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KEYES-DISSERTATION-2019.Pdf UNDERSTANDING THE PSYCHOSOCIAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH IMPACTS OF COLORISM: DISCRIMINATION OF AFRICAN AMERICANS BASED ON SKIN COLOR by LATOCIA KEYES A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Social Work in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON August 2019 Copyright © by Latocia Keyes 2019 All Rights Reserved ii The University of Texas at Arlington School of Social Work This dissertation was submitted by Latocia Keyes under the direction of the persons listed below. It was submitted to the School of Social Work and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Texas at Arlington. Eusebius Small, Ph.D. Chair/Supervising Professor Randall Basham, Ph.D. Committee Member Jandel Crutchfield, Ph.D. Committee Member Noelle Fields, Ph.D. Committee Member Ronald E. Hall, Ph.D. Committee Member Approval Date: July 30, 2019 iii Dedications I could not be here without both parents, Reverend Oree Johnson Sr., Strong Tower and Henry Ann Johnson, the BEST in the world. Love you so much. However, I must extend a special dedication to my mother. I want to dedicate this dissertation to my deceased mother, Henry Ann Johnson whose tenacity and will to aid others made it all possible in me reaching my goals. When reflecting on her example and how her modeling was instilled in me and all my siblings, I am grateful she imparted so many things, but one salient thing are the words she spoke quite often, “You can do anything you put your mind to do,” so I persevered because she persevered in everything that she accomplished to make people better and to make our family one unit. Words really cannot express what she has done for me individually, so again, in loving memory of my dear mother, thank you and I will never forget your words of wisdom that is a part of me now and helped me along this journey. I love to call her mama, mommy, mother, and ma depending on my mood; she still lives through me. At the time that I wrote this initial dedication my father was alive. He is now deceased, and I want to extend special words for him as well. I still cannot believe you are gone Daddy, you made sure our family was stable financially and you taught me about education. I love the drive you had to take courses at Southwestern Theological Seminary and you completing your high school diploma shortly after believing that the university would grant you a bachelor’s degree. After all your hard work, you didn’t receive that degree, but continued to work at Bell Helicopter, sometimes working over 60 hours a week and managed to take additional night courses that piqued your interest. I vicariously learned from you to value education. Thank you so much for that. I also learned from you to be grateful, you have always thanked God for everything you have which was reiterated by a cousin during your funeral. I hope to remain humble in your footsteps. To the LOVES of my life, husband, Vance D. Keyes, Ph.D., and daughter, Keyara Keyes: There are not enough words to express thoughts of love and thanks to both of you. Husband you have been the bread winner of our home and have given me constant stability; that I have never had to worry about anything financially. I want to acknowledge you as a strong, driven, and courageous man in all you do. Watching you over the years, you have been a mentor to me without even knowing. I admire you and love that you are my spouse and my soul mate. Thank you so much for putting up with me and keeping our family together. Your continuous support has paid off. Love You… Thank you, siblings; Kirk, Keith, Carolyn, Martha, and Oree Jr. for your prayers, encouraging words, and those of you who helped pick up your niece from school when I had many days that I had to stay on campus. Kirk your words that “someone has done it before you, so you can do it,” I reflect on often and I thank you, dear brother, for your encouraging words always. You always know exactly what to say, thank you for that. Tiundra, my niece who is more like a sister to me, I thank you for letting me vent throughout this process. iv I have an Uncle, Clifford Johnson Jr. (Winford, Uncle Wimp) I cannot leave out. Uncle Wimp is now deceased. However, I’ll never forget when I asked him about pursuing the Ph.D. degree, he stated you don’t have anything else to do. I never thought about it that way because we as human beings sometimes get so inundated with many things in life. But what I got from that statement was make time for something that will pay off at the end, it is worth it to pursue education period. Bless you Uncle you are missed dearly. One of my mantras to make it through this journey of never-ending work was “perseverance” and I love the scripture 2 Timothy 1:7 King James Version (KJV), “For God hath not given us the spirit of fear; but of power, and of love, and of a sound mind.” v Acknowledgements Dr. Small I want to thank you for your ongoing support through this journey. You became a mentor to me as well, without your knowledge, through your actions of considering my research interest, aiding me in research projects, and national conferences. Dr. Small because you were available to guide me as a graduate research assistant, I have made it this far. Thank you for pushing me to do my best. Now as my Chair, I see you are humble in all you do, and I admire your work ethic and support you give to all students. Ubarikiwe. Thank you so much for everything… Dr. Basham has been my professor in the master’s program at UTA and in the Ph.D. program as well. You are a great professor and I have learned many valuable skills, especially in your advanced research course. Thank you for your support. Dr. Crutchfield you are a great spirit. You have provided ongoing support before you began your position with UTA and I’ll never forget it, thank you. Dr. Fields you were a great asset to my work, using your expertise in qualitative analyses. Thank you for the great feedback to aid in strengthening my work in the methodology section and for your support along the way. Dr. Ronald E. Hall, thank you so much for your ongoing support and aid to help me grow professionally. Your invitation to speak as a panelist at a national conference sponsored by Michigan State University was an unforgettable experience. Honestly, it was my pleasure and honor to have all of you on board to aid me through this process. You are great scholars. Many Thanks… vi Abstract Colorism is a complex phenomenon which was birthed by racism and uses the observable human characteristic of skin color as a metric for worth in society. Colorism as practiced since its inception demonstrates intolerance for African features and promotes acceptance based on the approximate physiological similarity to a European standard. This social construct has served as a divisive wedge in the Black community. The issue is further complicated by the dynamics of interpersonal beliefs and group socialization in a variety of settings. Skin bleaching, tanning, and chemical hair straighteners all have the potential risk to impact physical health that causes cancer and even death. The purpose of this qualitative dissertation was to understand the psychosocial and physical health impacts on African Americans related to discrimination based on skin color. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis was utilized to collect data from six men and six women in a southern state that range from age 18-30. The essence of this phenomenon generated six themes: 1). Perceptions of Colorism as “Being Black” in a Predominately White Society, 2). Perceptions of Colorism as a Disenfranchised Racial Group, 3). Perceptions of Colorism as Unidentified Trauma, 4). Perceptions of Colorism Between People and Family, 5). Perceptions of Colorism Origin, and 6). Resilience Despite Colorism. The themes denote the participants’ lived experiences with colorist people. It provides insight into racial socialization influencing intra-racial and inter-racial colorism impacts on physical health, mental, and social stratums. This study provides a contribution to the discipline of social work, it informs practice, policy, and provides direction for future research. vii Table of Contents Page Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................4 Phenomenon of Interest ...........................................................................................7 Research Purpose and Objectives ............................................................................9 Definitions..............................................................................................................10 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................12 Historical Context Introduction .............................................................................12 Transatlantic Slave Trade Manifests Colorism Among Africans in American .....13 Lightness to Darkness of Skin ...............................................................................21 Discrimination Within a Race Based on Color ......................................................24 Skin Color Stratification ........................................................................................29 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY ...........................................................................................36
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