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A Black Man in a Multiracial World

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Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Fall 2016 Becoming OpianChocTaliRican: A Black Man in a Multiracial World Michael Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Part of the Curriculum and Social Inquiry Commons Recommended Citation APA This dissertation (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BECOMING OPIANCHOCTALIRICAN: A BLACK MAN IN A MULTIRACIAL WORLD by MICHAEL GERALD WILLIAMS (Under the Directions of Ming Fang He) ABSTRACT This inquiry explores my journey of understanding my multiracial identity. Being multiracial by heritage, but identified and labeled Black socially and governmentally, contradicts my racial identities. Who am I? What am I? These are the questions that have plagued the back of my mind as I become multiracial, more accurately, Opianchoctalirican. I am mixed with racial heritages, partially Ethiopian, partially Native American, partially Italian, and partially Puerto Rican. I am OpianChocTaliRican. Theoretically, I draw upon many theorists’ work on the fluidity, complexity, and dynamics of racial identities (e.g., Baldwin, 2008; Bhabha, 2004; Coates, 2015; Fanon, 2004, 2008; Gaztembide-Fernandez, 2009; Ibrahim, 2014; Janis, 2016; Maalouf, 2012). I also draw upon a wide array of works on fluidity, complexity, and dynamics of multiracial identities outside the field of curriculum studies (e.g., Daniel, 2002; Gay, 1995; Korgen, 2010; Root, 1992, 1996; Spencer, 1999, 2006, 2011; Zack, 1995). These theorists dive into the identity issues of multiracial and mixed heritages in positive supportive ways while questioning the tenets of multiracial identity theory. Based upon my memories, I use fiction and poetry to represent my journey of understanding my racial identities in the world from kindergarten to my career as an educator with the intent to capture the contradictions, miscommunications, and misunderstandings about mixed race individuals. Diving into my multiracial experience, I have made ten discoveries: (1) Multiracial identity, such as OpianChocTaliRican, is a complex issue that cannot be ignored due to its pervasiveness in society. (2) Multiracial identity, that goes far beyond racial categorizations, is an act of continual becoming (Ibrahim, 2014). (3) There exists a natural yearning or desire to fit in or belong. (4) Recognizing and being comfortable with one’s own mixed heritages fosters positive social interactions and cultivates a more peaceful society as opposed to violent and murderous one (Maalouf, 2012). (5) Fixation on phenotypes, colors, and race perpetuates the killing of Black bodies and other violence. (6) Since Black people tend to form collective bonds due to common struggles as a people (hooks, 1992), could mixed peoples also build bonds based upon their common struggles? (7) The notion of double consciousness can be expanded to multiracial consciousness for “triumvirate mental diaspora” where a multiracial person’s thinking exceeds a dualistic way of thinking about the mixed identities beyond race and place. (8) OpianChocTaliRican is the race I have created for myself because my racial background is rooted in Ethiopian, Choctaw Native American, Italian, and Puerto Rican heritages. (9) Researching or writing about multiracial experiences evokes complexity and contradiction. (10) Diverse forms of inquiry and modes of expression, such as memoires, fiction, and poetry, represent the experience of becoming multiracial. INDEX WORDS: Multiracial, Multiethnic, Multi-race Bi-racial, Mixed Race, Identity Theory, Narrative Inquiry, Memoir, Fiction, Poetry BECOMING OPIANCHOCTALIRICAN: A BLACK MAN IN A MULTIRACIAL WORLD by MICHAEL GERALD WILLIAMS B.A., University of Alabama, 1994 M.S., University of Alabama, 1996 ED.S, Liberty University, 2010 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF EDUCATION STATESBORO, GEORGIA © 2016 MICHAEL GERALD WILLIAMS All Rights Reserved 1 BECOMING OPIANCHOCTALIRICAN: A BLACK MAN IN A MULTIRACIAL WORLD by MICHAEL GERALD WILLIAMS Major Professor: Ming Fang He Committee Members: Daniel Chapman John Weaver Sonia E. Janis Electronic Version Approved: December 2016 2 DEDICATION To my great grandmother, Edna Mae To my great grandmother, Almary To my grandmother, Katie Mae To my grandfather, Joe D To my mother, Geraldine To my wife, Michelle Each of you magnetizes my moments of multiracial recognition. You place me in the folds of physical love and spiritual discernment so I am forever thankful for your eternal presence in my life. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my grandmothers, Katie Mae, Edna Mae, Elsie, Almary, and Leonia; and my grandfathers, Leon (Dude), Joe D, Isaac, and Charlie, for finding miscegenation an attraction worthy of delving into and creating a rich amalgam of racial heritage for our family. I would like to thank my wife, Michelle Elaine Williams, for listening to the long winded conversations about multiracial identity, enduring the lights on in the bedroom after hours while I read, and supporting my efforts to accomplish this milestone in my educational career. I want to thank my siblings Charles, Lynn, and Tonnette for confirming my memory as I composed my memoir. I want to thank my mother and father, Geraldine and E. C., for making their living room like a quiet library for me and for raising me to be human first. To see people as themselves, humans, who are loving and caring makes life wonderful and worthy of living. To Maria P. P. Root, I am deeply honored and thankful to you for your response to my unsolicited email query into multiracial identity theory. Your response, “Dear Michael, The objections to identifying multiracial, remains the same as the last few decades. This persistence is stronger in the South and parts of the East Coast than West Coast. What a rich amalgam of heritage you have. Multiracial is a reality--different than ethnic identity. And, it is no longer only a personal reality. Stay clear on who you are. Maria P P Root, PhD.” While contemplating other subjects to write about, your words encouraged me to continue my pursuit of studying multiracial identity. To my fellow GSU class mates who kept me encouraged through classes and writing my dissertation, Marquez Hall, Neshika Coney-Divine, Mimi Vaquer, John Cook, Johnethia 4 Combs, and Alexine Holmes you have all been inspirational and supportive. Stacy Mabry, thank you for your encouragement and willingness to support me. Many thanks go out to my committee members, John Weaver, Daniel Chapman, and Sonia Janis for being inspirational guiding lights at various moments during my studies. A special thank you goes to Sonia Janis for writing ‘Are you Mixed?: A War Bride’s Granddaughter’s Narrative of Lives In-Between Contested Race, Gender, class, and Power. Her words helped sustain the importance of remembering the significance of my ever changing lived experiences. A very special thank you goes to Ming Fang He for staying positive and focused toward my work; for opening her home to fellowship, camaraderie, and opportunities to develop beyond mediocre thinking. Her commitment to her students is exemplary of personal passion for social justice and higher education which inspires me to continue to pursue higher education in hopes that social justice might be obtained for all. I am ultimately forever grateful for the lived experiences I have had, positive and negative, because those experiences have shaped and formed my perspective on multiracial, identity, and how I fit into this world as a self-identified multiracial OpianChocTaliRican individual human being. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF POEMS .......................................................................................................................... 8 PROLOGUE ................................................................................................................................ 10 CHAPTER 1 FOUNDATIONS OF MULTIRACIAL IDENTITIES ......................................... 37 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 38 Boundaries of an Unknown House – Theoretical Framework ............................................... 39 Maneuvering Through the Unperceived – Methodology- ...................................................... 49 Broken Bridges ....................................................................................................................... 66 Explorations into a Multiracial World – Literature Review ................................................... 74 2 ELEMENTARY MY DEAR .................................................................................................. 140 1976 Chicago Green Elementary ......................................................................................... 140 Ms. Miller the Big Fat Roach Killer ....................................................................................
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