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Jurnal MIPA 35 (1) (2012) Jurnal MIPA 35 (1) (2012) Jurnal MIPA http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/JM KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS KUPU-KUPU SUPERFAMILI PAPILIONOIDAE DI DUKUH BANYUWINDU DESA LIMBANGAN KECAMATAN LIMBANGAN KABUPATEN KENDAL M. Rahayuningsih, R. Oqtaiana, B. Priyono Jurusan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Info Artikel Abstrak Sejarah Artikel: Kupu-kupu merupakan bagian dari biodiversitas yang harus dijaga kelestariannya. Diterima 20 Januari 2012 Kupu-kupu memberikan keuntungan bagi kehidupan manusia. Secara ekologis Disetujui 14 Maret 2012 kupu-kupu memberikan sumbangan dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem dan Dipublikasikan April 2012 memperkaya biodiversitas. Dukuh Banyuwindu merupakan salah satu pedukuhan di Desa Limbangan terletak di lembah dan berperan sebagai daerah ekoturisme. Keywords: Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan keanekaragaman spesies kupu-kupu Banyuwindu superfamili Papilionoidae di Dukuh Banyuwindu Desa Limbangan Kabupaten Biodiversity Kendal, khususnya pada habitat hutan sekunder, pemukiman, daerah aliran sungai, Papilionoidae dan persawahan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Abundance Point Index. Butterly Penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 62 spesies kupu-kupu superfamili Papilionoidae Papilionoidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, dan Nymphalidae. Indeks keanekaragaman jenisyang kupu-kuputerdiri dari superfamili737 individu Papilionoidae dan diklasiikasikan di Dukuh menjadi Banyuwindu empat berkisar famili dinamai antara 2,74-3,09, indeks kemerataan jenis berkisar antara 0,86-0,87 dan memiliki dominansi berkisar antara 0,07-0,09. Indeks keanekaragaman jenis dan indeks kemerataan jenis tertinggi tercatat pada habitat pemukiman yaitu 3,09 dan 0,87 sedangkan terendah tercatat pada habitat persawahan masing-masing sebesar 2,74 dan 0,86. Abstract The butterlies are part of biodiversity which must be preserved. These insect provide beneits to human life. Ecologically, butterly contributed in maintain the balance of ecosystem and enrich the biodiversity. Banyuwindu Hamlet is one of the hamlets in Limbangan Village, located in the hills and will serve as an ecotourism area. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of butterly species in the superfamily Papilionoidae at Banyuwindu Hamlet, Limbangan Village, Limbangan District, Kendal Regency, especially in secondary forest habitats, settlements, watershed, and rice ields. Research performed with Abundance Point Index Method. The research found there are 62 species of butterlies in superfamily Papilionoidae, consist of 737 individuals which classiied into four families namely Papilionoidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, and Nymphalidae. The results analysis of species diversity index and evenness index showed that the type of species diversity ranged from 2.74-3.09, evenness index ranged from 0.86-0.87 and the type of dominance between 0.07-0.09. Species diversity index and evenness index recorded the highest type of settlement habitats in 3.09 and 0.87, respectively, and the lowest was recorded in rice ield habitats were 2.74 and 0.86, respectively. © 2012 Universitas Negeri Semarang Alamat korespondensi: ISSN 0215-9945 Gedung D6 Lantai 1 FMIPA Unnes Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229 E-mail: [email protected] M. Rahayuningsih dkk. / Jurnal MIPA 35 (1) (2012) Pendahuluan Metode Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara Penelitian dilakukan di Dukuh yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati tinggi. Banyuwindu, Desa Limbangan, Kecamatan Indonesia dengan luas wilayah 1,3 % dari seluruh Limbangan, Kabupaten Kendal (Gambar 1), khususnya di habitat hutan sekunder: berbunga, 12 % mamalia, 17 % jenis burung, 25 permukiman, DAS, dan persawahan. Metode %luas jenis permukaan ikan, dan 15bumi, % serangga. memiliki Kekayaan 10 % jenislora pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan yang tinggi tersebut, membuat Indonesia sering Metode Indeks Point Abudance (IPA) atau lebih disebut dengan megabiodiversity (Endarwati dikenal dengan metode titik hitung. Pada metode 2005). Kupu-kupu merupakan komponen biotik titik hitung, pengamat berhenti di suatu lokasi yang mudah dikenali dalam ekosistem, karena yang telah ditetapkan (sebuah titik hitung) mereka terlihat menarik baik dari bentuk dan selama 15 menit dan mencatat serta menghitung macam warna. Peran ekologi kupu-kupu dalam jumlah jenis dan jumlah individu jenis kupu-kupu ekosistem tidak hanya sebagai herbivora semata, superfamili Papilionoidae yang teramati. Batas tetapi juga sebagai komponen yang penting radius pengamatan sekitar 10 meter dari titik dalam penyerbukan (Subahar et al. 2007) pengamat berdiri. Penempatan lokasi titik hitung Kupu-kupu merupakan bagian dari berdasarkan jalur yang sudah ada pada masing- keanekaragaman hayati yang harus dijaga masing habitat. Jarak antar titik hitung adalah kelestariannya dari kepunahan maupun 100 m, hal ini dimaksudkan untuk memperkecil penurunan keanekaragaman jenisnya. Kupu- kemungkinan terjadinya perhitungan ganda. kupu mempunyai nilai penting antara lain: nilai Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada pukul ekologi, endemisme, konservasi, pendidikan, 08.00-12.00 WIB dan dilanjutkan pukul 12.00- budaya, estetika, dan ekonomi (Achmad 2002). 15.00 WIB. Pengambilan sampel pada waktu Penyebaran jenis kupu-kupu dibatasi oleh faktor- tersebut berdasarkan pertimbangan waktu kupu- faktor geologi dan ekologi yang cocok, sehingga kupu aktif terbang (Erniwati 2009). Pengukuran terjadi perbedaan keragaman jenis kupu-kupu. parameter lingkungan meliputi kelembaban, Perbedaan ini disebabkan adanya perbedaan suhu, intensitas cahaya, tumbuhan inang, dan iklim, musim, ketinggian tempat, serta jenis ketinggian tempat. Kupu-kupu yang belum makanannya (Amir & Kahono 2000) Dukuh Banyuwindu merupakan salah ditekan bagian toraksnya dan dimasukkan ke satu dukuh di Desa Limbangan yang akan dalamteridentiikasi amplop/kertas di lapangan, papilot ditangkap agar kemudiansayapnya dijadikan kawasan ekoturisme, karena tidak rusak. Setiap amplop/kertas papilot yang diperkirakan memiliki keanekaragaman hayati di dalamnya terdapat spesies kupu-kupu diberi yang cukup tinggi, salah satunya adalah kupu- kode abjad atau angka untuk membedakan kupu. Berdasarkan data laporan inventarisasi jenis kupu-kupu di hutan Dukuh Banyuwindu kupu-kupu dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Desa Limbangan Kecamatan Limbangan Universitasspesies satu Negeri dengan Semarang yang menggunakan lain. Identiikasi buku Kabupaten Kendal yang dilakukan oleh Green panduan Tsukada & Nishiyama (1982), Borror et Community Jurusan Biologi Universitas Negeri al. (1992), Feltwell (2001), dan Peggie & Amier Semarang, ditemukan 57 jenis kupu-kupu (2006). Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis superfamili Papilionoidae. Penelitian mengenai menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman jenis keanekaragaman jenis kupu-kupu di daerah ini (H’), indeks kemerataan jenis (E), dominansi (D), belum pernah dilakukan, oleh sebab itu perlu dan indeks kesamaan jenis (IS). dilakukan penelitian tentang keanekaragaman Nilai indeks keanekaragaman jenis kupu- jenis kupu-kupu Superfamili Papilionoidae di kupu superfamili Papilionoidae ditentukan Dukuh Banyuwindu, sebagai data awal upaya dengan menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman konservasi. Shannon-Wiener (Maggurran 2004) dengan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rumus: keanekaragaman jenis kupu-kupu Superfamili Papilionoidae di Dukuh Banyuwindu Desa s ni Limbangan/Kecamatan Limbangan Kabupaten ID = H’= - Pi ln Pi , Pi = Kendal khususnya di habitat hutan sekunder, i1 N permukiman, Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS), dan Keterangan: persawahan. Pi= kelimpahan N = jumlah total seluruh jenis kupu-kupu 12 M. Rahayuningsih dkk. / Jurnal MIPA 35 (1) (2012) Gambar 1. Lokasi penelitian superfamili Papilionoidae dengan menggunakan indeks kesamaan jenis ni = jumlah tiap jenis kupu-kupu superfamili Sorensen (Maggurran 2004). Papilionoidae H’= indeks keanekeragaman Shannon-Wiener 2C IS = 100% A B Kemerataan penyebaran individu jenis kupu-kupu superfamili Papilionoidae dalam Keterangan: komunitas dapat dihitung menggunakan indeks IS= indeks kesamaan jenis Sorensen (nilai kemerataan jenis (evenness) (Maggurran 2004) antara 0-1) dengan rumus: C= jenis kupu-kupu superfamili Papilionoidae yang sama di kedua area A dan B ' A= jumlah jenis kupu-kupu superfamili Papilionoidae A E = H , H adalah ln S H max max B= jumlah jenis kupu-kupu superfamili Papilionoidae B Keterangan: H’ = indeks Shannon-Wiener S = jumlah jenis kupu-kupu superfamili Hasil dan Pembahasan Papilionoidae e = indeks kemerataan jenis (nilai antara 0-1) Kekayaan jenis dan keanekaragaman jenis kupu-kupu superfamili Papilionoidae Untuk menentukan jenis kupu-kupu di Dukuh Banyuwindu. Berdasarkan hasil superfamili Papilionoidae yang dominan di penelitian ini ditemukan sebanyak 62 jenis dalam kawasan penelitian dapat ditentukan kupu-kupu superfamili Papilionoidae, terdiri dengan menggunakan indeks dominansi (D) dari 737 individu yang tergolong ke dalam Simpson (Maggurran 2004). empat famili. Empat famili kupu-kupu tersebut adalah Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae dan 2 ni D = pipi , dimana pi adalah Nymphalidae (Tabel 1 dan 2). Dari keseluruhan N pengambilan sampel, jenis kupu-kupu dari famili Keterangan: Nymphalidae merupakan jenis kupu-kupu yang ni = jumlah tiap jenis kupu-kupu superfamili paling banyak ditemukan yaitu sebanyak 66 Papilionoidae % yang terdiri dari 41 jenis. Famili Lycaenidae N = jumlah total seluruh jenis kupu-kupu merupakan famili kupu-kupu yang paling sedikit superfamili Papilionoidae ditemukan yaitu 3 % yang terdiri dari dua D
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