22 Canyon heads 22 Bathyal muds 24 Species 27 Fishes 29 Crustaceans 30 Echinoderms 31 Cnidarians 36 Sponges 38 Molluscs 40 Bryozoans 40 Brachiopods 42 Tunicates 42 Annelids 42 Foraminifera 42 Algae | Deep sea Lebanon OCEANA 47 Human 50 Discussion and 68 Annex 1 85 Annex 2 impacts conclusions 68 Table A1. List of 85 Methodology for 47 Marine litter 51 Main expedition species identified assesing relative 49 Fisheries findings 84 Table A2. List conservation interest of 49 Other observations 52 Key community of threatened types and their species identified survey areas ecological importanc 84 Figure A1. -
Pectínidos Pliocenos De La Cuenca De Vejer (Cádiz, So De España)
ISSN: 0211-8327 Studia Geologica Salmanticensia, 44 (1): pp. 91-140 PECTÍNIDOS PLIOCENOS DE LA CUENCA DE VEJER (CÁDIZ, SO DE ESPAÑA) [Pliocene pectinids from the Vejer Basin (Cadiz, SW Spain)] Alberto RICO-GARCÍA (*) (*): Departamento de Geología. Universidad de Salamanca. Facultad de Ciencias. Plaza de la Merced, s/n. 37008 Salamanca. Correo-e: [email protected] (FECHA DE RECEPCIÓN: 2008-04-01) (FECHA DE ADMISIÓN: 2008-04-15) BIBLID [0211-8327 (2008) 44 (1); 91-140] RESUMEN: El estudio de los pectínidos (Bivalvia, Mollusca) en sedimentos pliocenos de la Cuenca de Vejer de la Frontera (Cádiz, SO España) permite determinar 13 especies, agrupadas en 8 géneros, ampliando la información previa en la zona de esta familia de bivalvos en 5 especies. La presencia de M. pesfelis, F. flexuosus, P. excisum, P. jacobaeus y P. maximus nos permite confirmar y corroborar la edad de Plioceno aportada por la microfauna. A su vez, la existencia de M. latissima, P. benedictus y P. excisum nos permite acotar la posición cronoestratigráfica hasta cerca de los 3,0 Ma. Las asociaciones dominantes en los sedimentos pliocenos apuntan a medios marinos someros, con fondos detríticos y energías variables, sometidos a la acción de tormentas, corroborado por la impronta tafonómica, como pueden ser sistemas de playa- duna y ambientes submareales donde se desarrollan barras y canales. Palabras clave: Pectinidae, Bivalvia, Plioceno, Cuenca de Vejer, Cádiz, SO España. ABSTRACT: This study has been carried out in pectinids (Bivalvia, Mollusca) of pliocene sediments from Vejer de la Frontera basin (Cádiz, SW Spain). The main results of this research has been the taxonomic determination of 8 genders and 13 species, rising previous pectinids information in this zone. -
Tayside, Central and Fife Tayside, Central and Fife
Detail of the Lower Devonian jawless, armoured fish Cephalaspis from Balruddery Den. © Perth Museum & Art Gallery, Perth & Kinross Council Review of Fossil Collections in Scotland Tayside, Central and Fife Tayside, Central and Fife Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum Perth Museum and Art Gallery (Culture Perth and Kinross) The McManus: Dundee’s Art Gallery and Museum (Leisure and Culture Dundee) Broughty Castle (Leisure and Culture Dundee) D’Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum and University Herbarium (University of Dundee Museum Collections) Montrose Museum (Angus Alive) Museums of the University of St Andrews Fife Collections Centre (Fife Cultural Trust) St Andrews Museum (Fife Cultural Trust) Kirkcaldy Galleries (Fife Cultural Trust) Falkirk Collections Centre (Falkirk Community Trust) 1 Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum Collection type: Independent Accreditation: 2016 Dumbarton Road, Stirling, FK8 2KR Contact: [email protected] Location of collections The Smith Art Gallery and Museum, formerly known as the Smith Institute, was established at the bequest of artist Thomas Stuart Smith (1815-1869) on land supplied by the Burgh of Stirling. The Institute opened in 1874. Fossils are housed onsite in one of several storerooms. Size of collections 700 fossils. Onsite records The CMS has recently been updated to Adlib (Axiel Collection); all fossils have a basic entry with additional details on MDA cards. Collection highlights 1. Fossils linked to Robert Kidston (1852-1924). 2. Silurian graptolite fossils linked to Professor Henry Alleyne Nicholson (1844-1899). 3. Dura Den fossils linked to Reverend John Anderson (1796-1864). Published information Traquair, R.H. (1900). XXXII.—Report on Fossil Fishes collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in the Silurian Rocks of the South of Scotland. -
Pectinidae: Mollusca, Bivalvia) from Pliocene Deposits (Almería, Se Spain)
SCALLOPS FROM PLIOCENE DEPOSITS OF ALMERÍA 1 TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SCALLOPS (PECTINIDAE: MOLLUSCA, BIVALVIA) FROM PLIOCENE DEPOSITS (ALMERÍA, SE SPAIN) Antonio P. JIMÉNEZ, Julio AGUIRRE*, and Pas- cual RIVAS Departamento Estratigrafía y Paleontología. Facultad de Ciencias. Fuentenue- va s/n. Universidad de Granada. 18002-Granada (Spain), and Centro Anda- luz de Medio Ambiente, Avda. del Mediterráneo s/n, Parque de las Ciencias, 18071-Granada. (* corresponding author: [email protected]) Jiménez, A. P., Aguirre, J. & Rivas, P. 2009. Taxonomic study of scallops (Pectinidae: Mollusca, Bivalvia) from Pliocene deposits (Almería, SE Spain). [Estudio taxonómico de los pectínidos (Pectinidae: Mollusca, Bivalvia) del Plioceno de la Provincia de Almería (SE España).] Revista Española de Paleontología, 24 (1), 1-30. ISSN 0213-6937. ABSTRACT A taxonomic study has been carried out on scallops (family Pectinidae: Mollusca, Bivalvia) occurring in the low- er-earliest middle Pliocene deposits of the Campo de Dalías, Almería-Níjar Basin, and Carboneras Basin (prov- ince of Almería, SE Spain). The recently proposed suprageneric phylogenetic classification scheme for the fam- ily (Waller, 2006a) has been followed. Twenty-two species in twelve genera (Aequipecten, Amusium, Chlamys, Flabellipecten, Flexopecten, Gigantopecten, Hinnites, Korobkovia, Manupecten, Palliolum, Pecten, and Pseu- damussium) and three subfamilies (Chalmydinae, Palliolinae, and Pectininae) have been identified. This number of species is higher than previously reported for the same area. Additionally, the phylogenetic classification fol- lowed in this paper modifies the species attributions formerly used. Key words: Pectinidae, taxonomy, Pliocene, Almería, SE Spain. RESUMEN Se ha realizado un estudio taxonómico de los pectínidos (familia Pectinidae: Mollusca, Bivalvia) de los depósi- tos del Plioceno inferior y base del Plioceno medio que afloran en el Campo de Dalías, Cuenca de Almería-Ní- jar y Cuenca de Carboneras (provincia de Almería, SE de España). -
Annex 04: Special Ecological Study (Ses)
ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR PRINOS OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ANNEX 04: SPECIAL ECOLOGICAL STUDY (SES) Pioneer in integrated consulting services March 2016 PRINOS OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Special Ecological Assessment Study ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR PRINOS OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ANNEX 04 SPECIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT STUDY THIS PAGE IS LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK Page | ii ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR PRINOS OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ANNEX 04 SPECIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT STUDY PRINOS OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SPECIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT STUDY Environmental Consultant: LDK Engineering Consultants SA Date: 04/03/2016 Revision: 01 Description: 1st Draft interim submittal Name – Company Responsibility Signature Date Prepared by: Eleni Avramidi, LDK Senior ESIA/GIS consultant Dimitris Poursanidis Senior marine biologist Jacob Fric Ornithologist expert Kostas Mylonakis Diver, Underwater Photographer Checked by: Eleni Avramidi, LDK Senior ESIA/GIS consultant Costis Nicolopoulos, LDK Head of LDK Environment, principal, project director Approved by: Costis Nicolopoulos, LDK Head of LDK Environment, principal, project director Vassilis Tsetoglou – HSE Director Energean Dr. Steve Moore – Energean General Technical Director Page | iii ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) FOR PRINOS OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ANNEX 04 SPECIAL ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT STUDY THIS PAGE IS LEFT INTENTIONALLY BLANK Page | iv ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) -
MIDDLE MIOCENE -.: Palaeontologia Polonica
BARBARA STUDENCKA BIVALVES FROM THE BADENIAN (MIDDLE MIOCENE) MARINE SANDY FACIES OF SOUTHERN POLAND (Plates 1-18) STUDENCKA, B: Bivalves from the Badeni an (Middle Miocene) marine sandy facies of sou thern Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica, 47, 3-128, 1986. Taxonom ic studies of Bivalvia fro m the sandy facies of the K limont6w area (Holy Cross Mts.) of southern Poland indicate 99 species, 19 of which have previously not been reported from the Polish Miocene . Fo llowing species have previously not been known from the Miocen: Barbatia (Cafloarca) modioliformis and Montilora (M.) elegans (both Eocene), Callista (C.) sobrina (Oligocene), and Cerullia ovoides (Pliocenc). Pododesmus (Monia) squall/us and Gregariella corallio phaga a rc not iced for the first time in the fossil state. Twenty two species are revised and thei r taxon omic position are shifted. Two species: Chlamys tFlexo pecten) rybnicensis and Cardium iTrachycardiunn rybnicensis previously considered as endemic are here claimed to represent ontogenic stages of Chlamys (Flexo pecten) scissus and Laevi cardium (L.) dingdense respectively. Ke y words: Bivalvia , ta xonomy . Badenian, Poland. Barbara Studencka, Polska Akademia Nauk, Muzeum Ziemi, Al. Na S karpie 20/26, 00-488 Warszawa, Poland. Received: November 1982. MALZE FACJl PIASZ CZYSTEJ BAD ENU POL UDNIOWEJ POLS KI Streszczenie , - Praca zawiera rezultaty badan nad srodkowornioceriskimi (baderiskimi) malzarni z zapadliska przedkarpackiego. Material pochodzi z czterech od sloni ec facji piaszczys tej badenu polozonych w obrebie poludniowego obrzezenia G 6r Swietokrzyskich : Nawodzic, Rybnicy (2 odsloniecia) i Swiniar, Wsrod 99 opisanych gatunk6w malzow wystepowani e 19 gatunk6w stwierdzono po raz pierwszy w osadach rniocenu Polski, zas 6 gatunk6w nie bylo dotychczas znanych z osadow rniocenu. -
Anatomia E Morfogênese Da Margem Do Manto Da Vieira Nodipecten Nodosus (L. 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae)
JORGE ALVES AUDINO Anatomia e morfogênese da margem do manto da vieira Nodipecten nodosus (L. 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) Anatomy and morphogenesis of the mantle margin in the scallop Nodipecten nodosus (L. 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) SÃO PAULO 2014 JORGE ALVES AUDINO Anatomia e morfogênese da margem do manto da vieira Nodipecten nodosus (L. 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) Anatomy and morphogenesis of the mantle margin in the scallop Nodipecten nodosus (L. 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) SÃO PAULO 2014 Jorge Alves Audino Anatomia e morfogênese da margem do manto da vieira Nodipecten nodosus (L. 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) Anatomy and morphogenesis of the mantle margin in the scallop Nodipecten nodosus (L. 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências Biológicas, na Área de Zoologia. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Sônia Godoy Bueno Carvalho Lopes Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. José Eduardo Amoroso Rodriguez Marian São Paulo 2014 Audino, Jorge Alves Anatomia e morfogênese da margem do manto da vieira Nodipecten nodosus (L. 1758) (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) 147p. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia, 2014. 1. Bivalvia – Pectinidae 2. Margem do manto – Pregas paliais 3. Olhos paliais – Tentáculos 4. Anatomia – Microscopia I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. COMISSÃO JULGADORA _____________________________ _____________________________ Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. ________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Sônia Godoy Bueno Carvalho Lopes Orientadora J. Audino/CNPq As coisas tangíveis tornam-se insensíveis à palma da mão. Mas as coisas findas, muito mais que lindas, essas ficarão. Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Memória (Antologia Poética) AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de agradecer a todos aqueles que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento desta dissertação de mestrado. -
The Short-Term Climate Variability of Shallow Marine Environments in Central Europe During the Oligocene
The short-term climate variability of shallow marine environments in Central Europe during the Oligocene Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades “Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“ im Promotionsfach Geologie/Paläontologie am Fachbereich Chemie, Pharmazie und Geowissenschaften der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz von Eric Otto Walliser geb. in Göttingen Mainz, 2016 Dekan: 1. Berichterstatter: Not displayed for reasons of data protection 2. Berichterstatter: Not displayed for reasons of data protection I Ich erkläre hiermit, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. _______________________________ Eric Otto Walliser (Mainz, 10. Dezember 2016) II ABSTRACT The Oligocene epoch was the last time in the Earth history during which a unipolar glaciated world occurred. While the Northern Hemisphere remained substantially ice free, the land-ocean distribution as well as large scale circulation patterns broadly resembled the modern configuration. Atmospheric CO2 levels fluctuated between 400 ppm and 560 ppm. Such boundary conditions resemble those predicted for the near future by numerical climate models. Therefore, the Oligocene world can serve as natural laboratory to study the possible effects of anthropogenic global warming on the climate of the next centuries. In this context, the present research project focuses on the short-term (seasonal to decadal) climate variability of Central Europe during the Oligocene, reconstructed from the sclerochronological records of fossil marine organisms, i.e., bivalves, sirenians and sharks. The result of this research were included into three manuscripts, of which two are already published in peer-reviewed journal. The third paper is currently under review in Nature Scietific Reports. In the first paper (chapter 2-I), it was assessed whether the long-lived bivalve mollusk Glycymeris planicostalis from the late Rupelian deposits (ca. -
HOLE 317A, MANIHIKI PLATEAU Erle G
16. DEEP-SEA CRETACEOUS MACROFOSSILS: HOLE 317A, MANIHIKI PLATEAU Erle G. Kauffman, Department of Paleobiology, U.S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. INTRODUCTION Bivalves and other benthos are highly sensitive in- dicators of modern marine bottom environments, and Previous deep-sea cores penetrating Mesozoic strata thus of ancient sedimentary environments and their in- have failed to yield significant numbers of benthonic terpretation in deep-sea cores. In addition, molluscs are macrofossils, especially molluscs, other than fragments today (Hall, 1964), and in the past (e.g., Kauffman, of calcitic outer prismatic shell layers presumed, on the 1973a, b), primary organisms in the determination of basis of internal structure, to belong to the ubiquitous biogeographic units (realms, regions, provinces, sub- bivalve Family Inoceramidae. In part this paucity of provinces) and the study of their evolution. material has been attributed to unfavorable environ- Equally important is the biostratigraphic potential of ments of deep benthonic sediments. In part it has been molluscs that might be obtained from deep-sea cores; blamed on dissolution of shell material below the car- ammonites and bivalves are the most common Mesozoic bonate compensation depth, and especially of unstable molluscan elements in these samples and both are of aragonite which is an important component of many primary importance to refined zonation and regional mollusc shells. Aragonite compensation depth is about correlation. The mobile, widespread, and rapidly evolv- 3500 meters today; the major zone of dissolution lies ing ammonites are among the best biostratigraphic in- shallower, at a few hundred meters, where the rate of dicators known. Kauffman (1970, 1972, 1973a, b, 1975, aragonite solution is highest (Kennedy, 1969, p. -
LETHAIA Blages: Effects of Post-Mortem Transportation, Shelf Health, and Taphonomic Inertia
EcologicalBlackwell Publishing Ltd fidelity of open marine molluscan death assemblages: effects of post-mortem transportation, shelf health, and taphonomic inertia SUSAN M. KIDWELL Kidwell Susan, M. 2008: Ecological fidelity of open marine molluscan death assem- LETHAIA blages: effects of post-mortem transportation, shelf health, and taphonomic inertia. Lethaia, doi 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00050.x. Based on 38 molluscan datasets from modern open shelf settings, disturbance from human activities – especially anthropogenic eutrophication (AE) – has the strongest negative effect on the fidelity of death assemblages to local living communities, suggest- ing that the composition of the death assemblage has lagged behind changes in the living community (taphonomic inertia). Fidelity is poorest where shelves are both AE and narrow (≤ 50 km from shore to the 200-m isobath), suggesting that cross-shelf post-mortem transportation might contribute bias, but this does not dominate and shelf width does not emerge as significant among non-AE shelves. Clear signatures of post-mortem transportation are present only in four shoreface datasets, all from wide shelves, that receive abundant allochthonous specimens from adjacent estuaries or rocky intertidal zones. Shelves experiencing minimal human impact yield fidelity estimates that are most relevant for evaluating (paleo)ecological trends. There, death assemblages are on average 25% richer than a single census of the living molluscan community and show high similarity in taxonomic composition and species relative abundance that, based on a very limited number of studies, is comparable to or better than the agreement found among successive live censuses. Molluscan death assemblages on open shelves are thus generally good samplers of living community diversity and composition under natural conditions, and where the community is undergoing anthropogenic modification, retain a strong record of the precursor community. -
Morphogenesis and Ecogenesis of Bivalves in the Phanerozoic
Morphogenesis and Ecogenesis of Bivalves in the Phanerozoic L. A. Nevesskaja Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ul. 123, Moscow, 117997 Russia e-mail: [email protected] Received March 18, 2002 Contents Vol. 37, Suppl. 6, 2003 The supplement is published only in English by MAIK "Nauka/lnlerperiodica" (Russia). I’uleonlologicul Journal ISSN 003 I -0301. INTRODUCTION S59I CHAPTER I. MORPHOLOGY OF BIVALVES S593 (1) S true lure of the Soil Body S593 (2) Development of the Shell (by S.V. Popov) S597 (3) Shell Mierosluelure (by S.V. Popov) S598 (4) Shell Morphology S600 (5) Reproduetion and Ontogenelie Changes of the Soft Body and the Shell S606 CHAPTER II. SYSTEM OF BIVALVES S609 CHAPTER III. CHANGES IN THE TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION OF BIVALVES IN THE PHANEROZOIC S627 CHAPTER IV. DYNAMICS OF THE TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY OF BIVALVES IN THE PHANEROZOIC S631 CHAPTER V. MORPHOGENESIS OF BIVALVE SHELLS IN THE PHANEROZOIC S635 CHAPTER VI. ECOLOGY OF BIVALVES S644 (1) Faelors Responsible lor the Distribution of Bivalves S644 (a) Abiotic Factors S644 (b) Biotic Factors S645 (c) Environment and Composition of Benthos in Different Zones of the Sea S646 (2) Elhologieal-Trophie Groups of Bivalves and Their Distribution in the Phanerozoic S646 (a) Ethological-Trophic Groups S646 (b) Distribution of Ethological-Trophic Groups in Time S649 CHAPTER VII. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE SHELL MORPHOLOGY OF BIVALVES AND THEIR MODE OF LIFE S652 (1) Morphological Characters of the Shell Indicative of the Mode of Life, Their Appearance and Evolution S652 (2) Homeomorphy in Bivalves S654 CHAPTER VIII. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ETHOLOGICAL-TROPHIC GROUPS AND CHANGES IN THEIR TAXONOMIC COMPOSITION OVER TIME S654 (1) Morphological Characterization of Major Ethological-Trophic Groups S654 (2) Changes in the Taxonomic Composition of the Ethological-Trophic Groups in Time S657 CHAPTER IX.